专题01+直击高考考点之名词-备战2019年高考英语二轮复习语法点对点之直击高考考点

专题01+直击高考考点之名词-备战2019年高考英语二轮复习语法点对点之直击高考考点

‎ 专题01 直击高考考点之名词 ‎ ‎ 知识清单 1. 名词的种类 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 特别注意名词类别的相互转换 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 例句 意义 名词性质 ‎①She held some flowers in her hand.‎ ‎②The trees are now in flower 花儿 个体名词 开花 抽象名词 ‎①Youth is beautiful.‎ ‎②He is a youth of twenty 青春 抽象名词 年轻人 个体名词 ‎①They have achieved remarkable success in their work.‎ ‎②—How about the Christmas evening party?‎ ‎—I should say it was a success.‎ 成功 抽象名词 成功的事 个体名词 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 例句 意义 名词性质 ‎①Iron is a kind of metal.‎ ‎②Please lend me your iron.‎ 铁 物质名词 熨斗 个体名词 ‎①He broke a piece of glass.‎ ‎②He broke a glass.‎ 玻璃 物质名词 玻璃杯 个体名词 ‎①I bought a chicken this morning ‎②Please help yourself to some chicken 小鸡 个体名词 鸡肉 物质名词 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连 用，表示某一次短暂的动作 ‎①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.‎ ‎—Well,you could have____word with the manager.He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ‎②They sent us word of the latest happenings.消息（抽象名词）‎ A.a B.an C./ D.the ‎③Could we have word before you go to the meeting?话（个体名词）‎ A.a B.an C./ D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)‎ ‎/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声)/give a try 表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 ‎①Many people agree that ___ knowledge of English is a must in ____international trade today.‎ A.a,/ B.the,an C.the,the D./,the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)‎ give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)‎ have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识)‎ ‎②If there were no examination,we should have______at school.‎ A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ‎③ is money.‎ A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结 果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 ‎①Oh,John._____you gave me!‎ A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise ‎②She looked up when I shouted.‎ A.in a surprise B.in the surprise ‎ C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me.We have had some unpleasant surprise ‎③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.‎ A.so unusual B.such unusual ‎ C.such an unusual D.so an unusual 1. 名词的数 规则 例词 ‎1‎ 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice ‎2‎ 单复数相同 sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species ‎3‎ 只有复数形式 ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents ‎4‎ 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people,police,cattle,staff ‎5‎ 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）‎ audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party ‎6‎ 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)‎ ‎7‎ 表示“某国人”‎ 加-s Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen,Frenchwomen ‎8‎ 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers,men servants ‎ ‎ 高考考点直击 ‎ 1.可数名词的数 这里主要讲其不规则变化。‎ ‎(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)，cattle。‎ ‎(2)合成名词的复数。如：boyfriend→boyfriends，gobetween→gobetweens(中间人)，grownup→grownups。‎ ‎(3)有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物，wages工资，riches财富，surroundings环境，ashes灰尘，compasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb.同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人问候，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。‎ ‎(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police； 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。‎ ‎2.不可数名词的数 ‎(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：‎ ‎①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。