专题06动词与动词短语（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题06动词与动词短语（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题06动词与动词短语（专题）‎ ‎2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破 ‎【2017年高考考纲解读】‎ 动词是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词类，它是构成句子的核心，是一个句子中不可缺少的成分。在考试大纲及考试说明中，动词占总词汇量的1/3以上，起着举足轻重的作用。‎ 动词和动词短语在历年高考题中所占比例最大，着重考查在不同的语境中对动词及动词短语的应用，以测试学生对基础知识的掌握程度。‎ 考纲要求考生在复习备考中主要掌握以下几个方面：①动词的词义；②动词搭配；③及物动词和不及物动词的特殊用法；④熟记高频动词构成的短语的用法(例如：break，bring，call，come，cut，give，go，get，hold，look，make，put，set，take，turn等)。‎ ‎【重点、难点剖析】‎ 一、高考常考的几组动词词义辨析 ‎1．injure，hurt，wound，destroy injure 一般指在意外事故中受伤 hurt 是表示“伤害”的一般用法，既可指对肉体的伤害，也可指对情感的伤害 wound 常指外伤，尤指在战争、战斗中造成的伤害 destroy 一般指彻底损坏，常译成“毁坏，损坏”‎ I didn't want to hurt his feelings.‎ 我不想伤害他的感情。‎ He was wounded in the battle.‎ 他在战斗中负过伤。‎ ‎2．beat，hit，strike，defeat，win beat 表示“(尤指用棍或其他硬物)接连地打，击”，还可表示“打败，胜过”‎ hit 表示对准目标打一下，强调击中 strike 表示突然性或一次性的击打 defeat ‎(＝beat)是指“击败，战胜”，宾语通常是人或集体 win 是“(在……中)获胜”或“赢”的意思，宾语通常为war，match，game，prize，medal，respect，battle等名词 Our team beat the American team by eight.‎ 我们队以超过美国队八分的成绩战胜了。‎ She hit him out of anger.‎ 她生气地打了他一下。‎ The tower was struck by lightning.‎ 该塔被闪电击中了。‎ He defeated all the other participants and won the prize.‎ 他击败了其他参赛者，获了奖。‎ ‎3．adopt，attach，adapt，adjust adopt vt. 采取，采纳；收养，领养 attach vt. 把……附(在……上)；重视 attach much importance to... 非常重视……‎ adapt vt. 适应；adapt oneself to 适应于 adjust vt. 适应，调整；adjust oneself to 适应于 This kind of desk can be adjusted to the height you need; besides, it is not expensive at all.‎ 这个桌子可以根据你需要的高度而调整，而且一点也不贵。‎ Recently, to maintain national balance, the Chinese government has adopted a policy of encouraging college graduates to take positions in rural areas.‎ 为了保持平衡，中国政府最近通过了一项鼓励大学毕业生去农村就业的政策。‎ Parents attach much importance to education. They will do their best to give their children that priceless gift.‎ 父母亲都非常重视教育。他们会尽自己最大的努力给予孩子们无价的馈赠。‎ 二、高考常考的动词短语辨析 ‎1．break break away from... 脱离……，奋力挣脱……‎ break down 出故障，累垮，分解 break in 打断，插话，强行进入 break into... 闯入……，破门而入 break out (战争、火灾等)突然发生，爆发 break through 突围，冲破，突破 break up 分解，分裂，拆散，碎开 If you go on working like that, you will break down sooner or later.‎ 如果你继续像那样工作，迟早你会累垮的。‎ ‎2．bring bring about 引起，导致，使发生 bring in 引进(技术)，赚钱，带来(收入)‎ bring up 抚养，培养，哺育 bring down/up (the price) 使……降低，减少，降价/提价 比较：(prices) go down/up (价格)下降/上涨]‎ bring out 拿出，出版，生产，揭露，阐明，使表现出 The government has taken measures to bring down the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable.‎ 政府已经采取措施降低日用品价格以保持市场稳定。‎ ‎3．call call at (someplace) 访问(某地)，拜访(某地)‎ 比较：call on(sb.) 拜访(某人)，访问(某人)]‎ call back 回电话 call in 请来，召集 call off 取消 call on/upon 号召 call up 给……打电话，使人想起 call for 提倡，号召，要求，需要，去接某人 The scene of the children playing happily in the park called up memories of her childhood.