专题23+完型填空——说明文+名师揭秘-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试

专题23+完型填空——说明文+名师揭秘-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试

‎ ‎ ‎【考点解读】‎ 说明文在完形填空中所占的比例不大，但是由于其能很好地考查考生对人、事或物的表达能力，所以在高考完形填空中也常有出现。‎ 说明文文体的完形填空难度一般低于阅读理解。在设空方而充分体现了对考生知识运用的要求:以实词为主，对名词、动词、形容词和副词等的考查比例约占90%，绝人多数题目的解答都要从全文的角度进行判断，这一命题思路体现了“语篇意识”。说明文文体的完形填空一般用言简意赅的文字，按照一定的方法介绍事物，解释事理，其最显著的特点是：开头点题，结构条理。考生做题的关键在于理清文章结构，把握全文大意。‎ 说明义的完形填空一般比较短，用比较简单的语言，来介绍事物、解释事理。一般包括；特点、类别、性质、成因、关系、构造、功能、发展、事物运动、变化、产生、消亡过程、原理、规律等文章。常见的说明文有自我介绍、人物介绍（传记）、地方介绍、习俗介绍、节日介绍、方法（步骤）介绍，产品说明、实验报告、科普小品、读书报告和新闻报道等。‎ 说明文一般有三大类：‎ ‎ 1. 事例说明文：包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等。‎ ‎ 2. 实体事例说明文：包括说明书、解说词、广告、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等。‎ ‎3. 文艺性说明文：说明对象常进行拟人化，然后编成故事，对其进行介绍。‎ 说明文主要有以下几个特点： ‎ ‎1. 内容的客观性。 ‎ 说明文客观地说明、介绍、解释或报道客观的人物、事物或发生的现象，使读者获取一定的信息或知识，语言直白，没有主观的评论或情感的抒发。 ‎ ‎2. 篇章的条理性。 ‎ 说明文层次分明，脉落清晰，有条有理。有的按空间顺序进行说明，有的按时间顺序进行说明，有的按因果关系进行说明，有的按先主后次的顺序进行说明，有的先概述后举例，有的先举例后概述，也有的按事情的逻辑关系展开（如：解析为什么，如何做等方面的问题），等等。 ‎ ‎3. 语言的朴实性。 ‎ 说明文的目的是让读者获取信息，明白事理，因此，文章的作者会用朴实、易懂和准确的语言或使用数据进行说明，不浮夸，不加描述和议论。 ‎ 说明文解题技巧 ‎ 要保证答题的速度和效率，可采用下列解题技巧： ‎ ‎1. 根据上下文的词语暗示来选择。 ‎ 找到上下文的相关信息，特别是有暗示性的词语，就容易找到正确的选项了。 ‎ ‎2. 根据上下文的行文逻辑来选择。 ‎ 短文是由有一定逻辑关系的句子组成的，任何一句话都不是孤立存在的，而是要靠上下文作依托，相互之间存在一定的联系。只要我们把握好了空格上下文的行文逻辑，再活用所学语言知识，就能选出正确答案。 ‎ ‎3. 根据文化背景和生活常识来选择。 ‎ 有时，先前所积累的文化背景知识和生活常识有利于正确解答完形填空题。 ‎ ‎4. 紧扣上下文，巧用排除法。 ‎ 有时，很难从正面确定答案，尤其是答案碰巧是一个你不认识的单词，而其他三个选项你都认识的时候，紧扣上下文，巧用排除法往往会给你惊喜。 ‎ 当然，有时一个技巧可以解一题，有时解一题需用到多个技巧和多项知识，而有时单凭语感就能找到答案。不管怎样，不断积累语言知识，丰富文化背景知识，提高快速阅读，特别是跳读的能力，借鉴上述解题方法加以多练，并不断进行反思和总结，就一定会享受到解题的成功感。 ‎ ‎【真题分析】‎ ‎1．【2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）】‎ How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is 1 to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live — if he or she is 2 healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce 3 . They wear out, and as a result, we get old and 4 die.‎ Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a 5 life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!‎ When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the 6 line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental 7 until after age 75.‎ People are living longer because more people 8 childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood 9 . Now that the chances of dying 10 are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.‎ ‎0n the whole, our population is getting older. The ‎11 in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see 12 , not disaster, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in 13 if not in age.‎ As the society grows old, we need the 14 of our older citizens. With long lives ahead of them, they need to 15 active and devoted.‎ ‎1． A． designed B． selected C． improved D． discovered ‎2． A． completely B． generally C． apparently D． extremely ‎3． A． rapidly B． harmlessly C． endlessly D． separately ‎4． A． eventually B． hopelessly C． automatically D． desperately ‎5． A． busier B． longer C． richer D． happier ‎6． A． finishing B． guiding C． waiting D． dividing ‎7． A． stress B． damage C． decline D． failure ‎8． A． survive B． enjoy C． remember D． value ‎9． A． problems B． fears C． worries D． diseases ‎10． A． poor B． young C． sick D． quiet ‎11． A． changes B． recovery C． safety D． increases ‎12． A． dreams B． chances C． strengths D． choices ‎13． A． mind B． appearance C． voice D． movement ‎14． A． protection B． suggestions C． contributions D． permission ‎15． A． sound B． appear C． turn D． stay ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3．