- 2021-05-20 发布 |
- 37.5 KB |
- 13页
申明敬告: 本站不保证该用户上传的文档完整性,不预览、不比对内容而直接下载产生的反悔问题本站不予受理。
文档介绍
【英语】2019届二轮语法复习专题十二名词性从句(14页word版)
2019届二轮语法复习专题十二名词性从句 名词性从句是英语中比较复杂的结构,既涉及词汇的用法,也涉及句法结构,是历年高考的必考语法项目,考点主要集中在名词性从句的连接词上。在学习名词性从句时,应注意从以下几个方面入手: 1.掌握名词性从句的连接词的分类及用法(注意that,if,whether的用法区别); 2.注意名词性从句中的特殊情况(that的省略、语序、时态和语气问题); 3.注意疑问连接词what,when,where等引导名词性从句不表示疑问时的情况; 4.注意it作形式主语、形式宾语时的从句结构。 主 语 从 句 在复合句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句。引导主语从句的连接词主要有三类:从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。 1.that引导的主语从句 that引导主语从句时,在从句中不作任何成分,也没有实际意义。一般情况下that不可省略。 That you don’t like him is none of my business. 你不喜欢他不关我的事。 注意下面it作形式主语,含有that的几种结构:It is clear/certain/likely/true/surprising that...;It is a pity/a shame/a good idea/no wonder that...;It is said/reported/believed/known/ thought/suggested that...;It seems/happens that...。 2.wh类连接词引导的主语从句 wh类连接词包括连接代词who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whatever等和连接副词when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however等。 Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个问题。 Why he did that wasn’t quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚。 3.what与that引导主语从句的区别 what引导主语从句时,表示“所……的(东西)”,并且在从句中充当句子成分;而that作为连词,引导主语从句时,其本身没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,通常不可省略。 What she was afraid of was their taking her daughter abroad. 她害怕的是他们带她女儿出国。 That he will refuse the offer is unlikely. 他不可能拒绝这个报价。 [即学即练] 单句语法填空 1.________ the college will take in more new students this year is true. 解析:That 句意:今年这所大学将招收更多新生,这个消息是真的。that引导主语从句,不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。 2.It is obvious ________ you’ve made a big mistake. 解析:that 句意:很明显你犯了一个大错。此句中“It”是形式主语,真正的主语是主语从句that you’ve made a big mistake。 3.________ he can finish his task on time is of great importance. 解析:Whether 句意:他能否按时完成任务非常重要。whether意为“是否”,此处引导主语从句。 4.________ reason you may give for the unfinished homework will not be considered. 解析:Whatever 考查名词性从句。根据句子结构可知此处考查主语从句,此处Whatever作定语修饰reason,“Whatever reason”作主语从句的宾语。句意:对于你未完成的家庭作业,无论你给出什么样的理由都是不予考虑的。whatever可以引导让步状语从句和名词性从句,而no matter what不可以引导名词性从句。 宾 语 从 句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。宾语从句常跟在动词、介词等后,从句的语序用陈述语序。宾语从句的连接词主要有三类:从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。 一.作动词的宾语 1.大部分宾语从句直接跟在动词后 He doesn’t know where the post office is. 他不知道邮局在哪里。 2.有些宾语从句前要有间接宾语 He told me what I should read. 他已告诉我应该读些什么。 3.如果在动词find,feel,think,consider take(认为),make,believe,guess,suppose 等后面还有宾语补足语时,需用it作形式宾语而将that引导的宾语从句后置。 I thought it strange that he failed to call me. 我觉得奇怪:他没给我打电话。 4.在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词之后的宾语从句中,如果从句谓语是否定含义,则不用否定形式,而将主句谓语动词think等变为否定形式: I don’t think you are right. 我想你是不对的。 5.在think,believe,imagine,suppose,guess,hope等动词以及I’m afraid等后,可用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句,还可用not代替一个否定的宾语从句: Do you believe it will clear up? 你以为天气会转晴吗? I believe so. 我认为会这样。 I don’t believe so.(或I believe not.)我认为不会这样。 二.作介词的宾语 Did she say anything about how we should do the work? 关于这工作我们该怎么做,她说什么没有? 1.that引导的宾语从句只有在except,in,but,besides等少数介词后偶尔可能用到: Your article is all right except that it is too long. 你的文章挺好,只是太长了。 2.有时在介词和其宾语从句的中间加形式宾语it: I’ll see to it that everything is ready. 我将负责把一切准备好。 