‎ 孩子们在公园高兴玩耍的场景勾起了她对童年的回忆。‎ ‎4．come come about 发生，产生 come across 偶然相遇 come on 过来，跟我来，加油，来吧，赶快 come out 露出，出来，出现，出版，发(芽)，(花)开 come up 被提出，上来，走近，上升，长出来 come up with... 提出，想出(主意)，找出(答案)，赶上 come into being 形成 come into use 投入使用 If you come across faults but you still want the bicycle, ask the shop assistant to reduce the price.‎ 如果你发现你想要买的这辆自行车有瑕疵，但是你仍想买这辆，就让服务员降价。‎ ‎5．get get away from 逃脱，逃离 get away with 做了坏事而未受惩罚 get down to (doing) sth. 开始(做)某事 get in 进入，收割，达到 get over 克服，恢复 get across 理解，(使)渡过 get through 接通(电话)，完成(工作)，通过(考试)‎ After that，he knew he could get through any emergency by doing what he could to the best of his ability.‎ 在此之后，他知道只要尽全力就能成功应对一切紧急事件。‎ ‎6．give give away 赠送，给予，背弃，泄露，分发 give in 投降，让步，屈服 give back 归还，送回 give off 释放，放出(烟、光、热等)‎ give out 用完，耗尽，分发，发放 give up 放弃，辞去 He said he wasn't disappointed at the result of the final exam, but the look ‎ on his face gave himself away.‎ 他说他对期末考试的结果不失望，但是他脸上的表情出卖了他。‎ ‎7．go go against 违反，违背 go over 复习，重温，仔细检查，审阅 go by 走过，经过，(时间)消逝，过去 go out 熄灭，出去，外出 go without 没有……也行，没有……也能勉强应付 go through 通过，经受，浏览，仔细检查 I always start the day by going through my email.‎ 我每天第一件事就是要看电子邮件。‎ ‎8．hold hold back 隐瞒；控制(情感)‎ hold out 维持；抵抗；硬撑 hold up 使……耽搁 hold on 坚持；别挂(电话)‎ hold together 团结一致 hold on to 保留，抓住不放 I'd hold on to that house for the time being; house prices are rising sharply at the moment.‎ 我目前要守住这套房子，这段时间房价涨得很快。‎ ‎9．look look back on... 回顾……，回忆……‎ look on 旁观，观望 look into... 往……里面看，浏览，调查 look out 留神，当心，注意，警惕，提防 look through 看透，仔细查看，浏览，翻阅，温习 look up仰视，往上看，(在字典或参考书中)查阅，查询 The authorities will look into the case further before they can come to a conclusion about it.‎ 官方要对此案做进一步调查才能得出结论。‎ ‎10．make make the best of 充分利用 make up for 补偿，弥补 make out 辨认出 make fun of 取笑 make up one's mind 下定决心 make sense 有道理(意义)，讲得通 make good/full use of 充分利用 make up 编造；组成；构成；补齐，凑足 The boy is working harder than ever，hoping to make up the time he has wasted playing online games.‎ 为了把浪费在网络游戏上的时间弥补回来，男孩比之前学习更努力。‎ ‎11．put put away 将某物收拾起来，存钱，储存 put down 扑灭，镇压，记下 put forward 提出，建议 put off 延期，拖延 put on (戏)上演，穿上，戴上 put out 扑灭，熄灭，出版，生产 put up 挂起，张贴，搭起，建立 put up with 忍受，容忍 Why do we have to put up with Susan's selfish behavior? We have to teach her to care for others.‎ 为什么我们要忍受苏珊的自私行为？我们得教她关心别人。‎ He decided that he would drive all the way home instead of putting up at a hotel for the night。‎ 他决定当晚直接开车回家，而不住旅馆。‎ ‎12．set set about doing sth.＝set out to do sth. 着手/开始做某事 set aside 留出，搁/放在一边 set off 出发，启程，引起爆炸，激起，引起 set out (for...) 动身去(……)‎ set up 创立，设立，开办，竖起，支起 The couple set aside some money every month for their future use even though their income can only make ends meet.