专题02 阅读理解记叙文（冲关秘笈）-备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈

专题02 阅读理解记叙文（冲关秘笈）-备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈

备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈 专题02 阅读理解记叙文 ‎ ‎ 一、方法概述 记叙文类文章描述的是一件具体事情的发生、发展和结局，通常有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些文章是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些文章是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。从总体上来讲，文章的难度通常不大，在阅读过程中，我们一直在某个线索的引导下，随着作者的思路去了解一个故事或一件事情的始末，因此会感到比较轻松。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。阅读此类文章应特别注意：（1）若是一般故事性文章，应读懂故事的发生，发展，高潮和结局；（2）若是＂哲理故事＂，要理解故事所蕴含的哲理意义；（3）若是 ＂逸闻趣事＂，应体会对话的风趣性，进而才能感受幽默的精髓。‎ 二、命题方式 考点一 细节事实理解 ‎ 一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。 细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。‎ 此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问： ‎1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct? ‎2.Which of the following is not mentioned? ‎3.All of the following are true except... ‎4.According to the passage, when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...？‎ ‎1.直接事实题 ‎ 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。如：‎ A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S. This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.‎ This huge dam is in the Black Canyon. It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road, which is on the top of the dam. This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside. The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom. There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco. Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.‎ This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States. Hoover Dam, one of the highest dams in the world, is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada. ‎ Q：Hoover Dam lies______ .‎ A. between Arizona and Nevada B. in the Black Canyon C. between New York and San Francisco D. both A and B ‎【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。‎ ‎2.间接事实题 ‎ 解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。‎ Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian, host of the well-received TV programme ＂Stars Tonight＂，Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991, appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.‎ Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old, Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years. However, it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station.‎ ‎＂It’s really a hard job for me. I won’t enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, I’d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，＂said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.‎ Q：Which of the following is NOT true?‎ A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.‎ B. Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.‎ C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.‎ D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia. ‎ ‎【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong可判断不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选B。 ‎ ‎3. 数据推算。‎ If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time, you will save_______ .‎ A. $100 B.$300 C.$350 D.$400 ‎ 这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：‎ ‎1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。‎ ‎2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。‎ ‎3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。‎ 考点二 主题理解或写作意图推断 ‎ 一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容 ‎1.短文的标题（title,headline）； ‎2.短文或段落的主题（subject）； ‎3.中心思想(main idea)； ‎4.作者的写作目的(purpose)。 二、此类题的设问方式 ‎1.What would be the best title for the text? ‎2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? ‎3.What is the passage mainly about? ‎4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is__________. 考点三 推理推断 ‎ 推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。 