【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题词性转换(构词法)学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题词性转换(构词法)学案

‎2020届二轮复习语法专题 词性转换(构词法)‎ ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ ‎[思维导图]‎ 一、动词、形容词转化为名词的规律 ‎1．动词变名词的后缀 后缀 例词 ‎－ion/－tion/‎ ‎－sion/－ation correct→correction　改正 celebrate→celebration 庆祝；庆祝会 attract→attraction 吸引 conclude→conclusion 结论；结束 discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论 decide→decision 决定 admit→admission 接纳；准许入学 invite→invitation 邀请 explain→explanation 解释 graduate→graduation 毕业 expect→expectation 期望 ‎－er/－or drive→driver　　 　司机；驾驶员 gather→gatherer 收集者；采集者 teach→teacher 老师 announce→announcer 广播员 conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员 ‎－ment punish→punishment　 惩罚 achieve→achievement 功绩；成就 argue→argument 辩论；论据 treat→treatment 对待；治疗 equip→equipment 装备；设备 govern→government 政府 ‎－ance/‎ ‎－ence appear→appearance　出现；外貌 guide→guidance 指引；指导 perform→performance 表演；节目 exist→existence 存在；生存 prefer→preference 偏爱 refer→reference 参考；查阅 ‎－ing hear→hearing　　　　听力；听觉 begin→beginning 开始 ‎－ure/－ture fail→failure　 　　 　失败；倒闭 press→pressure 压力 depart→departure 离开；出发 mix→mixture 混合；混合物 ‎－y recover→recovery　　恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery 发现 其他 choose→choice　选择 vary→variety 多样化；种类 tend→tendency 趋向；趋势 ‎2.形容词变名词的后缀 后缀 例词 ‎－age short→shortage　　不足；短缺 ‎－cy efficient→efficiency 效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利；流畅 accurate→accuracy 准确性 private→privacy 隐私；私密 ‎－dom free→freedom　　　自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧 ‎－ence different→difference 差异 silent→silence 沉默 ‎－ness weak→weakness　　虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness 粗心大意 ‎－th strong→strength　 力气；强项 warm→warmth 温暖；热情 ‎－y/－ty/－ity honest→honesty　 　诚实 difficult→difficulty 困难 cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴 safe→safety 安全 disable→disability 无能；伤残 responsible→responsibility 责任 二、名词、动词转化为形容词的规律 后缀 例词 ‎－able accept→acceptable　 可接受的 comfort→comfortable 舒适的 fashion→fashionable 时髦的 suit→suitable 合适的 reason→reasonable 有道理的；合理的 ‎－al music→musical 　 　音乐的 origin→original 最初的 person→personal 个人的；私人的 center→central 中央的；中心的 nature→natural 自然的；天生的 ‎－ful doubt→doubtful 　 　怀疑的 forget→forgetful 健忘的 harm→harmful 有害的 hope→hopeful 有希望的 peace→peaceful 和平的 ‎－ed scare→scared 　 　 　感到恐惧的 confuse→confused 感到困惑的 underline→underlined 下划线的 ‎－ing surprise→surprising 　令人惊异的 convince→convincing 令人信服的 satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的 ‎－ible access→accessible　 　容易取得的 horror→horrible 可怕的；恐怖的 terror→terrible 可怕的 ‎－ive act→active　　　 　　积极的；活跃的 effect→effective 有效的；生效的 attract→attractive 有吸引力的 impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的 ‎－ous continue→continuous　不断的；持续的 anxiety→anxious 忧虑的 caution→cautious 十分小心的；谨慎的 curiosity→curious 好奇的 humor→humorous 幽默的 ‎－some tire→tiresome　　　　令人厌倦的 trouble→troublesome 麻烦的 ‎－y taste→tasty　　　　　美味的；可口的 health→healthy 健康的 wealth→wealthy 富裕的；丰富的 ‎－ern east→eastern　　 　　东方的；向东的 ‎－ish child→childish　　　　孩子气的 fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的 self→selfish 自私的 ‎－ic science→scientific 　 　科学的 energy→energetic 精力充沛的 ‎ [名师指津] －ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……‎ 的”，通常修饰人；－ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人……的”，通常修饰物或事。‎ 三、形容词转化为副词的规律 类别 例词 直接加－ly clear→clearly　清楚地 great→greatly 很，大大地 以辅音字母＋y结尾的形容词，变y为i再加－ly happy→happily　高兴地 heavy→heavily 沉重地 词尾为ble/le的形容词，去掉e，再加－y terrible→terribly可怕地 gentle→gently 轻轻地 词尾为ue的形容词，去掉e再加－ly true→truly　 　 真实地 词尾为ll的形容词，直接加－y full→fully　　　充分地 dull→dully 迟钝地 词尾为－ic的形容词，加－ally basic→basically 主要地 scientific→ scientifically 合乎科学地 厘清两种情况，突破词性转换 ‎1．