2017届高考英语（外研版）一轮教师文档讲义：专题二自由填空-第四讲-定语从句

2017届高考英语（外研版）一轮教师文档讲义：专题二自由填空-第四讲-定语从句

第四讲　定语从句 ‎1．[2015·湖南高考]It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.‎ 答案：which　根据结构，此题为一个非限制性定语从句，且句中缺少主语，故用which。‎ ‎2．[2015·陕西高考]As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.‎ 答案：when　根据结构分析，“the time”后为一个句子，“the time”为一个时间名词，故是一个定语从句，该定语从句中只能填时间状语，故用关系副词when。‎ ‎3．[2015·重庆高考]He wrote many children's books, nearly half of ________ were published in the 1990s.‎ 答案：which　根据句式结构分析，逗号后为一个非限制性定语从句，且从句中缺少主语又构成“介词＋which”的结构，故用which指代books在从句中作主语。‎ ‎4．[2015·四川高考]The books on the desk, ________ covers are shiny, are prizes for us.‎ 答案：whose　根据句式结构分析，逗号后为定语从句，而句中主语“covers”与先行词“books”之间为所属关系，故用whose。‎ ‎5．[2015·北京高考]Opposite is St. Paul's Church, ________ you can hear some lovely music.‎ 答案：where　分析句子结构可知，“________ you can hear some lovely music”是非限制性定语从句，“where”替代先行词“St. Paul's Church”在定语从句中作地点状语。‎ ‎6．[2015·天津高考]The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.‎ 答案：where　根据句式结构分析，先行词为“atmosphere”， 而其后的定语从句中不缺少主、宾、表等主要句式成分，只能填关系副词。像atmosphere, case, point, situation, stage, activity, occasion等表示抽象意义的名词为先行词，且定语从句中缺少状语的情况下，应用关系副词where引导。‎ ‎7．[2014·重庆高考]We'll reach the sales targets in a month ________ we set at the beginning of the year.‎ 答案：which/that'在本句中，先行词是“the sales targets”，关系代词在定语从句中作set的宾语，所以填关系代词which/that。设空处也可以不填，因为关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。‎ ‎8．[2014·浙江高考]I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade, ________ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.‎ 答案：when'在本句中，先行词为“the fifth grade”，设空处在定语从句中作时间状语，故填when。‎ ‎9．[2013·湖南高考]Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.‎ 答案：who/that　考查定语从句。根据句意，先行词指人，且在从句中作主语，故填who/that。‎ ‎10．[2013·重庆高考]John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of ________ are family members.‎ 答案：whom　考查定语从句。从句中没有宾语，故填关系代词。根据句意，先行词指人，位于介词之后只能用whom。　‎ 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎[2012·广东高考]Mary will never forget the first time she saw him. He suddenly appeared in class one day, __16__(wear) sunglasses. He walked in as if he __17__ (buy) the school! And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.‎ For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt __18__ (please), because there were many empty seats in the room. But she quickly realized that it wasn't her, it was probably the fact that she sat in __19__ last row.‎ ‎__20__ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong. It might have made it a little __21__ (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, but that didn't stop the kids in the class. Of course whenever they turned to look at him, they had to look at Mary, __22__ made her feel like a star.‎ ‎“Do you need those glasses for medical reasons？” the teacher asked. The new boy shook his head. “Then I'd appreciate it if you didn't wear them in class. I like to look at your eyes when I'm speaking to you.” The new boy looked at the teacher __23__ a few seconds and all the other students wondered __24__ the boy would do. Then he took __25__ off, gave a big smile and said, “That's cool.”‎ Step 1：通读全文，掌握主旨大意。‎ 本文主要讲述的是Mary与新转来的学生在课堂上发生的一些趣事。‎ Step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。‎ ‎16．wearing。 根据结构可知，此处考查非谓语动词，判断wear的逻辑主语。‎ ‎17．had_bought。 as if后面跟的虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的假设。‎ ‎18．pleased。felt为系动词，其后跟形容词，注意please的形容词形式。‎ ‎19．the。考查冠词用法。‎ ‎20．If/Although/Though/While。根据句式结构可知，此处考查连词，根据语义来判断。‎ ‎21．harder。考查形容词的用法，a little用来修饰比较级，结合语境可知。‎ ‎22．which。此处考查连词用法，根据结构判断出考查的从句是什么，然后根据从句选择连词的依据确定答案。‎ ‎23．for。根据空格位置可知此处应填介词，结合语义可知答案。‎ ‎24．what。考查连词用法，根据wonder后跟从句可知，该从句为宾语从句，因此按宾语从句选择连词的方法确定答案。‎ ‎25．them。根据句子结构可判断考查代词用法，结合语义，判断代替的内容确定答案。‎ Step 3：代入验证。‎ 需考虑语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，语法结合语义才能确保万无一失。