此类题的设问常常包括infer, imply, suggest, conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：‎ ‎1.We can infer from the Passage that__________. ‎2.What can be inferred from the Passage? ‎3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage? ‎4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________. ‎5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________. ‎6.The writer implies that__________. ‎7.It can be inferred that__________. ‎8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________. ‎9.On the whole, we can conclude that__________. ‎10.From the text we can conclude that__________. ‎11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________. ‎12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage? ‎13.The author is inclined to think that__________. ‎14.When the writer talks about, what he really means is that__________. ‎15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towards...? ‎16.In the writer’s opinion,... 考点四 词义、句义猜测。‎ 词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。 ‎ 此类题的设问方式主要有 ‎1.The word ＂...＂in Line...means/can be replaced by... ‎2.As used in the passage, the phrase ＂...＂suggests... ‎3.From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase ＂...＂ is/referred to... ‎4.The word ＂...＂ is closest in meaning to...‎ 猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会＂顺藤摸瓜＂，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。‎ ‎1.定义法。如：‎ Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.‎ 句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即 ＂退火＂。‎ It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is,it will break easily.‎ 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是＂脆＂的意思。‎ The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.‎ 定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为＂牧人＂。‎ ‎2.同位法。如：‎ They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.‎ 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即＂城堡＂。‎ We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 A. m.—this week.‎ 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是＂夜班＂的意思。‎ ‎3.对比法。如：‎ She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.‎ but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是＂她今天第一节上了一半才来＂，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向＂准时＂的结论。‎ ‎4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如：‎ Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?‎ possibility 是 possible的同根名词，据此可以判断定possibility 意思是＂可能性＂。‎ ‎5.因果法。如：‎ The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.‎ 从后面的结果＂永远不能再运动＂中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为＂永远的，永久＂。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 高考阅读理解体裁纷繁多样，但每套试卷通常包含一到两篇记叙文。在所有的阅读体裁中，记叙文的难度相对是比较低的。如果掌握了阅读的技巧，多多实践，阅读能力就有可能大大提高。‎ ‎ 要熟练掌握记叙文的阅读技巧，了解记叙文的写作特点与命题特点也是有必要的。‎ 一、记叙文写作特点 ‎ 记叙文是一种记载和叙述事件由来，描绘事物和人物情景状态、过程及发展的文体。消息、通讯、传记、游记、小说、童话、寓言以及记叙性的散文等文体，都属于记叙文的范畴。‎ ‎ 就写作顺序而言，记叙文要么是按时间顺序，要么是按事件的重要性的顺序来展开。不管是哪种叙述方法，最后经常会有一两句话抒发作者的情绪与感悟，这是记叙文的精华所在，也是阅读的难点所在，可谓＂一篇之妙，在于落句＂。‎ 二、记叙文命题特点 ‎ 从命题形式上看，常见的有细节理解、词义猜测、主旨大意、推理判断、作者意图等题型。除了推论或词义辨识题，记叙文命题的顺序一般都会按照文章的脉络和故事发展的顺序层层推进，否则就会觉得别扭，逻辑不通。同时，记叙文需要事件的发展过程作支撑，一半以上的题目都会用来检测考生对故事的了解，因此，我们必须弄明白整件事情的发展脉络。而其余像主旨大意、作者意图之类的题目，则取决于文章的落句，集中考查对作者所发的感触的理解。总之，细节题是记叙文命题的主流题型。而寓意之类的题则是高一层次的题，有一定的难度和区分度，它们是拉开距离的题，答对了这些题，你才有可能成功地跻身高分之列。综上所述，记叙文的应对策略即：不漏细节，奠定基础；把准寓意，方能成功。‎ 三、记叙文答题技巧 ‎ 一把钥匙开一把锁。要解答好记叙文阅读理解题，就应该有一套针对性强的方法和技巧。下面是我们在阅读教学中积累下来的一点心得体会，希望能对大家有所帮助。‎ No.1 顺藤摸瓜 ‎ ‎ 记叙文中有大量的事件发展过程中的细节，包括记叙文的5W（what, who, when, where, why）要素。因此我们作答细节题的时候，就没有那么复杂，一般只需要由前到后，从上到下，一题一题地做就可以了。‎ No.2 左顾右盼 ‎ ‎ 在做题过程中，我们大都不能在文中找到与题干一字不差的词语或句子。这时我们需要认真研究问题，抓住题干中的关键词语，然后到文中准确地找到与之相关的语句，或是疑似语句的位置，接着去左顾，或右盼，在前句或后句寻找线索。‎ No.3 刨根问底 ‎ 如前所述，主旨大意题或推理判断、作者意图题等实际上是同一类型的问题，或者说是可用同种方法解答的题型。在解答此类题目的时候，不可被题干的表象所迷惑，要像剥洋葱一样，一层一层地剥；在四个可选项中，一个一个地去证实，去排除。特别是解答推论或暗指类的题目，比如＂What can be inferred from …?＂或是What does the author imply in…?＂之类的题目，文中所陈述的往往不是答案。我们要在文前文后去查找，在字里行间里去寻觅。有时还少不了借助自己的生活经验和常理来体会这言外之意。‎ No.4 拨云见日 ‎ ‎ 每年的高考阅读题中，特别是记叙文的阅读题，都会出现一至两道词义猜测题。而这些词汇往往是你素昧平生的，或者和你有点头之交，在文中却另有新意的，总之，猜的是那些在高考词汇表要求之外的词汇。