专题08 阅读理解词义猜测题（冲关秘笈）-备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈

专题08 阅读理解词义猜测题（冲关秘笈）-备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈

备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈 专题08 阅读理解词义猜测题 词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。‎ ‎【命题趋势】‎ ‎　　1.要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词 在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。‎ ‎2.要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词 义的具体内容。‎ ‎3.代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用＂逻辑关系梳理法＂、＂递向寻踪法＂理清人物及事物 之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。‎ ‎【设问形式】‎ ‎　　1. The underlined word ＂…＂ in the second(third…) paragraph refers to(means) ______.‎ ‎　　2. By saying that ＂…＂ in the first(second…) paragraph, the author means that ______.‎ ‎　　3. In paragraph …, ＂…＂ can be replaced by ＂______＂.‎ ‎　　4. The meaning of ＂…＂ in paragraph… is related to ______.‎ ‎　　5. Which of the following has the closest meaning to…(paragraph…)?‎ ‎6. The underlined sentence in the … paragraph probably means that _____.‎ 对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍几种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。‎ 一 、相似法：‎ 利用同义词、近义词（词组）或相似的结构猜测词义。在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。‎ ‎…Fermat’s Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. … ‎ ‎65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?‎ A. To encourage people to raise questions.‎ B. To cause difficulty in understanding.‎ C. To provide a person with an explanation.‎ D. To limit people’s imagination.‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。‎ 二、对比法：‎ 利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。‎ 对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。‎ 表示对比的信号词有yet, but, while, though, however, otherwise, on the one hand...on the other hand, for one thing...for another thing, instead of等。‎ ‎【典例】‎ ‎…A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. …‎ ‎74.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?‎ A. A party designed by specialists.‎ B. A plan requiring careful thought.‎ C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble.‎ D. A demand made by guests.‎ ‎【答案】C 三、释义法：‎ 有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。‎ 常见的词有：mean, that is, in other words, for example, for instance, such as...‎ ‎【典例】‎ ‎“Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides (农药), ‎ and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.‎ ‎62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?‎ A. Growing interest in organic food.‎ B. Better quality of organic food.‎ C. Rising market for organic food.‎ D. Higher prices of organic food.‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。‎ 四、语境推断法：‎ 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。‎ ‎1. 根据对比关系猜测词义 ‎　　在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。‎ ‎　　例如：A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.‎ ‎　　What does the underlined word ＂hassle＂ (paragraph 1) probably mean?‎ ‎　　A. a party designed by specialists ‎　　B. a plan requiring careful thought ‎　　C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble ‎　　D. a demand made by guests ‎　　根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。‎ ‎2. 根据比较关系猜测词义 ‎　　同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。‎ ‎　　例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.‎ ‎　　该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是＂健谈的＂。‎ ‎3. 根据因果关系猜测词义 ‎　　在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。‎ ‎　　例如：I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .‎ ‎　　The word ＂presumptuous＂ in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to ＂__________ ＂.‎ ‎　　A. full of respect ‎　　B. too confident and rude ‎　　C. lacking in experience ‎　　D. too shy and quiet ‎　　根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（＂既然你是我的上司＂），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：＂冒失的，放肆的＂意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。‎ ‎　　Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.‎ ‎　　根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：＂修剪（树枝等）＂的意思。‎ ‎4. 根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义 ‎　　在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。‎ ‎　　例如：William Shakespeare said. ＂The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.＂‎ ‎　　The underlined word ＂mingled＂ in the last paragraph most probably means .‎ ‎　　A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy ‎　　句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了 a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：＂混合的，交织的＂，答案是：B。‎ ‎　　Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is ＂yes＂, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.‎ 根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。‎ ‎【典例】‎ ‎（2017·新课标卷I）…‎ To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.‎ ‎33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. The tube. B. The still.‎ C. The hole. D. The cup.‎ ‎【答案】B 五、构词推断法：‎ 阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。‎ ‎1. 根据前缀猜测词义 ‎　　例如：Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?‎ ‎　　根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：＂男女同校教育的＂意思。‎ ‎2. 根据后缀猜测词义 ‎　　例如：It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point. ‎ ‎　　后缀 -ise/ize意思是＂使成为…；使…化＂，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：＂未被商业化的＂。‎ ‎3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 ‎　　例如：Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.‎ ‎　　Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂设计精巧的＂意思。‎ ‎　　We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists.‎ ‎　　根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和produce （生产），我们可以推测 mass-produce的意思是：＂大批量生产；规模生产＂的意思。‎ ‎【典例】‎ ‎…Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” …‎ ‎70. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means .‎ A. value B. result ‎ C. performance D. connection ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