‎ 知识 清单 ‎(1)常见关系代词的用法：that, which, who, whom, whose, as；(2)关系副词的用法：where, when与why；(3)介词＋关系代词结构中，介词的来源；(4)定语从句与同位语从句的区别；(5)定语从句中的主谓一致；(6)只用that不用which的情况以及只用which不用that的情况；(7)关系代词与代词的用法区别；(8)定语从句与强调句型的混合考查。‎ 学情 分析 考生在定语从句的学习过程中存在着以下几个问题：(1)考生不能辨别定语从句的结构；(2)关系代词与关系副词的选择混乱，不清楚关系代词与关系副词的使用情况；(3)习惯性以翻译的方式来理解定语从句、同位语从句，而使自己陷入困境之中；(4)由于对句型结构分析不到位，经常出现代词与关系代词错用的情况。‎ 考点一　关系代词引导的定语从句 引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语等。‎ ‎1．who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。‎ I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.‎ 我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生成为了好朋友。‎ ‎2．whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose＋名词”可用“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”来代替。‎ ‎①Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?‎ 你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？‎ ‎②This is the house whose window broke last night.＝This is the house, the window of which broke last night.＝This is the house, of which the window broke last night.‎ 这就是昨晚窗户被打破的那所房子。‎ ‎3.which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。‎ ‎①There used to be much shade of an old tree in the middle of the yard, which gave us much cool in summer.‎ 过去，院子中央的一棵古树遮成的大片树荫使我们在夏季非常凉爽。‎ ‎②We hope the measures to control house prices, which are taken by the government，will succeed.‎ 我们希望政府采取的控制房价的措施会成功。‎ ‎4.指物时，关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that，而不用which。‎ ‎(1)先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词，或先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时。‎ I have read all the books (that) you gave me.‎ 你给我的书我都已经读过了。‎ ‎(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词the first，the second, ...，the last修饰时。‎ This is the best film (that)I have ever seen.‎ 这是我看过的最好的电影。‎ ‎(3)先行词被the only，the very，the right等修饰时。‎ The only thing that matters is to find our way home.‎ 唯一一件要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。‎ ‎(4)先行词既有人又有物时。‎ They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.‎ 他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。‎ ‎5．在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。‎ ‎(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如从句中缺少主语或宾语指物，只能用which。‎ Our football team won the final, which made us excited.‎ 我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。‎ ‎(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。‎ The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.‎ 过去我居住的房子变成了鞋店。‎ ‎[典例1]　[2015·甘肃张掖期末]Get yourself familiar with local laws and customs of the countries to ________ you are travelling.‎ ‎[解析]　which　考查定语从句用法。从句中不缺主语和宾语，但空格前有介词，空格作介词的宾语，故应填which，不能换成that。‎ ‎[典例2]　[2015·山西康杰中学四校联考]No one had tried to understand what the real problem was except the headmaster, ________ helped me out simply by listening and hugging.‎ ‎[解析]　who　考查非限制性定语从句，从句中没有主语，先行词是the headmaster，故用who。‎ ‎[典例3]　[2015·四川资阳二诊]Look out！Don't get too close to the house ________ roof is under repair.‎ ‎[解析]　whose　考查定语从句用法。空格后的句子不缺少成分，但先行词和空格后的名词roof之间有所属关系，故填whose作定语。‎ 考点二　关系副词引导的定语从句 当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。‎ when＝表时间的介词(in, on, at, during等)＋which。‎ where＝表地点的介词(如in, at, on, under等)＋which；‎ why＝表原因的介词(如for)＋which。‎ ‎1．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。‎ ‎①Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.‎ 现代人更加关心他们居住的环境。‎ ‎②The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.‎ 我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。‎ ‎2．way和time后接定语从句的情况。‎ ‎(1)当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。如：‎ I don't like the way (that/in which) he looks at me.‎ 我不喜欢他看我的方式。‎ ‎(2)先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。如：‎ ‎①This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.