‎ 这对夫妻每个月都存一些钱以备将来使用，尽管他们的收入只能使他们勉强维持生计。‎ ‎13．take take in 吸收，接纳，欺骗 take on 呈现，雇用 take over 继承，接管，接替 take up 从事，开始，专注于，占去(时间、空间、地位等)‎ take off (飞机)起飞，脱掉(衣帽/鞋)，成名，成功，事业转机，生意起色 Some insects take on the colour of their surroundings to protect themselves.‎ 有些昆虫为了自我保护会随着周围环境改变自身颜色。‎ ‎14．turn turn down 拒绝；调低 turn in 上交 turn out 结果是，证明是 turn over 移交，交给 turn up 出现；调高 turn off 关掉 turn on 打开 turn away 走开 turn to 求助于；翻到 ‎—You look upset. What's the matter?‎ ‎—I had my proposal turned down again.‎ ‎——你看上去很伤心，怎么了？‎ ‎——我的建议再次被拒绝了。‎ 三、动词的熟词生义 很多动词都有些平时考试中很少考到的用法，出题人往往在此处设陷阱。‎ ‎1．address vt. 向……发表演说；直接向……说话(熟义：n.地址 v. 写地址)‎ It is said that our headmaster will address the meeting.‎ 据说我们的校长将在会议上发表演说。‎ ‎2．act vi. 起作用(熟义：行动)‎ It takes a couple of minutes for the drug to act.‎ 药物需要几分钟起作用。‎ ‎3．drive v. 迫使某人(做不好的事)(熟义；驾驶)‎ Hunger drove her to steal.‎ 饥饿迫使她偷窃。‎ ‎4．escape v. 被忘掉；被忽视(熟义：v. 逃跑；逃脱)‎ His name escapes me for the moment.‎ 此刻我忘记了他的名字。‎ ‎5．fail v. 不足，缺乏；忽略；衰退(熟义：失败，不及格)‎ Our water supply failed.‎ 我们供水不足了。‎ He never fails to write to his mother every month.‎ 他从来不忘记每月写信给他的母亲。‎ ‎6．introduce v. 以……开始(熟义：介绍，引进)‎ He introduced his speech with a joke.‎ 他的演讲以一个笑话开始。‎ ‎7．knock vt. 批评，说……不好(熟义：敲，打)‎ The critics knocked his latest play.‎ 评论家抨击了他最近的戏剧。‎ ‎8．labour vi. 费力地行走，干苦活(熟义：劳动)‎ They laboured through the thick forest and up the steep hill.‎ 他们艰难地穿行于茂密的森林，攀登于峻峭的山岭。‎ ‎9．admit vt. 允许进入，容纳(熟义：承认)‎ The servant opened the door and admitted me into the house.‎ 仆人打开门，并请我进去。‎ The theatre only admits 1,000 persons.‎ 这个剧场只能容纳一千人。‎ ‎10．back vt. 支持(熟义：n.背，后面)‎ Many of his friends backed his plan.‎ 他的许多朋友支持他的计划。‎ ‎11．count vi. 重要；vt. 认为 熟义：数(数目)]‎ Every minute counts.‎ 每分每秒都重要。‎ On the whole she counted herself a fortunate wife.‎ 总的说来，她自认为还是一个幸运的妻子。‎ ‎12．cover v. 走完(一段路)，够付(费用)，看完(多少页书)；涉及；报道(熟义：覆盖)‎ Here is ￡5; that should cover all your expenses.‎ 这儿有5英镑，应该够你的费用。‎ ‎13．develop vt. 染上，冲洗，开发(熟义：发展)‎ The year she was born her father developed a rare disease called lupus.‎ 她出生的这一年，她的父亲得了一种称为狼疮的罕见疾病。‎ ‎14．employ vt. 使用，采取(熟义：雇佣)‎ The country employed a new policy.‎ 这个国家采取了一种新的政策。‎ ‎15．freeze v. 不许动，停止走动(熟义：冻结，冻冰)‎ Freeze! Drop your arms!‎ 不许动，放下武器！‎ ‎16．figure v. 认为，想像(熟义：n.数字；雕塑，人物)‎ She figured that she would be next.‎ 她认为她可能就是下一个。‎ ‎17．fine v. & n. 罚款(熟义：adj. 好的，晴朗的)‎ He was fined $200.‎ 他被罚了200美元。‎ ‎18．head v. 动身去(熟义：头)‎ The ship was heading for Shanghai.‎ 这艘船开往上海。‎ ‎19．jump n. & vi. (大幅度)上涨(熟义：跳)‎ Last week the price of goods jumped.‎ 上周物价急剧上涨。‎ ‎20．lay vt. 向……提出；制定(熟义：放，摆设，生蛋)‎ The prisoner laid an escape plan.‎ 那个囚犯制定了一个越狱计划。‎ ‎【题型示例】‎ 题型1、动词意义的辨析 ‎【例1】【2016·浙江】When the time came to make the final decision for a course , I decided to apply for the one that ______my interest.