高考英语总复习专题攻略之阅读理解解题技巧之主旨大意

高考英语总复习专题攻略之阅读理解解题技巧之主旨大意

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 1 - 高考英语阅读理解解题技巧之主旨大意 高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确 获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要 信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主 要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作 者的情感倾向。 在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下： (1) What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text? (2) The main topic / subject of the passage is _________. (3) The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is… (4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________. (5) What is mainly discussed in the text? (6) What is the main idea of the passage? (7) What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? (8) The purpose of this passage is. (9) Which of the following statements is best supported by the text? (10) Which of the following best summarized the passage? (11) The passage mainly focuses on. 从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文 章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目 的解题技巧。 怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意 ——主题句定位法 文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而 段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通 过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是 确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题， 它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。 但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 2 - 在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主 题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含 在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。 做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首 段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。 文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况： 1. 正三解形写作法 即中心主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题 句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点， 后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。 新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际 上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。 例题 In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people. … 71. What does this passage mainly talk about? A. Competition helps to set up self-respect. B. Opinions about competition are different among people. C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development. D. Failures are necessary experience in competition. 【答案与解析】选 B。文中第一句便提出了中心论点。 2. 倒三角形写作法 即主题句出现在文尾。在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句 则常位于末段。 例题 1 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 3 - The famous American gorilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship. Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster (a frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired. Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain gorillas in the wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes. Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. “This is a species of mammal(哺乳类动物),” said the words below it. “It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby. The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破坏性的) on earth. We must retrain it for its own good.” 56.The text mainly talks about _____. A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in Rwanda C. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist 例题 On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. What’s more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 4 - matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life. 1. What’s the main idea of the passage? A. Keep away from the Internet. B. Surf the net. C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life. D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet. 【答案与解析】选 C。最后一句“The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.”（因特网在我们的生活中起着越来越重要的作用）是全文的主题 句。A 项（远离网络）与主题不符。B 项（上网）过于笼统。D 项（网上娱乐）只不过是短文 中的一个细节，不全面。 3. 圆形写作法 即首尾呼应的写作方法。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首 尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有 进一步的引申或发展的意味。 例题 Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World. People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “ cross”. The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse. There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 5 - popular with Canadians. 1.The passage is mainly about . A. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada 【答案与解析】选 D。作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项 D 最 符合短文的主题。 4. 菱形写作法 即主题句出现在文章的中间。通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合 乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。 例题 The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals. During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance. … 67. This passage mainly tells readers_______. A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 6 - 【答案与解析】从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies,”可以看出， 本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动。答案选 A。 5. 正方形写作法 即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文 章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段 落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该 类型的试题则迎刃而解。 例题 1 Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let’s shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached. Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding (误解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you. 65. The first paragraph mainly tells us ______. A. where handshaking was first practised B. how handshaking came about C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 7 - D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China 【答案与解析】选 B。主旨大意题。在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是谈论 握手是怎样产生的。 67. The main purpose of the text is ______. A. to tell us some differences between the East and the West B. to offer us some important facts about handshaking C. to introduce us to some different customs in the West D. to give us some advice before we travel abroad 例题 2 Last August, Joe and Mary Mahoney began looking at colleges for their 17-year-old daughter, Maureen. With a checklist of criteria in hand, the Dallas family looked around the country visiting half a dozen schools. They sought a university that offered the teenager’s intended major, one located neat a large city, and a campus where their daughter would be safe. “The safety issue is a big one,” says Joe Mahoney, who quickly discovered he wasn’t alone in his worries. On campus tours other parents voiced similar concerns, and the same question was always asked: what about crime? But when college officials always gave the same answer ——“That’s not a problem here,” ——Mahoney began to feel uneasy. “No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today. “ I just don’t buy it.” Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses. “Parents need to understand that times have changed since they went to college,” says David Nichols, author of Creating a Safe Campus. “Campus crime mirrors the rest of the nation.” But getting accurate information isn’t easy. Colleges must report crime statistics(统计数字)by law, but some hold back for fear of bad publicity, leaving the honest ones looking dangerous. “The truth may not always be serious,” warms S. Daniel Carter of Security on Campus, Inc., the nation’s leading campus safety 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 8 - watchdog group. To help concerned parents, Carter promised to visit campuses and talk to experts around the country to find out major crime issues and effective solutions. 60. What is the text mainly about? A. Exact campus crime statistics B. Crimes on or around campuses C. Effective solutions to campus crime D. Concerns about kids’ campus safety 【答案与解析】选 D。该篇文章没有明显的主题句，但通过对文章四段的主旨分析，很容 易得出全文紧紧围绕“关注大学校园安全问题（Concerns about kids’ campus safety）”。 怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题 ——高度概括法 对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也 可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确 定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。 标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练 的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者 的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？ 首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体 现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）； ②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。 其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上， 仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就 不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它 可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。 再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔， 是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的 阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。 最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标 题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 9 - 比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing. 话题：Stamps 控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names 标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names 例题 1 …He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches, his red suit feels like a spacesuit, his cheeks have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours … The questions from children these days are harder than ever. Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable. For example, “Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning?” Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued (指控)… 59．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Christmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas B．Is Santa Claus Really Alive? C．A Christmas Story D．What Does Santa Claus Do for Children? 例题 2 …Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to my house. No card came with it Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to discover the sender’s name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper. But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be. Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these imaginings. She’d 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 10 - ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness. Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail I’d delivered during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into. One month before my graduation, my father died. I felt so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didn’t care if I had a new dress or not. But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things. She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable. In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery (神秘) My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenia stopped coming. 41. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. A childhood Dream. B. A Mother’s Love. C. A Graduation Party. D. A Special Birthday. 【答案与解析】选 B。本题考察了篇章理解和主旨概括能力。结合整篇，尤其是最后一段 不难看出母亲对女儿的一片良苦用心。“母爱”这一标题简洁、形象又能突出本文主题。