‎ 这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。‎ ‎②There was a time when I hated going to school.‎ 曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。‎ ‎[典例4]　[2015·广东揭阳学业水平测试]Greg decided to take some of my songs that I had recorded to a local radio station, ________ he explained about my illness.‎ ‎[解析]　where　考查定语从句用法。从句中不缺少主语和宾语，先行词表示地点，故用关系副词where。‎ ‎[典例5]　[2015·天津河东区一模]I'm going to write a passage about the days ________ we ‎ stayed together.‎ ‎[解析]　when　考查定语从句用法。从句中不缺少主语和宾语，且先行词表示时间，故填when。‎ 考点三　“介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句 掌握“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，要注意以下几点：‎ ‎1关系代词的确定 在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。如：‎ ‎①This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.‎ 这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。‎ ‎②This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.‎ 这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。‎ ‎2介词的位置 介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，但也可以放在原来的位置上。如：‎ ‎①The house in which we live is very large.‎ ‎＝The house (which/that) we live in is very large.‎ 我们住的房子很大。‎ ‎②This is the man from whom I learned the news.‎ ‎＝This is the man (that/whom) I learned the news from.‎ 就是这个男人，我从他那里得到的这个消息。‎ 注意：如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。如：‎ My youngest brother， whom I have to look after， is demanding.‎ 我得照看我的小弟弟，真是让人费神。‎ ‎3关系代词前介词的确定 ‎(1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。如：‎ The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.‎ 我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)‎ The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.‎ 西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州以此而闻名。(be famous for)‎ ‎(2)根据先行词来确定。如：‎ I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.‎ 我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)‎ ‎(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。如：‎ Air, without which man can't live, is really important.‎ 空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(live without air)‎ ‎4“名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构 此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none/the largest＋of＋which/whom”等。如：‎ ‎①Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.‎ 问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。‎ ‎②He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.‎ 他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。‎ ‎5“复合介词短语＋关系代词which”引导的定语从句，其从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。‎ He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.‎ 他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。‎ ‎6“介词＋which/whom＋不定式”结构 The poor man has no house in which to live.‎ ‎＝The poor man has no house to live in.‎ ‎＝The poor man has no house in which he can live.‎ 那个穷人没房子住。‎ ‎[典例6]　[2015·陕西渭南一模]I'm sorry not to have replied to your letter earlier, ________ I must say, I apologize.‎ ‎[解析]　for which　考查定语从句用法。“I must say”为插入语，可去掉后再分析句子结构。从句中apologize后加介词才能跟宾语。根据句意可知此处需加for，表示“因……而道歉”注意。apologize to sb. for sth.。‎ ‎[典例7]　[2015·福建泉州五校摸底]Sixtysix Chinese athletes attended the 2014 Winter Olympics, three ________ won gold medals.‎ ‎[解析]　of whom　考查定语从句用法。根据句意可知此处表示“所有运动员中的三名获得金牌”，表范围，且先行词指人，且引导的是非限制性定语从句，故应填of whom。‎ 考点四　as引导的定语从句 ‎1．as作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由the same, as, such, so等修饰时，关系代词用as。‎ ‎①They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.‎ 他们只能读类似这样的一些简易英语改写的故事。(as作主语)‎ ‎②These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.‎ 这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。(as作宾语)‎ ‎③This is the same knife as I lost.‎ 这把小刀和我丢的那把一样。‎ ‎2．关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 ‎(1)位置不同 as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。