名词在句中作宾语，被冠词或形容词或形容词性物主代词所修饰 ‎ ‎[例1] She is determined to carry on with ‎ her________(educate)．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ ‎[分析] education　[前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。]‎ ‎[例2] Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C.，influenced the________(develop)of chopsticks.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ ‎[分析] development　[根据空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此处需要名词。]‎ ‎2．形容词在句中作定语，常放在名词之前 ‎[例3] It was a relief and I came to a ________(sudden) stop just in the middle of the road.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ改编)‎ ‎[分析] sudden　[此处需要用形容词修饰后面的名词stop，表示“突然的停止”。]‎ ‎3．形容词在句中作表语，常放在be，get，become，remain等系动词后 ‎[例4] At one time，I even felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be ________ (free) from them.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ改编)‎ ‎[分析] free　[此处需要用形容词作表语。be free from them“摆脱他们”。]‎ ‎4．形容词在句中作宾语补足语，之前常有使役动词、感官动词或介词with加名词或代词 ‎[例5] As I walked，I looked up，trying to realize what made this day so ‎ ________(beauty)．‎ ‎[分析] beautiful　[使役动词make之后跟复合宾语，用形容词作宾语补足语。]‎ ‎5．副词在句中修饰动词 ‎[例6] The title will be________(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ ‎[分析] officially　[此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我。分析句子结构可知，应该使用副词officially作状语修饰动词given。]‎ ‎6．副词在句中修饰形容词或其他副词 ‎[例7] Dad and I were ________(terrible) worried.(全国卷Ⅱ改编)‎ ‎[分析] terribly　[此处应用副词terribly修饰形容词worried。]‎ ‎7．副词用在句首，修饰整个句子，表示状态、原因等 ‎[例8] ________(lucky)，he also had a cow which produced milk every day.(广东高考)‎ ‎[分析] Luckily　[此处为副词用于句首，表示状态。]‎ ‎8．要特别注意有使役用法的动词的分词形式用作形容词时的区别。‎ 如amazed常修饰人的内心感受，表示“吃惊的”；amazing常修饰事物，表示“令人吃惊的”。‎ ‎[例9] There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and________(disappoint)．(新课标全国卷Ⅱ)‎ ‎[分析] disappointed　‎ ‎[disappointed和前面的anxious并列，表示人的内心活动，应使用－ed形式的形容词，此处表示“他们中有些人看起来既焦虑又失望”。]‎ 词形变化是重点，注意特殊形式和变化特点：以－e结尾加－ly，切记true需把－e去；－ble，－ple都是去－e把－y加。另外需注意形副同形词。‎ ‎[例10] Instead，he hopes that his business will grow ________(steady)．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ改编)‎ ‎[分析] steadily　[谓语动词grow是不及物动词，意为“增长，增强”，此处应该使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow。grow steadily意为“稳定地增长”。]‎ ‎[例11] Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ________ (regular)．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ ‎[分析] regularly　[此处需要用副词修饰谓语动词短语“take short breaks”。]‎ ‎[例12] My uncles ________ (immediate) jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.(陕西高考改编)‎ ‎[分析] immediately　[此处修饰“jumped up”，故应用副词形式。]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎1．Running is cheap，easy and it’s always________(energy)．‎ ‎(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 答案　energetic　[根据句子结构可知，此处应该使用与其前的cheap、easy相同形式的形容词energetic作表语。]‎ ‎2.A taste for meat is ________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens，pigs，and cattle.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ 答案　actually　[应用副词作状语修饰系动词is。]‎ ‎3．This switch has decreased________(pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ 答案　pollution　[此处作decreased的宾语，应填名词pollution。]‎ ‎4．According to the World Bank，China accounts for about 30 percent of total ________(globe) fertilizer consumption.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ) ‎ 答案　global　[此处和total一起修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption，意为“全世界的化肥总消耗量”，故用形容词作定语。]‎ ‎5．I’m a________(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 答案　scientist　[设空处前面是a，可知空处应填可数名词单数，再联系文章内容可知“我”是一位科学家，故填scientist。]‎ ‎6．