3.介词的宾语从句不能由if引导,而要用whether。 I don’t care about whether he will come. 我不在乎他来还是不来。 三.作形容词的宾语 在某些形容词(如afraid恐怕,sure确信,certain肯定,confident相信等)作表语时,可接一个that引导的宾语从句(也有人认为是状语从句) I’m afraid (that) I have made a mistake. 恐怕我犯了一个错误。 [即学即练] 单句语法填空/单句改错 5.He suggested ________ we should clean the house every day. 解析:that 句意:他建议我们每天打扫房间。此处是一个宾语从句,既可以用that引导,也可以省略that。但由语法填空的题目要求可知此处不能不填。 6.He will give ________ needs help a warm support. 解析:whoever 此处表示他会热心帮助任何需要帮助的人。结合句意可知此处应用whoever引导宾语从句,并在从句中作主语。 7.Women usually read newspapers just for that they are interested in,such as fashion and entertainment news. 解析:that→what what引导宾语从句且在从句中作宾语。句意:女士们通常只是为了她们感兴趣的东西而读报纸,比如时尚和娱乐新闻。 表 语 从 句 在复合句中作表语的从句叫作表语从句。表语从句在系动词之后,从句的语序用陈述语序。 1.that引导的表语从句 My suggestion is that you go there on foot. 我的建议是你步行去那儿。 2.whether 引导的表语从句 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题仍然是他们能否帮我们。 3.wh类连接词引导的表语从句 wh类连接词包括连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever等和连词副词where,when,how,why,wherever,whenever等。 This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 4.as if/as though引导的表语从句 此类表语从句常跟在特定动词后面,如seem,appear,look,taste,sound,feel等。 5.because 引导的表语从句 That is because he failed to pass the exam. 那是因为他未能通过考试。 [即学即练] 单句语法填空 8.The reason for his absence is ________ he hasn’t been informed. 解析:that 句意:他缺席的原因是他没接到通知。that引导表语从句。 9.It sounds ________ someone is knocking at the door. 解析:as if/though 句意:听上去好像有人在敲门。as if/though 引导表语从句,表示“好像”。 10.Why not try your luck downtown,Bob?That’s ________ the best jobs are. 解析:where 此处where引导表语从句,意为“在……的地方”。句意:Bob,为什么不在市中心碰碰运气呢?那是最好的工作的所在之处。 11.The problem is ________ we can get to replace her. 解析:who/whom 句意:问题是我们能让谁去替换她。who/whom一方面引导表语从句,另一方面又在从句中作宾语。 同 位 语 从 句 同位语从句在句子中作某一名词的同位语,一般位于该名词之后,说明该名词的具体内容。这些名词常见的有: belief(信任),possibility(可能性),fact(事实),idea(想法),hope(希望),doubt(怀疑),news(新闻),conclusion(总结),suggestion(建议),problem(问题),order(命令),answer(回答),decision(决定),discovery(发现),explanation(解释),information(信息),knowledge(知识),opinion(观点),truth(事实),promise(诺言),report(报道),thought(想法)等。 引导同位语从句的词有that,what,whether,how,when,where等。 The question where we shall have a meeting hasn’t been answered. 我们到什么地方去开会这个问题还没有人回答。 [即学即练] 单句语法填空/单句改错 12.The suggestion ________ we should spend more time with children is supported by most mothers and teachers. 解析:that 考查同位语从句。根据语境可知“we should spend more time with children”是对“The suggestion”的补充说明,且从句中不缺成分,故用that。 13.The student asked me the question ________ the book was worth reading. 解析:whether 句意:学生问了我这本书是否值得一读这个问题。此处要根据句子的意思作出正确判断。 14.I want to express my hope which all the young fellows can make full use of time,because time waits for no man. 解析:which→that 句意:我希望所有的年轻朋友们能充分利用时间,因为时间不等人。分析句子结构可知,此处应用that引导同位语从句。which一般不用于引导同位语从句,尤其是在无实在意义时。 名词性从句的易混辨析 1.that 和what的区别 that引导名词性从句时,在从句中不充当任何句子成分,也没有任何含义;而what引导名词性从句时,在从句中要充当一定的句子成分,what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词+关系代词”,即常说的“先行词+that”=the person(s)/thing(s)/place that。 [即学即练] 单句语法填空 15.(2015·安徽卷)A ship in harbor is safe,but that’s not ________ships are built for. 解析:what 句意:在港口的船是安全的,但是那并不是船被建造的目的。“________ships are built for”为表语从句,该从句中缺少宾语且表示“事物”,故答案为what。 16.(2015·北京卷)I truly believe________beauty comes from within. 解析:that句意:我确信美丽源自内在。“________beauty comes from within”为宾语从句,该从句结构完整,故用that。 