‎ A. limited B. reserved C. reflected D. spoiled ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：当最后决定课程的时候到了，我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。A.限制；B.保留；C.反映，反射；D.宠坏。故选C。‎ ‎【举一反三】(2015·浙江，7)Body language can give a lot about your mood，so standing with your arms folded can send out a signal that you are being defensive.‎ ‎ 答案　away ‎【变式探究】(2015·江苏，27)The university started some new language programs to cater ‎ the country's Silk Road Economic Belt.‎ 解析　句意：大学开始开设一些新的语言项目，以迎合中国的丝绸之路经济带。考查动词短语。cater for 迎合，满足所需。学&科网 答案　for ‎【变式探究】Recently，these companies have ________ some workers becames of the drop in economy.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ A．hired B．dismissed C．refused D．employed ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】四个选项都是及物动词，且都可以与workers构成动宾关系，但从题干中的the drop in economy可知，只有B项符合题意。学&科网 ‎【变式探究】 When his brother was to cross the street，he was knocked down by a truck and badly ________.‎ A．injured B．damaged C．harmed D．destroyed ‎【答案】A ‎ 题型2、动词的固定搭配 ‎【例2】【2016·天津】12. I’m going to _____ advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle.‎ A. put B. make C. take D. give ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：我要利用这次旅行来探索这个城堡的历史。使用短语take advantage of，意为“利用”，其他选项不能和advantage of搭配。故选C。‎ ‎ 【举一反三】(2015·陕西，25)Peter will take his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month.‎ 解析　句意：彼得将会于下个月底就任他旅游公司负责人的职位。考查动词短语搭配。take up开始从事。‎ 答案　up ‎【变式探究】(2015·天津，10)Tom had to turn the invitation to the party last weekend ‎ because he was too busy.‎ 解析　句意：因为太忙了，上周末汤姆不得不拒绝聚会的邀请。考查动词短语。turn down拒绝，符 合语境。‎ 答案　down ‎【变式探究】 (2015·福建，25)It is said that body language account 55 per cent of a ‎ first impression while what you say just 7 per cent.‎ 解析　句意：据说，肢体语言占第一印象的55%，而语言只占7%。考查动词短语。 account for占……比例。‎ 答案　for ‎【特别提醒】英语中一些动词虽然词形相近，但意义不同 ‎(1)动词adapt, adjust, adopt的用法比较。‎ adapt意为“改编，(使)适应”，常用结构为adapt (oneself) to ...或be adapted to表示“改变自己以适应……”。‎ adjust意为“调整，调节，使适合”，常用结构为adjust (oneself) to ...表示“适应……”。‎ adopt意为“收养，领养；采用”。‎ ‎(2)动词arouse, arise, rise, raise的用法比较。‎ arouse意为“引起，激起；唤醒”。‎ arise不及物动词，意为“发生，产生”。‎ rise不及物动词，意为“上升，上涨”。‎ raise及物动词，意为“抬高，举起，饲养，提出，筹集”。‎ ‎(3)动词acquire, require, request的用法比较。‎ acquire及物动词，意为“(通过努力)取得，获得，学到”，其名词形式为acquirement。‎ require及物动词，意为“需要，命令”，其名词形式为requirement。‎ request及物动词，意为“请求，要求”，其名词形式仍为request。‎ ‎(4)动词expose, export, explode, explore的用法比较。‎ expose意为“使暴露，使曝光，使遭受”，常用结构为expose sb/sth to表示“使……暴露于或遭受……；使……接触……”。‎ export意为“出口，输出”。‎ explode不及物动词，意为“爆炸”。‎ explore意为“探索，探测”。　　　‎ 题型3、系动词的辨析 ‎【例3】 The effect of the medicine on this kind of disease remains ________.‎ A．seen B．to be seen C．seeing D．to see ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：这种药对这种疾病的效果尚待观察。