【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专项定语从句学案(2)

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专项定语从句学案(2)

定语从句 题型 高考真题 命题解读 语法填空 1. ‎(2019全国三卷64) They were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals. ‎ 2. ‎(2019全国二卷62) Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfiled, which she opened with her late husband Les. ‎ 3. ‎(2018全国一卷66)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to ten minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. ‎ 4. ‎(2017全国一卷70) Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, which is not good for the health. ‎ 1. 考查关系代词的基本用法；‎ 2. 考查关系副词的基本用法；‎ 3. 考查“介词+关系代词”的用法。‎ 短文改错 1. ‎(2019全国三卷) Customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what→ which/that is created for them. ‎ 2. ‎(2017全国二卷) In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that→ which is on the rooftop of their house. ‎ 3. ‎(2017全国三卷) Around me in the picture are ‎ 1. 关系代词和关系副词的错用；‎ 2. that和which的错用；‎ 3. 关系代词和关系副词的缺失 the things they→ that/which were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.‎ 定语从句与语法填空 定语从句与短文改错 1. 解答定语从句类考题，关键是分析句子结构，找准先行词，确定从句所缺的成分。如果从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，引导词需用关系代词；如果缺少状语，引导词则用关系副词。确定所缺成分之后，再看先行词是人还是物，是表示时间的名词还是表示地点的名词等，从而确定最后的答案。‎ 2. 若先行词指人，“介词十关系代词”引导的定语从句中关系代词用whom，若指物，则用 which。‎ 3. 牢记that与 which的区别。‎ 1. 根据先行词的性质，判断关系词的使用是否正确；‎ 2. 根据引导词在定语从句中所作的成分来判断引导词的使用是否正确。作主语、宾语或表语用关系代词 which/that/who/whom/as；作定语用关系代词 whose；作状语用关系副词when/ where/why；作介词宾语用关系代词 which/whom。‎ 3. 判断定语从句是非限制性定语从句还是限制性定语从句，从而判断句中引导词的使用是否正确。‎ 必备知识梳理 考点一关系代词引导的定语从句：‎ 一． ‎ who、whom、whose引导的定语从句 1. who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中可作主语也可作宾语，whom在从句中只作宾语，两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。‎ I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school (who/whom/that) I met in the English speech contest last year. ‎ ‎(2017全国卷阅读七选五) Campers, in my eyes, were people that/who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. ‎ 1. whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which，指人时相当于 of whom。‎ ‎(2016全国二卷阅读理解) I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect other students.‎ 一． that、which引导的定语从句 1. which指物，常在从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，常在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。‎ She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before. ‎ ‎(2016天津卷阅读表达) Every day I practiced reading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible.‎ 2. 限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用 which的情况：‎ ‎(1).先行词为不定代词 anything、 nothing、 something、 everything、 all、 some、none、little few、the one等时；‎ I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault. ‎ ‎(2).先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或其前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时；‎ The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.‎ ‎(3).先行词被 the only、 the very、 the last、any、every、each、 few、little、no、some、all等修饰时。‎ The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.‎ ‎(4).先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的词时。‎ They will never forget the things and persons that they’ve seen or heard of during their long journey.‎ 3. 关系代词只用 which而不用that的情况：‎ ‎(1).关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。‎ The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.‎ ‎(2017全国三卷阅读理解) Bradford sold the buildingand land to a local development firm, whichplans to build a shopping complex on the land wherethe theater is located.‎ 易错提示 which引导非限制性定语从句代指主句整句话的内容时只能位于主句之后。‎ He kept lying to me, which annoyed me greatly. ‎ ‎(2).关系代词前有介词时。‎ We live in an age in which information is available with greater ease than ever before.‎ 一． as引导的定语从句 1. as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“such/ the same+先行词+ as…”结构中。‎ Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. ‎ 2. as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的类似的插入语有as the saying goes、 as is said above、 as is mentioned above、as often happens、as is often the case、as is reported in the newspaper等。‎ ‎“You can’t judge a book by its cover,” as the old saying goes. ‎ 考点二关系副词引导的定语从句：‎ 一． where引导的定语从句 where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词+ which”‎ ‎(2016天津卷阅读表达)I went to a special school where I got plenty of extra help.‎ 易错提示 当先行词为situation、case、 stage、 point、 activity、 atmosphere等抽象名词，且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词 where引导。‎ You reach a point where medicine can’t help.‎ 一． when 引导的定语从句 when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词+which”。‎ ‎(2016天津卷9) We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better. ‎ 二． why 引导的定语从句 why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词+which”。‎ Do you know the reason why he didn’t attend the meeting?‎ 易错提示 非限制性定语从句中，用 for which表示原因而不用why。‎ I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting.‎ 考点三“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句：‎ 一． 介词和关系代词的确定 若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用 which。另外， whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词+ whose +名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：‎ ‎(1).