2.whether和if的区别 (1)whether 和if在宾语从句中可以互换,但是从句作介词的宾语时连接词一般只能用whether。 (2)两者后面都可加or not,但whether可直接与or not连用。 (3)if/whether 引导主语从句时,whether 引导的主语从句可置于句首,但if引导的主语从句不能置于句首,只能放句末。引导表语从句一般只能用whether。 (4)whether 可以引导同位语从句,用以解释说明前面的名词的内容,但if不能。 (5)whether可与动词不定式连用,但if不能。 (6)whether 可引导让步状语从句表示“不管……(还是)”,而if不能。 [即学即练] 单句语法填空 17.It doesn’t matter ________ you pay by cash or credit card in this store. 解析:whether 句意为:在这个商店,无论你用现金付款还是用信用卡付款,都没有关系。It为形式主语,真正的主语是主语从句“________ you pay by cash or credit card in this store”,根据空格后的or及语境可知,应填whether。“whether...or...”为常用句式,意为“无论是……还是……,不管是……还是……”。 3.同位语从句和定语从句的区别 (1)从意义的角度来看 同位语从句是名词从句,其作用相当于一个名词,是对前面的名词作进一步解释;定语从句是形容词从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,是用来修饰前面的名词或代词。 We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。(定语从语) We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息说他赢得了比赛。(同位语从句) (2)从语法的角度来看 引导同位语从句的that是连词,只起语法作用,用来连接同位语从句,在从句中不作任何成分;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,它除了起引导从句的语法作用外,还要在从句中充当句子成分,主要作主语、宾语或表语。 A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 (that在从句中充当句子成分,作从句的主语,故为定语从句) The fact that they didn’t finish the work has to be faced.必须面对事实,他们没有完成工作。 (that只起连接作用,引导从句解释fact的内容,不作任何句子成分,故为同位语从句。) (3)从可否省略上来看 引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时,可以省略或被其他词代替;而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略,更不能被代替。 The news that she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。(定语从句,that可省略) The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这个消息是真的。(同位语从句,that不可省) [即学即练] 单句语法填空 18.Everywhere,even in the Antarctic,there are signs ________ the earth is getting warmer. 解析:that signs后的同位语从句结构完整,不缺少成分,故空格处用that引导,且不能省略。 19.(2016·天津卷)The manager put forward a suggestion ________ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do. 解析:that 句意:经理提出了一条建议,我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。suggestion后是同位语从句,从句的结构和意义均完整,故用that引导。 高考对名词性从句的考查主要是语序问题、连接词的选用及有关名词性从句常见的句型等问题。考查要点为: what,that引导名词性从句的区别;whether,if引导名词性从句的区别;名词性从句与定语从句、状语从句的区别;it 作形式主语、形式宾语的情况及名词性从句中的虚拟语气。所以我们在复习过程中,要对高考的常考点加以重视。 名词性从句 主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 引导名词性从句的词有:从属连词that/whether/if;连接代词what/whatever/which/whichever/who/whoever/whom/whomever/whose/whosever等;连接副词when/where/how/why等。 解答名词性从句试题的步骤: 第一步:弄清句子结构,再查看考查的是哪一种从句。 名词性从句在句子中是作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。 第二步:知道是什么从句后,再确定相应的关系词。 1.如果从句是一个陈述句,用that来引导,that在从句中不作任何成分。 注意:引导宾语从句的that在有些情况下可以省略,其他则不可;and连接的几个从句,第二个从句以后的从句的引导词that不省略。 2.如果从句是表示一般疑问句或选择疑问句时,用whether/if引导。 注意:只能用whether的四种情况:主语从句(句子开头),表语从句、介词后、有or not... 如果宾语从句是否定结构,则用if而不用whether引导。3.如果从句是对应的特殊疑问句,就用相应的特殊疑问词作从句的关系词。 (1)从句中缺少主语、动词宾语、介词宾语、be后面的表语,用what泛指事,who/whom指人。 (2)从句中缺少状语(或对相应从句中的时间、地点、原因、方式进行提问)用where,when,why,how。 4.引导表语从句的as if,as though(似乎,好像),在从句中也不作成分,常跟在特定动词后面,如seem,appear,look,taste,sound,feel等。 注意:(1)that,what,which在名词性从句和其他从句中的区别 that:名词性从句中that不作成分;定语从句中that一定是从句的主语或宾语。 what:名词性从句中引导缺少主语或宾语的句子。定语从句中没有what这一关系词。 which:名词性从句中“which+名词”作关系词,表示哪一个,作名词的定语。定语从句中which是从句的主语或宾语。 (2)what—whatever,who—whoever,which—whichever的区别 what在名词性从句中有泛指一些事情或提问、询问的意思。 whatever指“任何事物”,在定语从句中相当于anything that... who在名词性从句中有提问、询问的意思。 whoever强调任何一个人,相当于定语从句中的anyone who。 which表示哪一个(询问的意思)。 whichever表示无论哪一个(肯定和绝对的语气)。 