‎ 抽象名词(不可数)‎ 具体化(个体名词，可数名词)‎ in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)‎ win honor赢得荣誉 an honor引起尊敬的人(事)‎ failure失败 a failure失败者 by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历 with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事 ‎ ②抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。‎ A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.‎ Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me？‎ It is a waste of time reading such a novel.‎ She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.‎ ‎(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。‎ 物质名词有形或数的相应物体时，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。‎ ‎3.名词所有格 ‎“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：‎ ‎(1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’s newspaper，five minutes’ walk(drive)，five pounds’ weight，ten dollars’ worth of coffee。‎ ‎(2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the world’s population，China’s industry，New York’s parks。‎ ‎4.名词作定语 英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。‎ ‎(1)分类意义。‎ air pollution 空气污染 boy friend男朋友 coffee cup咖啡杯 body language身体语言 road accident交通事故 the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖 ‎(2)时间、地点、称呼等。‎ Doctor Jack杰克医生 Professor Li李教授 evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠 ‎(3)表目的、手段、来源、所属意义。‎ reception desk接待台 sports field田径场 stone table石桌 color TV彩电 ‎5.几组常考名词辨析 ‎(1)cause，reason，excuse cause是造成某种客观事实或现象的原因，后接介词of； reason是说明一种看法或行为的理由，后接介词for； excuse是“借口、辩解”的意思。‎ Carelessness is the cause of the accident.‎ The reason for her coming late was that her car broke down on the way.‎ Late again！ What’s your excuse of this time？‎ ‎(2)sight，view，scene，scenery ‎①sight指“景色”时为可数名词，往往指眼见的景色，如供人游览的“美景”或“名胜”，尤指人工制成的景色。‎ Come and see the sights of London.‎ ‎②view通常指自然景色，或指从远处或高处看到的景观、景物。‎ We can get a very good view of the sea from the top of the tower.‎ ‎③scene所表达的景色常是scenery的一部分，常指自然景色，也可指舞台的场景、现实生活中的场景、场面、情景。‎ The sunrise is a beautiful scene.‎ I was touched by the happy scene.‎ ‎④scenery指某地总的自然风景或景色，尤指美丽的乡间景色，是不可数名词。‎ The best part of the trip was the scenery.It was fantastic.‎ ‎(3)award，reward 两者既可作名词也可作动词。award用作名词时，意为“奖品”、“奖金”，用作动词时，常用于award sth.to sb.中；reward作名词时，意为“报酬”、“奖励”、“报答”，用作动词时，常用于reward sb.for sth.。‎ He won the first award in the singing contest.‎ He received a reward of $900 from the police for catching the criminal.‎ ‎(4)habit，custom，customs habit指个人在长时间内逐渐养成的、一时不易改变的行为和习惯；custom则强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成的“风俗”、“习惯”；customs为复数名词，意思是“关税”、“进口税”，当首字母大写并与the连用时表示“海关”的意思。‎ 题组训练 选词填空 ‎1.“Tommy，run！ Be quick！ The house is on fire！” the mother shouted，with clearly in her voice.‎ ‎2.There’s a in our office that when it’s somebody’s birthday，they bring in a cake for us all to share.‎ ‎3.What’s the ，in your opinion，of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself？‎ ‎4.The lack of ecofriendly habits among the public is thought to be a major of global climate change.‎ ‎5.Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children’s .‎ ‎6.We have a fine of the lake from our hotel window.‎ ‎7.How can I you for your help？‎ ‎8.Social vary greatly from country to country.‎ ‎【答案】1.panic 2.tradition 3.point 4.cause 5.reach 6.view 7.reward 8.customs ‎ ‎ 高考考点过关检测 一．单句语法填空检测题 ‎1． Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me, pandas are its top________(attract)．‎ ‎【答案】attraction ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2． The nursery team switches him every few ________(day) with his sister.‎ ‎【答案】days ‎ ‎【解析】few作来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。‎ ‎ 3． The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great________(demanding) in this city.