小小的一个词，一个短语，考核的不是你的语法的熟练程度，也不是你的记忆力，而是你对文章通篇或者一个段落的整体把握和变通能力。‎ ‎ 这时，你不仅需要＂左顾右盼＂，还需要在几句话，一个段落，乃至整篇文章的字里行间中快速搜寻，看看前面、后面都发生了些什么；反复琢磨人物、事物，或者人物与事物之间的内在联系，才可能在最后拨开团团迷雾，从四个选项中选出正确答案。‎ ‎【典例】‎ The Boy Made It!‎ ‎ One Sunday, Nicholas, a teenager, went skiing at Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine. In the early afternoon, when he was planning to go home, a fierce snowstorm swept into the area. Unable to see far, he accidentally turned off the path. Before he knew it, Nicholas was lost, all alone! He didn’t have food, water, a phone, or other supplies. He was getting colder by the minute.‎ ‎ Nicholas had no idea where he was. He tried not to panic. He thought about all the survival shows he had watched on TV. It was time to put the tips he had learned to use.‎ He decided to stop skiing. There was a better chance of someone finding him if he stayed put. The first thing he did was to find shelter form the freezing wind and snow. If he didn’t, his body temperature would get very low, which could quickly kill him.‎ ‎ Using his skis, Nicholas built a snow cave. He gathered a huge mass of snow and dug out a hole in the middle. Then he piled branches on top of himself, like a blanket, to stay as warm as he could.‎ By that evening, Nicholas was really hungry. He ate snow and drank water from a nearby stream so that his body wouldn’t lose too much water. Not knowing how much longer he could last, Nicholas did the only thing he could- he huddled(蜷缩) in his cave and slept.‎ ‎ The next day, Nicholas went out to look for help, but he couldn’t find anyone. He followed his ‎ tracks and returned to the snow cave, because without shelter, he could die that night. On Tuesday, Nicholas went out to find help. He had walked for about a mile when a volunteer searcher found him. After two days stuck in the snow, Nicholas was saved.‎ ‎ Nicholas might not have survived this snowstorm had it not been for TV. He had often watched Grylls’ survival show. Man vs. Wild. That’s where he learned the tips that saved his life, In each episode(一期节目)of Man vs. Wild, Grylls is abandoned in a wild area and has to find his way out.‎ ‎ When Grylls heard about Nicholas’ amazing deeds, he was super impressed that Nicholas had made it since he knew better than anyone how hard Nicholas had to work to stay alive.‎ ‎56. What happened to Nicholas one Sunday afternoon?‎ A. He got lost. B. He broke his skis.‎ C. He hurt his eyes D. He caught a cold ‎57. How did Nicholas keep himself warm?‎ A. He found a shelter. B. He lighted some branches.‎ C. He kept on skiing. D. He built a snow cave.‎ ‎58. On Tuesday, Nicholas _____.‎ A. returned to his shelter safely B. was saved by a searcher C. got stuck in the snow D. staved where he was ‎59. Nicholas left Grylls a very deep impression because he _____.‎ A. did the right things in the dangerous situation B. watched Grylls’ TV program regularly C. created some tips for survival D. was very hard-working ‎【文章大意】本文讲的是一个小男孩在暴风雪中迷路，他不畏艰难，利用在电视中学到的野外生存知识逃脱困境的故事。‎ ‎56.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第三行，Before he knew it, Nicholas was lost, all alone!＂可知答案。说明在Nicholas迷路了。故选A。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎58.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第六段第三行，He had walked for about a mile when a volunteer searcher found him。可知，星期二的时候，Nicholas被一名志愿搜索者救了。故选B。‎ ‎59.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的，He was super impressed that Nicholas had made it since he knew better than anyonehow hard Nicholas had to work to stay alive。＂可知，Grylls这个人想表达一个小男孩能在如此困难的情况下成功逃生是难能可贵的，A选项正好能表达此意思。故选A。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文考查记叙文，讲的是＂小孩在山里迷路，求生的过程＂，做好一篇记叙文，要交代清楚人物和事件，就必须交代清楚记叙的要素，即：时间、地点、人物、事件的原因、经过和结果。弄清记叙文中的人称代词指代的对象，有利于更好地理解文意。线索是记叙文的纲，抓住线索，就能理顺文章内容，掌握文章结构，更好地理解文章的中心思想。记叙文以叙事为主，但有时也运用描写、说明和议论。尤其是要注意夹叙夹议类文章，它的题目往往设计为推理性和总结性题目。文中题目往往在文中能找到出处，把握好文中具体细节即可。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