单句语法填空/单句改错 1.(2017·天津卷)She asked me ________ I had returned the books to the library,and I admitted that I hadn’t. 解析:whether 考查宾语从句连接词。根据句意:“她问我我是否已经把那些书归还给了图书馆,我承认我还没有归还(那些书)”可知,用whether。 2.(2017·北京卷)Every year,________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. 解析:whoever 考查名词性从句。句意:每年,无论是谁制作的风筝最漂亮,他都会在风筝节上获奖。空白处在主语从句中作主语,且指人,故用whoever。 3.(2017·北京卷)Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street,not knowing ________ she was heading. 解析:where 句意:简在两边树木林立的大街上漫无目的地走着,不知道该往哪里去。伴随状语not knowing...中包含一个宾语从句,从句的谓语动词为不及物动词head,故从句中缺少状语,再结合句意可知答案为where。 4.(2017·江苏卷)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20,half of ________ it used to charge. 解析:what 考查名词性从句。句意:我们选择这家旅馆是因为价格低至20美元每晚,是原来收费的一半。charge为及物动词,缺少宾语,故用what。 5.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live. 解析:that→where 由句子结构可知,介词to之后为宾语从句。从句谓语是不及物动词live。故用where引导。 6.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)We now realize ________ important family is and how important to be near them,especially when you’re raising children. 解析:how 考查宾语从句的连接词。根据后面的how important可以看出此处也是填how。 7.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)The summer holiday is coming.My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday. 解析:how→what 考查疑问词的用法。我和同学们正在谈论假期里做什么。固定表达what to do,如何用how结构为how to do sth.。 8.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Members leave books on park benches and buses,in train stations and coffee shops.________ finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. 解析:Whoever 考查名词性主句中的主语从句。句意:无论是谁发现了他们的书,都去那儿,并记录下他们是在哪儿发现的书。 9.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)The journey was intended to achieve more than ________ Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done. 解析:what 考查名词性从句,引导词在从句中作had done的宾语,故用what。 10.(2016·北京卷)Your support is important to our work. ________ you can do helps. 解析:Whatever 句意:你的支持对于我们的工作很重要,不管你做什么都能帮助我们。分析句子成分可知,本空需要连接代词whatever 引导主语从句并在从句中作do的宾语。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空/单句改错 1.(2018·唐山调研)I asked him ________ his father had done so that he became such a good person. 解析:what 句意:我问他他的父亲做了什么以至于他成为如此优秀的人。宾语从句中缺少宾语,且设空处指“事物”,故填what。 2.(2018·山东师大附中模拟)My first task was to decide where to go and ________ to get there. 解析:how 句意:我的第一项任务是决定去哪里及如何到达那里。根据常识可知设空处表示“如何”,故填how。 3.(2018·全国名校联盟百校大联考)The reason is why smartphones nowadays can be used for people to keep in touch with friends through QQ and WeChat. 解析:why→that 表示“(……的)原因是……”用the reason(why...)is that...,因此这里应该用that引导表语从句表示陈述。 4.(2018·湖北部分重点中学模拟)But the most important thing is what the number of private cars should be put under control. 解析:what→that 这里应该用that引导表语从句,因为连接词在从句中没有充当任何成分,只起连接作用表陈述。 5.(2018·吉安一中测试)At home,children can do that they want. 解析:that→what 这里应该用连接代词what引导宾语从句并在从句中作宾语。 6.(2018·湖北四地七校联考)Recently the students in our class have had a heated discussion on if people should keep pets at home in cities. 解析:if→whether if和whether都可以表示“是否”,但是介词后面只能用whether引导宾语从句。故将if改成whether。 7.(2018·山东实验中学模拟)She has received an offer from Berkeley,but I don’t know ________ she will accept it. 解析:whether/if 句意:她收到了伯克利大学的录取通知,但我不知道她是否会接受。空处引导宾语从句,意为“是否”,故填whether或if。 8.(2018·陕西西工大附中模拟)Sarah hopes to become a friend of ________ shares her interests. 