C。这里表示人类细胞不能永无止境地自我繁殖¸所以人才会变老。Endlessly“无止境地¸无限地”。‎ ‎4．A。get old的最终结果就是死亡¸因此用eventually表示“最终”。‎ ‎5．B。根据下文的美国人的平均寿命从47岁增长到75岁可知¸这里应选longer。‎ ‎6．D。根据空后的“between middle age and old age”可知¸此处指的是“分界线”¸dividing line“分界线¸界限”¸符合语境。‎ ‎7．C。根据上文提到的65岁作为中年和老年的分界线已经过时了¸再结合空后的“until after age ‎75”‎可知¸本题选decline¸这里指身体各功能的衰退。‎ ‎8．A。根据下文中的“Before modem medicine changed ‎9 ”‎中的“changed”和“died of”可知¸现代医学改变了这一状况¸由此可知现在更多人活过童年¸因此用survive 。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2．【2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（安徽卷）】 ‎ In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The 36 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 37 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.‎ How did we ‎38 a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to 39 an object than to spend time and money to repair it. 40 modern manufacturing (制造业) and ‎ technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and 41 . ‎ Another cause is our 42 of disposable (一次性的) products. As 43 people, we are always looking for 44 to save time and make our lives easier. Companies 45 thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few.‎ ‎0ur appetite for new products also 46 to the problem. We are 47 buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that 48 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we 49 useful possessions to make room for new ones.‎ All around the world, we can see the 50 of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To 51 the amount of rubbish and to protect the 52 , more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 53 , this is not enough to solve (解决) our problem.‎ Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions 54 throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about 55 . Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.‎ ‎36． A． key B． reason C． project D． problem ‎37． A． gifts B． rubbish C． debt D． products ‎38． A． ace B． become C． observe D． change ‎39． A． hide B． control C． replace D． withdraw ‎40． A． Thanks to B． As to C． Except for D． Regardless of ‎41． A． safe B． funny C． cheap D． powerful ‎42． A． love B． lack C． prevention D． division ‎43． A． sensitive B． kind C． brave D． busy ‎44． A． ways B． places C． jobs D． friends ‎45． A． donate B． receive C． produce D． preserve ‎46． A． adapts B． returns C． responds D． contributes ‎47． A． tired of B． addicted to C． worried about D． ashamed for ‎48． A． newer B． stronger C． higher D． larger ‎49． A． pick up B． pay for C． hold onto D． throw away ‎50． A． advantages B． purposes C． functions D． consequences ‎51． A． show B． record C． decrease D． measure ‎52． A． technology B． environment C． consumers D． brands ‎53． A． However B． 0therwise C． Therefore D． Meanwhile ‎54． A． by B． in favour of C． after D． instead of ‎55． A． spending B． collecting C． repairing D． advertising ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎36．D。根据第一段末句中的＂because people... than ever before＂可知这里描述的是一种世界各国正在面临的问题 ( problem)。‎ ‎37． B。根据空格后的原因状语从句＂because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before＂可知答案。‎ ‎38．B。文章第二段、第三段和第四段分析了我们变成一次性物品充斥的社会的原因。由此可知此句是总领性的句子——我们是怎样变成一次性物品充斥的社会的。‎ ‎39．C。因为此文谈及的是一次性物品充斥的社会。在一次性物品充斥的社会中，和花时间与金钱修理东西相比¸更换一个东西当然要更容易些。hide＂隐藏＂；control＂控制＂；replace＂取代＂；withdraw＂提取＂。‎ ‎40．A。由于现代制造业和技术，公司可以更快地、更加低成本地生产东西。thanks to＂幸亏¸由于＂。‎ ‎41．C。由上一句中的＂produce products quickly and inexpensively"可知，产品应该是充足的和便宜的。故此空应填cheap。‎ ‎42．A。由第三段可知，人们喜爱一次性产品是因为它可以节约时间，使人们的生活更轻松。这里表明人们对一次性产品的喜爱是另外一个原因。prevention＂预防＂；division＂分开，分隔＂。