先行词的意义；‎ ‎(2).从句中的动词或形容词的固定搭配；‎ ‎(3).句子的意思。‎ Trading leather shoes is the business to whichGreens are devoted.( be devoted to“献身、热衷、致力于”)‎ I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have gone this far.‎ Recently I bought an ancient vase, whose price(＝the price ofwhich) was very reasonable.‎ 二． ‎ “of+关系代词引导的定语从句”‎ 在some、any、few、little、none、all、both、neither、many、most、each等代词或数词的前后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。‎ John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are his family members.‎ A卷真题卷 单句填空题 1. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 --- when the government started a soil-testing program ______________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers --- and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. ‎ 2. But Sarah, ______________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. ‎ 3. But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ______________ I was the first Western TV reporter. ‎ 4. Simon is a comedian and actor ______________ has 10 years’ experience of teaching comedy. ‎ 5. Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of ______________ have never before been published. ‎ 6. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ______________ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC, influenced the development of chopsticks.‎ 7. When I was 13 my only purpose was to become the star on our football team. That meant beating out Miller King, ______________was the best player at our school. ‎ 8. I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dreamplace for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops anddark waters of the Li River ______________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.‎ 9. She and her family bicycle to work, ______________ helps them keep fit.‎ 10. Many westerners ______________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.‎ 11. Kate, ______________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia. ‎ 12. In1963 the UN set up the World Food Programe, oneof ______________ purposes is to ‎ relieve worldwide starvation.‎ 1. I live next door to a couple ______________children often make a lot of noise.‎ 2. Many young people, most of ______________ were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chasetheir dreams. ‎ 3. Scientists have advanced many theoriesabout why human beings cry tears, none of ______________ hasbeen proved. ‎ 4. The number of smokers, ______________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.‎ 5. It is a truly delightful place, ______________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with itswinding streets and pretty cottages.‎ 6. Creating an atmosphere in ______________ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. ‎ 7. He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of ______________ were published in the 1990s. ‎ 8. The books on the desk, ______________coversare shiny, are prizes for us. ‎ 9. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ______________ school education depends. ‎ 10. China Today attracts a worldwide readership, ______________shows that more and more people allover the world want to learn about China.‎ 11. The exact year ______________ Angela andher family lived together in China was 2008.‎ 12. A company ______________ profits from homemarkets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.‎ 13. We’ll reach the sales targets in a month, ______________we set at the beginning of the year.‎ 14. Until now, we have raised50, 000 poundsfor the poor children, ______________ is quite unexpected.‎ 答案解析:‎ 1. that/which 先行词是物，空格在从句中做主语，故用关系代词；‎ 2. who 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，缺少主语，先行词是 Sarah；‎ 1. when 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词是mid-1980s，从句缺少状语，故用关系副词；‎ 2. who/that 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是人，用关系代词；‎ 3. which 此处是“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词是image，故用which；‎ 4. who 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词是人，从句缺少主语；‎ 5. who 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词是人，从句缺少主语；‎ 6. that/which 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词指物，从句中缺少主语，故用that或which；‎ 7. which 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中做主语，指代前面整个句子的内容，故用which；‎ 8. who/that westerners是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语；‎ 9. whose whose在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰sister；‎ 10. whose whose在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰purpose；‎ 11. whose 先行词是couple，由语境可知children和couple是所属关系，故用whose；‎ 12. whom 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词是people，在逻辑上是介词of的宾语，故用whom；‎ 13. which 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词为theories，作介词of的宾语；‎ 14. as as在此处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，表示正如……，代替整个主句的内容；‎ 15. which which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词place且在从句中作主语；‎ 16. which 先行词为atmosphere，在从句中作逻辑上的地点状语，此处in which=where；‎ 17. which 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，关系代词which指代的前面的books；‎ 18. whose 先行词books和covers之间是逻辑上的所属关系，故用whose；‎ 1. which 此处是一个定语从句，先行词表物，故用关系代词作介词upon的宾语；‎ 2. which 先行词指前面的整个主句，空格处在从句中作主语，故用which；‎ 3. when 先行词 year在定语从句中是逻辑关系上的状语，故用when；‎ 4. whose 先行词company和profits是逻辑上的所属关系，故用whose；‎ 5. which 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词targets在定语从句中作set的宾语，故用which；‎ 6. which 先行词是前面的整个主句，空格处在定语从句中作主语；故用which。