解析:whoever 句意:萨拉希望同和她有共同兴趣的人交朋友。介词of后接宾语从句,宾语从句中缺少主语,指人,故填whoever,相当于anyone who。 9.(2018·永州模拟)The 4G cell phone must be of great use and convenience to ________ wants to get the information through the Internet quickly. 解析:whoever 句意:4G手机对于那些想要快速浏览网页获取信息的人来说一定是非常方便实用的。设空处引导宾语从句作介词to的宾语,且在从句中作主语,指人,故用whoever。 10.(2018·福州检测)It doesn’t matter how many times you fail;________ matters is how many times you stand up and try again. 解析:what 句意:你失败了多少次不重要,重要的是你站起来又尝试了多少次。设空处引导主语从句,并在从句中作主语,且指事物,故用what。 Ⅱ.语篇填空 用适当的连词填空 It was reported __1__ there was an accident at the corner of Roman Street this morning.No one saw __2__ on earth happened then.A car ran into a truck but fortunately,nobody got injured.__3__ will be responsible for the accident is still under investigation. The police were uncertain about __4__the driver was guilty.__5__ the police should do now is __6__ they must find out what led to the accident.They said it was difficult for them to judge because __7__ the accident happened is not clear.Perhaps the reason was __8__ the driver was too tired to stop the car in time.The driver didn’t admit the fact __9__ he was driving too fast at the turning.The police doubted __10__ what he said was true and decided to make a further investigation. [语篇解读] 本文为应用文,报道了一起交通事故。 1.解析:that 句意:据报道,今天早上在罗马大街的拐角处发生了一起交通事故。“It be+过去分词+that...”为固定句式,其中it为形式主语,that从句是真正的主语。 2.解析:what 句意:没人知道当时究竟发生了什么。what引导宾语从句作saw的宾语,从句中缺少主语且表示事物,故用what引导。 3.解析:Who 句意:谁应对这一事故负责仍然在调查中。“__3__ will be responsible for the accident”为主语从句,该从句中缺少主语且表示“人”,故用who引导。 4.解析:whether 句意:警察不能确定司机是否有罪。根据题干中的uncertain可知设空处表示“是否”,介词后不能由if来引导宾语从句,所以此处应用whether。 5.解析:What 句意:现在警察应做的就是他们必须弄清楚事故的起因。what引导主语从句,在从句中作do的宾语。 6.解析:that “__6__ they must find out what led to the accident”为表语从句,该从句中结构完整,不缺少任何成分,所以用that引导。 7.解析:how 句意:他们说他们很难下结论,因为事故是如何发生的还不清楚。根据句意可知设空处应为表示方式的连接副词how。 8.解析:that 句意:也许是因为司机疲劳驾驶没能及时刹住车。The reason was that...为固定句式,意思是“原因是……”。 9.解析:that 句意:司机不承认他在拐角处开得太快这个事实。that引导同位语从句,解释fact的具体内容。 10.解析:whether 句意:警察不能肯定他所说的话是否是真的,决定做进一步的调查。doubt用在肯定句中时后面的宾语从句常用whether引导。doubt在否定句或疑问句中时,后面常用that来引导从句。 Ⅲ.短文改错 Dear Tom, I am in New York.It is really a pity what I didn’t see you at the railway station. You may have left where my train arrived,three quarter behind the schedule.Luckily,on the train I came across Mr Taylor and his wife,they are Chinese and have been lived in the US for years.See there was no one to meet me there,they offered to drive me to your house. For you happened to be out,I decided to accept the Taylors’ offer to stay at your house for the night.They are very friendly to me,so don’t worry me.I’ll be all right.It can’t be better whether you call me at 6461112 this evening. Yours, Jamie 答案: Dear Tom, I am in New York.It is really a pity I didn’t see you at the railway station. You may have left my train arrived,three behind the schedule.Luckily,on the train I came across Mr Taylor and his wife, are Chinese and have been in the US for years. there was no one to meet me there,they offered to drive me to your house. you happened to be out,I decided to accept the Taylors’ offer to stay at house for the night.They are very friendly to me,so don’t worry me.I’ll be all right.It can’t be better you call me at 6461112 this evening. Yours, Jamie查看更多