‎ ‎【答案】demand ‎ ‎【解析】考查固定搭配。in great demand急需。‎ ‎4． Handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of ________(achieve)．‎ ‎【答案】achievement ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎5． Recent________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.‎ ‎【答案】studies ‎ ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。‎ ‎6． Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of ________(apple)．‎ ‎【答案】apples ‎ ‎【解析】在苹果节人们可以看到，并常常能尝到各种各样的苹果。a variety of各种各样，后面跟复数形式。‎ 7． I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese________(painting)． ‎ ‎【答案】paintings ‎ ‎【解析】前面有many修饰，故用名词的复数形式。‎ 8． The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.Many rare animals are dying out.________ （改错）‎ ‎【答案】airs→air ‎ ‎【解析】air是不可数名词，没有复数形式。‎ ‎9． While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the________(change)are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.‎ ‎【答案】changes ‎ ‎【解析】根据后面的be动词可知此处应为复数。‎ ‎10． For example, we can do reading for one and a half ______(hour) and play sports for one hour every day.________‎ ‎【答案】 hours ‎ ‎【解析】一个半小时的表达为one and a half hours。‎ ‎ 11． Although these ________(measure) are not effective forever, they are vital for now.‎ ‎【答案】measures ‎ ‎【解析】考查名词单复数，根据前面的these和后面的are，可以判断应用复数形式。‎ ‎12. The college years are supposed to be a time for important ________(grow) in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity. ‎ ‎【答案】growth ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎13． The ________(life) of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.‎ ‎【答案】lives ‎ ‎【解析】根据后面的谓语动词，可以判断此处需要用名词的复数形式。 ‎ ‎14． Mom has a full－time job, but she has to do most of the houseworks.________‎ ‎【答案】houseworks→housework ‎ ‎【解析】housework是不可数名词。‎ ‎15．(2016·江苏，阅读C)The weather ________(effect) both good and bad, are felt in many places.‎ ‎【答案】effects ‎ ‎【解析】根据后面的谓语动词，可以看出此处应该是复数形式。 ‎ ‎16． Some schools will have to make ________(adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.‎ ‎【答案】adjustments ‎ ‎【解析】句意：为了与国家足球改革相一致，一些学校将做出调整。固定表达make adjustments 做出调整。‎ ‎17． —Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.‎ ‎— I’d like to, but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my ________(apologize)．‎ ‎【答案】apology/apologies ‎ ‎【解析】句意：——去和你的妈妈说对不起，Dave。——我想，但我怕妈妈不会接受我的道歉。作介词with的宾语和my的修饰语要用名词形式。‎ ‎18． One of the most effective ways to reduce ________(stressful) is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.‎ ‎【答案】stress ‎ ‎【解析】句意：减少压力最有效的方法之一是与信任的人谈谈你的感受。作动词reduce的宾语要用名词形式，stress压力，紧张，为不可数名词。 ‎ ‎19． When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his ________(balanced) and had a bad fall.‎ ‎【答案】balance ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎20． There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some________(think) and then let me know.‎ ‎【答案】thought ‎ ‎【解析】句意：现在没有必要告诉我你的【答案】。思考一下，然后让我知道。 some后应跟名词，thought想法。‎ ‎ 21． —Why not buy a second-hand car first if you don’t have enough money for a new one?‎ ‎—That’s a good____________(suggest)．‎ ‎【答案】suggestion ‎【解析】句意：——如果你没有足够的钱买一辆新车的话，为什么不先买一辆二手车呢？——好主意。good是形容词，修饰名词，故设空处应用名词形式。‎ ‎22．While she was in Paris，she developed a ____________(tasty) for fine art. ‎ ‎【答案】taste ‎【解析】句意：在巴黎期间，她培养了对美术的兴趣。冠词a后加名词，故填taste。 ‎ ‎23．My first ____________(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.‎ ‎【解析】句意：我对他的第一印象是他是一个善良且有思想的年轻人。my first修饰名词，再根据后面的谓语动词为was，故用单数形式。‎ ‎【答案】impression ‎24．I haven’t seen Sara since she was a little girl，and she has changed beyond ____________(recognize)．‎ ‎【解析】句意：从Sara还是个小女孩时起，我就没再见过她，她现在已经变得让我认不出了。beyond为介词，故后接名词，并且beyond recognition为固定搭配，意为“难以辨认”。‎ ‎【答案】recognition ‎25．