由题意可知，remain在此是用作系动词，且see这一动作还没有发生，答案锁定在B和D中间；“the effect”和“see”之间存在逻辑上的被动关系。‎ ‎【变式探究】 On hearing the news of the accident in the coal mine，she ________ pale.‎ A．got B．changed C．went D．appeared ‎【答案】C ‎ 【变式探究】 It was already past midnight and only three young men ________ in the tea house.‎ A．left B．remained C．delayed D．deserted ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：早已过了半夜，仅有3位年轻人还留在茶房。“remain”作系动词，后可跟名词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词。不定式的被动式作表语。学&科网 ‎【特别提醒】英语中系动词主要分为三种 ‎(1)状态及表像系动词 be, appear, seem, look, feel, taste, sound, smell等。‎ He is a great scientist.他是一位伟大的科学家。‎ Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来软软的。‎ He appears a normal person.他看起来是一个正常的人。‎ ‎(2)持续系动词 remain, keep, stay, lie, stand等。‎ He always keeps silent at meetings.他开会时总保持沉默。‎ The weather still remained cold in April.‎ 四月的天气仍然很冷。‎ He stayed single all his life.他打了一辈子的光棍。‎ ‎(3)变化系动词 become, turn, get, grow, go, fall, come, run等。‎ She grew rich within a short time.‎ 她没多长时间就变得富有了。‎ He became famous as a writer.他成了著名作家。‎ His face went red with anger.他气得满脸通红。　　　‎ 题型4、不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析 ‎【例4】【2016·江苏】30.Many businesses started up by college students have________thanks to the comfortable climatefor business creation.‎ A.fallen off B. taken off C. turned off D. left off ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查动词短语辨析。短语fall off跌落，下降；take off起飞，成功，受欢迎；turn off关闭；leave off停止，中断；句意：由于良好的创业环境，很多大学生创办的生意都很成功。根据句意可知B正确。‎ ‎【举一反三】 (2015·湖北，26)Don't worry.I'm sure your missing glasses will turn sooner or later.‎ 解析　句意：别担心。我相信你丢失的眼镜迟早会找到的。考查动词短语。turn up出现；发生；开大；‎ 发现。‎ 答案　up ‎【变式探究】Mother always complains that children ________ their shoes very quickly.(find out, wash out, wear out, set out)‎ ‎【答案】wear out　‎ ‎ 【变式探究】The present situation is very complex，so I think it will take me some time to ________ its reality.‎ A．make up B．figure out ‎ C．look through D．put off ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】make up意为“组成、化妆、编造”；figure out意为“理解、弄清楚”；look ‎ through意为“浏览”。句意：目前的形势非常复杂，因此我认为要花费我一段时间来弄清楚它的真实性。‎ ‎【变式探究】 You had better ________ some time every day for sports so that you can keep yourself energetic.‎ A．set aside B．take up C．put away D．give out ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：你最好每天留出点时间来做运动，这样才能使自己精力充沛。set aside意为“留出；拨出”；take up意为“占用；占据”；put away意为“放弃；把……放好”；give out意为“发出；散发”。A项符合句意。学&科网 ‎【变式探究】 (2015·江苏，29)The whole team count Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.‎ 解析　句意：整个团队依靠Cristians Donald，他很少让他们失望。考查动词短语。count on依靠，指望。‎ 答案　on ‎【变式探究】(2015·湖北，25)There is no doubt that this candidate's advantage lies his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.‎ ‎ 答案　in