The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be________(afford) but doing this most days adds up.(2018·浙江高考)‎ 答案　affordable　‎ ‎[根据语境可知此处作表语，所以要用形容词形式。]‎ ‎7．Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in________(weigh) problems.(2018·浙江高考)‎ 答案　weight　[表示体重方面的问题，要用名词作定语。]‎ ‎8．Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asia’s biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me，pandas are its top________(attract)．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 答案　attraction　[句意：但是对像我这样的游客来说，大熊猫是最吸引人的东西。此处作表语的应该是名词attraction，意为“吸引人之物，诱惑物”。]‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．They had both been sentenced to death (die)．(2019·衢州二中模拟)‎ ‎2．The girl then plants a kiss on the grass in a heart－warming show of affection(affect)．(2019·鲁迅中学模拟)‎ ‎3．My application (apply) was successful and I spent an enjoyable month learning film－making.(2019·宁海中学模拟)‎ ‎4．Perhaps he can make his fortune (fortunate)at football.(2019·嘉兴一中模拟)‎ ‎5．I really needed Snow，because it was good for my recovery__(recover)．(2019·金华一中模拟)‎ ‎6．Pop－up shops first appeared in the UK in the early 2000s.They were originally (origin)a way for small companies to rent small space in great locations.(2019·绍兴模拟)‎ ‎7．Indeed，travelling around this country will truly(true)give you an amazing experience because of its interesting things offered to all types of tourists.(2019·台州模拟)‎ ‎8．The water near the equator is less salty than that found in the mid－latitudes (中纬度) for abundant(abundance) equatorial precipitation (赤道降水) throughout the year.(2019·杭州八校联考)‎ ‎9．Films，books，magazines，etc.give us daily (day) amusement.(2019·兰溪三模)‎ ‎10．In some crowded (crowd) cities，the car has polluted the air so badly that people get sick just from breathing it.(2019·台州一中模拟)‎ Ⅱ.语法填空 ‎(2019·温州模拟)Everyone has secrets，and John Corcoran is no exception.For decades，Corcoran lived with an 1.________ (embarrass) secret，one that millions of Americans have.He was a college graduate and had even been a teacher for years，2.________ John was reading at an elementary school level once.3.________ (fail) to learn how to read in school，Corcoran finally developed the thought that there was something wrong with him.Then one day，at the age of 48，he accidentally 4.________ (hear) two women in the checkout line talking about how ‎ proud they were 5.________ their adult brother for finally learning how to read.Soon afterwards，Corcoran went to a reading clinic 6.________ (get) help.After 125 hours’ professional 7.________(treat)，he could read at a 12th grade level.Since he began to learn to read，Corcoran 8.________(write) poems and short stories，and has started a foundation to provide tutoring for thousands of students 9.________ cannot read like him.“I used to call my problem a curse，” Corcoran said，“but now it’s 10.________ (actual) a blessing to me，because I get to encourage others and show it’s never too late to learn how to read.”‎ ‎【语篇解读】　John Corcoran的阅读能力只有小学一年级的水平，最后通过自己的努力他克服了这个难题。‎ ‎1．embarrassing　[考查词性转换。修饰secret应用形容词，embarrassing意为“令人尴尬的”，符合语境。]‎ ‎2．but　[考查连词。根据 John was reading at an elementary school level once可知和前面的內容是转折关系。]‎ ‎3．Failing　[考查非谓语动词。Corcoran和fail 之间为主动关系，故填其现在分词形式作原因状语。]‎ ‎4．heard　[考查动词时态。根据语境可知此处讲述过去的一件事情。]‎ ‎5．of　[考查介词。be proud of意为“为……感到自豪”。此句是一个how引导的感叹句。]‎ ‎6．to get　‎ ‎[考查非谓语动词。这里表示去诊所的目的，故用动词不定式。]‎ ‎7．treatment　[考查词性转换。根据前面的professional可知此处应用名词形式。]‎ ‎8．has written　[考查时态。根据Since he began to learn to read可知需用现在完成时态。]‎ ‎9．that/who　[考查定语从句。先行词为students，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用that/who。]‎ ‎10．actually　[考查词性转换。此处修饰整个句子应用副词形式。]‎