The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they don’t give you any direct ____________(solve)．‎ ‎【解析】句意：学校顾问会帮你梳理一下你的问题，但是他们不会给你任何直接的解决方法。设空处前面有动词give，故需要填一个名词来作动词的宾语。‎ ‎【答案】solution ‎26．(福建福州质检改编)—We’ve been destroying lots of forests every year. —What a shame！We’ll be the ____________(victim) of our own foolish behavior. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【答案】victims ‎27．There are ____________(sign) to show that a new，different city is coming out of its dark past.‎ ‎【解析】句意：有迹象表明一座全新的、不同的城市正摆脱它黑暗的过去。根据there are可知后面的名词需要用复数形式。‎ ‎【答案】signs ‎28．The plan was in ____________(ruin) just because people were unwilling to cooperate.‎ ‎【解析】句意：因为人们不愿意合作致使这个计划被毁坏。此处in ruins为习惯搭配，意为“毁坏”。‎ ‎【答案】ruins ‎29．It was a difficult job for him.He had tried everything but it made little ____________(different)．‎ ‎【解析】句意：这项工作对他来说有点难，他做了各种各样的努力，但没有什么成效。make a difference“起作用；有影响”，此处的make little difference表示“没有多大作用”。‎ ‎【答案】difference ‎ ‎30．The police found a few ____________(knife) in the thief’s room，which were used to open safes.‎ ‎【解析】根据a few可知knife需要用复数形式，根据以-fe结尾的名词变复数的规则可知knife的复数形式为knives。‎ ‎【答案】knives ‎ ‎31． —Why not buy a second－hand car first if you don’t have enough money for a new one?‎ ‎—That’s a good ________(suggest)．‎ ‎【答案】 suggestion ‎ ‎【解析】句意：——如果你没有足够的钱买一辆新车的话，为什么不先买一辆二手车呢？——这是个不错的建议(suggestion)。形容词修饰名词，故用名词形式。‎ ‎32． Her ________(motivate) for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.‎ ‎【答案】motivation ‎ ‎【解析】句意：她写作的动机是出于对女性获得高等教育权利的渴望。形容词性物主代词修饰名词。‎ ‎33． Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with ________(patient)．‎ ‎【答案】patience ‎ ‎【解析】句意：每当我犯错的时候，老师都耐心地帮我指出来。with是介词，介词后用名词形式，故用patience。‎ ‎34． My first ________(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.‎ ‎【答案】impression ‎ ‎【解析】句意：我对他的第一印象是，他是一个友好且体贴的年轻人。序数词first修饰名词。‎ ‎35． —Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?‎ ‎—Well，you know，English is my ________(strong)．So it is my best choice. ‎ ‎【答案】strength ‎ ‎ ‎ 二． 真题模拟训练 ‎1. (2018天津,6)The ________(possible) that there is life on other s in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.‎ ‎【答案】: possibility ‎ ‎【解析】句意:在宇宙中的其他行星上可能存在生命,这一直鼓舞着科学家们探索外太空。考查名词。设空处在句中作主语,故填名词。possibility可能,可能性,其后为that引导的同位语从句。‎ ‎2.(2018江苏,32)Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the _______(assume) you've made.‎ ‎【答案】: assumption ‎ ‎【解析】句意:要努力去弄明白到底正在发生什么,而不要根据自己的假设就采取行动。根据语境和设空处前的定冠词the可知此处要用所给单词的名词形式。assumption 假定;假设。‎ ‎3.(2017江苏,34)The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But alternative _________(explain) are hard to find.‎ ‎【答案】: explanations ‎ ‎【解析】句意:恐龙灭绝未必是由天文事故造成的,但是很难找到其他的解释。设空处在此处作句子的主语,要用其名词形式。根据系动词are可知此处要用名词的复数形式。‎ ‎4.(2016浙江,4)It is important to pay your ________(electric)bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.‎ ‎【答案】: electricity ‎ ‎【解析】句意:按时交电费很重要, 因为晚交电费可能会影响你的信誉。本题考查名词作定语。名词作定语时,常用其单数形式,故答案为electricity。‎ ‎5.(2016江苏,24)—Can you tell us your recipe for _________(happy) and a long life?‎ ‎—Living every day to the full, definitely.‎ ‎【答案】: happiness ‎ ‎【解析】句意:——你能告诉我们你幸福、长寿的秘诀吗?——确切地说,就是充实地度过每一天。介词后需用名词形式,happiness作“幸福”讲为不可数名词,故答案为happiness。‎ ‎6.(2015江苏,32)Some schools will have to make ______(adjust) in agreement with the national reform.‎ ‎【答案】 adjustment/adjustments ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎7.(2015江苏,35)—Go and say sorry to your mom,Dave.‎ ‎—I'd like to,but I'm afraid she won't be happy with my ________ (apologize).‎ ‎【答案】: apology/apologies ‎ ‎【解析】句意:——戴夫,去向你妈妈道歉。——我想去,但是我怕她并不会对我的道歉感到满意。设空处前为形容词性物主代词,故设空处应为名词形式。‎ ‎8.(2015浙江,15)One of the most effective ways to reduce ________(stressful)is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.