‎ 单句改错题 1. ‎ They also had a small pond which they raised fish.‎ 2. ‎ The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite. ‎ 答案解析:‎ 1. which→ where或which前加in先行词是pond，关系副词在定语从句中作状语，相当于in which，故有两种改法；‎ 2. what→ which/that或去掉what 先行词指物，定语从句引导词在从句中宾语，此时关系代词亦可省略。‎ B卷模拟卷 单句填空题 1. Iwill never forget such abeautiful village ______________I spent my childhood with mygrandparents.‎ 2. There they met people fromother parts of the country, ______________ had also volunteered to help. ‎ 3. Bob is in a hopeless situation, ______________ we will keep a very close eye on.‎ 4. The old man turned his business over to his younger son, ______________made his elder son discouraged. ‎ 5. Tom’s new watch ______________ hands(指针) are made of gold is quite expensive. ‎ 1. Prince William took a visit tothe Forbidden City on March 2, ______________ emperors once lived. ‎ 2. We have a living room, twobedrooms with wonderful balconies and a kitchen, ______________ my mom always cooks great delicious food 3. Looking at the spot ______________the bird had risen, I saw two eggs. ‎ 4. Water rafting, ______________courage plays an important role, is a breathtaking outdoor sport.‎ 5. He worked in a car factoryfor four years, after______________ he founded his own company in his hometown. ‎ 6. If the earth is poisoned, the water, the food and the animals will be poisoned, ______________means that we who poison the earth will be poisoned too.‎ 7. There, lying in the muddyriver bed was a little dog about two months old, ______________ front legs were tightly tied with ropes. ‎ 8. The stadium is very splendid andattractive in appearance, ______________may be imagined. ‎ 9. Now their talks have reacheda key stage ______________one side must give in to the other. ‎ 10. He wrote a long letter ______________he explained what had happened in the accident.‎ 11. We are hoping for support from Mr Webster, without______________ support we can’t make it. ‎ 12. Some of the teachers at the college asked Dr Naismith to invent a game ______________ can beplayed indoors.‎ 13. Sierra Leone is a country ______________ basic health facilities are lacking and many people are struggling with poverty.‎ 14. Those motorcycles, ______________ a huge umbrella is fixed, are a huge threat to people walking in the street. ‎ 15. I’m sorry not to have replied toyour letter earlier, for______________I must say I apologize. ‎ 16. Almost every teenager will experience a period in their life______________ they aren’t contentwith their parents.‎ 1. Once there lived a rich man ______________ wanted to do something for the peopleof his town.‎ 2. We’ve reached theNullabor Plain______________ stretches for 1,000 km and iscompletely flat.‎ 3. Without thinking too muchabout it, I went to the Student Affairs Office ______________ I knew I could find clothes in the “Lost and Found” box.‎ 4. With the tourist trade booming, the residents of this area are paying more attention to the protection of nature, ______________, of course, is of great importance. ‎ 5. Nowadays, school violence isa hot issue. I think this is a phenomenon______________ calls for our great concern. ‎ 6. He led me to a table and offered me a cup of tea, and I asked him why he had placeda “Sold Out” sign on the door on a night ______________ there were thirty vacant tables. ‎ 7. They think it may be somethingunusual______________ lives in the water. ‎ 8. The gentleman, ______________ had been calling “sir” during the whole interview, waswearing a skirt.‎ 9. She doesn’t know the reason______________ she always makes the same mistake. ‎ 参考答案:‎ 1. where;‎ 2. who;‎ 3. which; ‎ 4. which; ‎ 5. whose; ‎ 6. where; ‎ 7. where; ‎ 8. where; ‎ 9. where; ‎ 10. which; ‎ 11. which; ‎ 12. whose; ‎ 1. as; ‎ 2. where; ‎ 3. where; ‎ 4. whose; ‎ 5. that/which; ‎ 6. where; ‎ 7. where; ‎ 8. which; ‎ 9. when; ‎ 10. who/that; ‎ 11. which/that; ‎ 12. where; ‎ 13. which; ‎ 14. which; ‎ 15. when; ‎ 16. that; ‎ 17. who/whom; ‎ 18. why ‎ 单句改错题 1. I will never forget the days which we had a good time together at the sea. ‎ 2. Who is the man who has white hairs?‎ 3. We’re going to visit the school where your brother works there. ‎ 4. I have two sisters, both of them are doctors. ‎ 5. His dog, that was now very old, became weaker and worse. ‎ 6. Everything which we saw was of great interest. ‎ 7. I’ve read all the books which I borrowed from the library. ‎ 8. The house in that we live is very small. ‎ 9. The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite. ‎ 10. The film brought the hours back to me which I was taken good care of in that faraway village. ‎ 参考答案:‎ 1. which→ when;‎ 2. 第二个who→ that;‎ 3. 去掉there;‎ 4. them→ whom; ‎ 5. that→ which; ‎ 6. which→ that; ‎ 7. which→ that; ‎ 8. that→ which;‎ 9. what→that/which; ‎ 10. which→ when ‎