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎48．A。根据空后的＂we will be happier with the latest products＂可知此处表示＂越新越好＂。‎ ‎49．D。make room for new ones意为＂为新东西腾出空间＂，那么如何为新东西腾出空间呢？当然是通过throw away ＂扔掉＂。‎ ‎50．D。根据后句＂Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger＂可知此处指的是＂这种抛弃型的生活方式造成的后果＂。advantage＂优点＂；purpose＂目的＂；function＂功能＂；consequence＂结果¸后果＂。‎ ‎51．C。根据后句中的＂more governments are requiring people to recycle materials＂和文章最后一句中的＂…to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment＂可知，人们回收资源的目的是减少垃圾的数量和保护环境。decrease＂减少＂，符合语境。‎ ‎52．B。参见上题解析。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3．【2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标I卷】 ‎ As a general rule¸ all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine (常规) basis．As a matter of fact．we can see this 41 at work in people of all 42 ． For ‎ example¸on Christmas morning¸ children are excited about 43 with their new toys．But their 44 soon wears off and by January those 45 toys can be found put away in the basement．The world is full of 46 stamp albums and unfinished models¸ each standing as a monument to someone's 47 interest．When parents bring home a pet their child 48 bathes it and brushes its fur．Within a short time¸ however¸ the 49 of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents．Adolescents enter high school with great 50 but are soon looking forward to 51 ．The same is true of the young adults going to college．And then¸ how many 52 ¸ who now complain(抱怨) about the long drives to work． 53 drove for hours at a time when they first 54 their driver's licenses (执照)? Before people retire¸ they usually 55 to do a lot of 56 things¸ which they never had 57 to do while working．But 58 after retirement¸ the golfing¸ the fishing¸ the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they 59 ．And¸ like the child in January¸ they go searching for new 60 ． ‎ ‎41． A． principle B． habit C． way D． power ‎42． A． parties B． races C． countries D． ages ‎43． A． working B． living C． playing D． going ‎44． A． confidence B． interest C． anxiety D． sorrow ‎45． A． same B． extra C． funny D． expensive ‎46． A． well-organized B． colorfully-printed C． newly-collected D． half-filled ‎47． A． broad B． passing C． different D． main ‎48． A． silently B． impatiently C． gladly D． worriedly ‎49． A． promise B． burden C． right D． game ‎50． A． courage B． calmness C． confusion D． excitement ‎51． A． graduation B． independence C． responsibility D． success ‎52． A． children B． students C． adults D． retirees ‎53． A． carefully B． eagerly C． nervously D． bravely ‎54． A． required B． obtained C． noticed D． discovered ‎55． A． need B． learn C． start D． plan ‎56． A． great B． strange C． difficult D． correct ‎57． A． time B． money C． skills D． knowledge ‎58． A． only B． well C． even D． soon ‎59． A． lost B． chose C． left D． quit ‎50． A． pets B． toys C． friends D． colleagues ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文通过举例说明这样一个道理：各种形式的活动，如果人们经常做，都会产生厌倦情绪。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎41．A。其实，我们可从各年龄段的人们身上看到这个准则是如何起作用的。第一段的第一句出现短语As a general rule，本空填principle呼应名词rule。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎47．B。这些东西说明很多人曾经喜欢某一件事，结果半途而废。他们的兴趣是短暂的(passing)。故选B。‎ ‎48．C。当父母带回家一个宠物时，孩子高兴地( gladly)为它洗澡、刷它的毛。‎ ‎49．B。但是，过不了多久，照顾动物的重担( burden)又被移交给了父母。‎ ‎50．D。青少年带着极大的兴奋之情( excitement)进入高中。‎ ‎51．A。但是，不久他们就盼望着毕业( graduation)。‎ ‎52．C。前句中的young adults暗示下文谈论的是成年人。根据文意可知，抱怨每天开车上班花费时间长的人，应该是成年人。‎ ‎53．B。而当他们刚刚拿到驾照时，他们翘首企盼(eagerly)一次开好几个小时。eagerly"渴望地"，符合文意。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