‎ ‎【答案】: stress ‎ ‎【解析】句意:减轻压力最有效的方法之一就是与你信任的人谈谈感受。设空处作动词reduce的宾语,故用名词形式。reduce stress减压。‎ ‎ 9．(2016·四川卷)Any smell might attract natural 65.enemies(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.‎ ‎ 【答案】enemies ‎ ‎【解析】句意：任何气味都可能引来天敌——它们会试图吃掉熊猫宝宝的。天敌不止一个，故用复数形式enemies。‎ ‎10．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ______ (painting). ‎ ‎【答案】paintings ‎ ‎ ‎ 三． 单句改错 1． ‎(2015·石家庄模拟)According to a report，the habitat of many wild animals and plant，the Polar Bears included，is threatened. ‎ ‎【答案】plant→plants ‎ ‎【解析】野生动植物前面有many修饰，plant用复数形式.‎ ‎ 2. (2015·温州一模)Apart from doing some cleaning for the old people，giving some performance with my friends is another thing I can do. ‎ ‎【答案】performance→performances ‎【解析】名词前面有some 修饰，用名词复数performances。‎ ‎3．(2015·太原模拟)—Jeremy Lin works extremely hard.‎ ‎—So he does.He is often seen sweating heavily before his teammate have even arrived at the gym.‎ ‎【答案】teammate→teammates ‎ ‎【解析】在体育馆的队友面前，用名词复数。‎ ‎4．(2015·日照模拟)I will never sell my furnitures to anyone at any time，whatever he may pay for it.‎ ‎【答案】furnitures→furniture ‎ ‎【解析】家具是不可数名词，不用复数形式。‎ ‎5．(2015·山东省实验中学模拟)He lost his way in a small village.Otherwise，he would have visited more places of interests yesterday.‎ ‎【答案】interests→interest ‎ ‎【解析】兴趣是不可数名词，故用interest。‎ ‎ 6．(高考浙江卷·)My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass.‎ ‎【解析】由其前的three可知，此处名词side应为复数形式，表示“教室的三面”。 ‎ ‎【答案】side—sides ‎7．(高考陕西卷 )Mum taught me some basic step of baking. ‎ ‎【答案】step—steps ‎【解析】step为可数名词，前面有some修饰，故用复数形式。 ‎ ‎8．(高考辽宁卷·)We’ve called several time about Cleo’s early morning barking.‎ ‎【解析】time在此处为可数名词，意为“次数”。由上文的several可知，此处应用复数形式。‎ ‎【答案】time—times ‎9．(福建漳浦三中调研改编)If you want to own an iPhone 6 ahead，you’ll have to make a reserve，or you will wait for some time.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【答案】reserve—reservation ‎10．A new study shows that if your friends and family get fat，the chance are that you will too.‎ ‎ 【解析】句意：一项新的研究表明，如果你的朋友和家人变胖了，那么，你也有可能会变胖。the chances are that...意为“可能……”。‎ ‎【答案】chance—chances 四．语法填空 ‎ As a man was passing some elephants，he suddenly stopped，confused by the fact that these huge creatures were being held by only a small rope __1__ (tie) to their front leg.No chains，no cages.__2__ was obvious that the elephants could，at any time，break __3__ from their bonds but for some reason，they did not.‎ He saw a trainer nearby and asked why these animals just stood there and made no attempt __4__ (get) away.“Well，”__5__ trainer said，“when they are very young and much __6__ (small)，we use the same size rope to tie them and，at that age，it's enough to hold them.As they grow up，they are conditioned to believe the rope __7__ still hold them，so they never try to run free.”‎ The man was amazed.These animals could at any time escape from their bonds but __8__ they believed they couldn't，they were stuck right where they were.‎ Like the elephants，how many of us go through life __9__ (hang) onto a belief that we cannot do something，__10__ (simple) because we failed at it once before？Failure is part of learning；we should never give up the struggle in life. ‎ ‎【语篇解读】 本文通过大象被绳子拴住却不挣脱的现象告诉我们：不要固步自封，不要因为担心失败而放弃拼搏。‎ ‎1.【答案】tied 【解析】考查非谓语动词。大象仅由一根系在前腿的小绳拴住。rope和tie之间是动宾关系，故此处用过去分词表被动。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎6. 【答案】smaller 【解析】考查形容词比较级。much修饰形容词比较级。‎ ‎7. 【答案】can 【解析】考查情态动词。当它们长大时，它们就习惯地认为绳子依然能够拴住它们。此处用情态动词can表示一般的能力。‎ ‎8. 【答案】because 【解析】考查原因状语从句。这些大象在任何时候都能够挣脱绳子，但是因为它们认为不能，所以它们就待在原处。‎ ‎9. 【答案】hanging 【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处应用现在分词作伴随状语。‎ ‎10. 【答案】simply 【解析】考查副词。仅仅是因为我们曾经失败过吗？此处应用副词作状语。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