如：‎ ‎①As is often the case, little boys tend to be very active and out of control.‎ 小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。‎ ‎②Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.‎ 众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。‎ ‎③There was a bank around here as I remember.‎ 我记得过去这儿附近有一家银行。‎ ‎④He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.‎ 他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。‎ ‎(2)意义不同 as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样；as is well known＝as is known to all众所周知；as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样；as (it) often happens正如经常发生的那样；as is often the case正如经常发生的那样；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的；as I remember (it)正如我所记得的那样。which常译作“这一点，这件事”‎ ‎，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。如：‎ ‎①He opposed the idea, as could be expected.‎ 不出所料，他反对这个意见。‎ ‎②Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.‎ 汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。‎ ‎(3)用法不同 ‎①当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如：‎ He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected)．‎ 他来得很晚，这是未预料到的。‎ ‎②当as在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态。如：be known, be said, be reported等。如果从句中动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。如：‎ She has been absent again, as is expected.‎ 她又缺席了，正如预料的那样。‎ ‎[典例8]　[2015·陕西西工大附中二模]Children under fifteen are not permitted to see such kind of film ________ is bad for their mental development.‎ ‎[解析]　as　考查定语从句用法。从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词，且先行词由such修饰，故用关系代词as。‎ 考点五　定语从句的易错点 ‎1．关系代词which/whom与人称代词的用法区别 ‎(1)关系代词既指代先行词又要连接两个句子。‎ ‎[典例9]　[2015·福建龙岩毕业班联考]At the request of some English learners，he has published a lot of books, one of ________ is about English idioms.‎ ‎[解析]　which　两个分句之间无连词，故该空应填关连词连接两个句子，同时根据语意可知，此空代替的是books，故又应填代词，两项结合可知，此处应填关系代词which，而不是them。‎ ‎(2)关系代词与指代同为先行词的代词不能重复出现在定语从句中。‎ ‎[典例10]　[2015·山东济南月考]He was the lost boy that his parents were looking for him everywhere.(改错)‎ ‎[解析]　去掉him　在两个分句中，必须有连词连接，故that不可以省去，而him与关系代词that指代的内容重叠，均是the lost boy，因此需删掉him使从句中缺少宾语，才可以使句子成立。‎ ‎2．定语从句与强调句型结合考查，在解此类型题时，要首先判断哪一部分为强调句型(强调句型强调的是句子中的一个完整成分)，然后再判断是否为定语从句。‎ ‎[典例11]　[2015·重庆一中一诊]Could it be in the restaurant ________ you had dinner with me yesterday ________ you lost your handbag?‎ ‎[解析]　where；that　分析句子结构可以看出该句中有一强调句型，首先假设第一空为强调句型中的that，删掉it could be及第一空格，导致句子结构混乱，语义不明确，故第二空可知为强调句型中的that；第一空前为名词，且与空后的内容有一定关系，故可知为定语从句，从句中不缺主语和宾语，先行词表地点，故填where。‎ ‎3．利用定语从句中关系代词可以省略来考查其他知识点，其中定语从句起到的便是干扰作用。通常“名词＋名词＋句子”结构中，“第二个名词＋句子”为定语从句，修饰第一个名词。‎ ‎[典例12]　[2015·湖南宁乡一中期末]You can never imagine what difficulty we had ________ (find) your address.‎ ‎[解析]　finding　此题考查“have great difficulty (in) doing something”结构，其中“we had”为定语，修饰difficulty，利用定语从句的形式使考生不能看透考查内容而误以为had后加过去分词而填found。‎ NO.1解题步骤 ‎1.首先根据句子结构判断是否填连词；‎ ‎2．根据定语从句通常修饰名词或代词这一特点，判断考查的内容是否是定语从句；‎ ‎3．根据定语从句中的相关考点进行分析并确定答案。‎ NO.2解题技巧 ‎1.若两个句子中间无连词，且跟在名词或代词后，很可能考查定语从句中的关系词。‎ ‎2．判断从句中是否缺主语、宾语、定语，如果缺少，则填关系代词。‎ ‎3．若从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语成分则要填关系副词或考虑“介词＋which/whom”。‎ 注意：(1)从句中缺少宾语的情况无外乎两种：‎ ‎①介词＋宾语　②及物动词＋宾语 所以对从句中存在介词或及物动词的情况要引起高度重视。‎ (2)定语从句中的易错点要作为重点复习的内容，在平时阅读或做题时多加关注，并逐步形成一种纠错意识。‎ ‎[典例13]　[2015·郑州预测]The two men saw temples and pyramids，squares and houses，and places ________ kings had lived when the Mayan people ruled the region.‎ ‎[解析]　where　根据空格位置可判断此处填连词，且又跟在名词后面，空格后的句子与空格前的名词有一定关系，故可知考查内容为定语从句，从句中不缺主语，谓语后不需宾语，故考虑填“关系副词”，先行词表地点，故答案为where。‎ ‎[典例14]　[2015·开封模拟]Language is the “cement”(胶合剂)________ holds these groups together.‎ ‎[解析]　which/that　考查定语从句，且从句中缺少主语，先行词表物，无特殊修饰内容，故填关系代词that/which均可。‎ ‎1.定语从句的独特性质：从句中的部分内容，即关系词指代的内容，与主句中的先行词重叠，可根据这一特点来判断是否考查定语从句的用法。‎ ‎2．定语从句关系词的选择方面，不能只单纯看先行词表时间、地点、原因，而应按常规的解题思路，辨别从句中缺少的成分来确定。‎ ‎3．在从句与先行词之间如出现插入语时，可将其删除，以便能正确分析出句子成分，从而正确解题。‎