2020届二轮复习阅读理解专项指导课件（8）科普知识型阅读理解

2020届二轮复习阅读理解专项指导课件（8）科普知识型阅读理解

　科普知识型阅读理解 　 科普知识型阅读理解 │ 专题导读 　　 科普类文章主要包括自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。从词汇角度来看，在科普类文章中，词汇的意义比较专一、稳定、简明、不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看，句子结构较复杂，长难句较多，语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定语从句等。 　专题导读 科普文常用的修辞手段有：(1)下定义。有时为了突出事物的主要内容或主要问题，往往用简明扼要的话给对象一个说法，使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念。(2)举事例。举出有代表性的恰当的例子，能够反映一般的情况，真切地说明事物特征。(3)做比较。选择有外部或内部联系的事物进行比较，往往能增强说明事物的效果。(4)打比方。适当运用比喻，能够增强说明的形象性和生动性。 │ 专题导读 科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有：(1)总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系，表现为由总到分、由分到总。(2)承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。(3)递进式。后面在前面的基础上进一步说明，各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外，还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。 │ 专题导读 　　 [四川卷] 　　 Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted(预测)in reaction to climate change, which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems. 　　 Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world, changing some living patterns, scientists say. │ 真题典例 　真题典例 　　 Increased carbon dioxide(CO2)in the air from burning coal and oil can have an effect on how plants produce oxygen, while higher temperatures and changeable rainfall patterns can change their patterns of growth. 　　 “Predicting species' reaction to climate change is a major challenge in ecology，” said the researchers of several U．S. universities. They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services. │ 真题典例 　　 The study, published on the Nature website, uses the findings from plant life cycle studies and experiments across four continents and 1,634 species. It found that some experiments had underestimated(低估) the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times. 　　 “Across all species, the experiments underpredicted the speed of the advance—for both leafing and flowering—that results from temperature increases，” the study said. The design of future experiments may need to be improved to better predict how plants will react to climate change, it said. │ 真题典例 Plants are necessary for life on the Earth. They are the base of the food chain, using photosynthesis(光合作用)to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water. They let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the planet. 　　 Scientists believe the world's average temperature has risen by about 0.8℃ since 1900, and nearly 0.2℃ every ten years since 1979. │ 真题典例 　　 So far, efforts to cut emissions(排放)of planetwarming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century—a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels. │ 真题典例 　　 1. What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1? 　　 A．Plants' reaction to weather could have damaging effects on ecosystems. 　　 B．The increasing speed of flowering is beyond scientists' expectation. 　　 C．Climate change leads to the change of food production patterns. 　　 D．Food chains have been seriously damaged because of weather. │ 真题典例 　　 2. We can learn from the study published on the Nature website that ________. 　　 A．plants' flowering is 8.5 times faster than leafing 　　 B．there are 1,634 plant species on the four continents 　　 C．scientists should improve the design of the experiments 　　 D．the experiments failed to predict how plants react to climate change │ 真题典例 　　 3. Scientists pay special attention to the study of plants because________. 　　 A．they can prove the climate change clearly 　　 B．they are very important in the food chains 　　 C．they play a leading role in reducing global warming 　　 D．they are growing and flowering much faster than before │ 真题典例 　　 4. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world's temperature? 　　 A．It has risen nearly 0.2℃ since 1979. 　　 B．Its change will lead to weather extremes. 　　 C．It is 0.8℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1900. 　　 D．It needs to be controlled within 2℃ in this century. │ 真题典例 　　 【要点综述】本文为科普类文章。文章论述了全球变暖的气候环境会让植物提前开花，进而影响整个食物链及生态系统。 　　 1. B　细节理解题。第一段话给读者传达的主要信息存在于主句，而不是which所引导的定语从句上。根据“Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted”可知，作者是要告知读者植物开花的增速超出了科学家的预期。故选B。 　　 2. C　推理判断题。第五段“It found that some experiments had underestimated(低估)the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times.”暗示读者：对于植物所设计的实验应该有所改进，故答案选C。 │ 真题典例 　　 3. B　细节理解题。根据第四段“They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services.”可知植物对气候变化的反应对整个食物链和生态系统都至关重要。故答案选B。 　　 4. D　推理判断题。从倒数第二段“…has risen by about 0.8℃ since 1900, and nearly 0.2℃ every ten years since 1979.”可知A、C项错误；从最后一段叙述可知，如果本世纪地球变暖超过2℃，便会出现weather extremes。暗示我们这个世纪地球温度的上升需要控制在2℃的范围之内。故答案选D。 │ 真题典例 │ 新题预测 (一) 　　 Holding a cell phone against your ear or storing it in your pocket may be dangerous to your health. This explains a warning that cell phone manufacturers include in the small print that is often ignored when a new phone is purchased. Apple, for example, doesn't want iPhones to come closer to you than 1.5 centimeters; Research In Motion, BlackBerry's manufacturer, recommends 2.5 centimeters. 　新题预测 　　 If health issues arise from cell phone use, the possible effects are huge. Voice calls—Americans chat on cell phones 2.26 trillion(万亿)minutes annually—earn $109 billion for the wireless carriers. 　　 Devra Davis, an expert who has worked for the University of Pittsburgh, has published a book about cell phone radiation, “Disconnect”. The book surveys scientific research and concludes the question is not settled. 　 │ 新题预测 　　 Brain cancer is a concern that Ms. Davis examines. Over all, there has not been an increase in its incidence since cell phones arrived. But the average masks an increase in brain cancer in the 20to29 age group and a drop for the older population. 　　 “Most cancers have multiple causes，” she says, but she points to laboratory research that suggests lowenergy radiation could damage cells that could possibly lead to cancer. │ 新题预测 　　 Children are more vulnerable(易受伤的)to radiation than adults, Ms. Davis and other scientists point out. Radiation that penetrates only five centimeters into the brain of an adult will reach much deeper into the brains of children because their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more absorptive fluid(易吸收的液体). “No studies have yet been completed on cell phone radiation and children，” she says. 　　 Henry Lai, a research professor in the bioengineering department at the University of Washington, began laboratory radiation studies in 1980 and found that rats exposed to radiation had damaged DNA in their brains. │ 新题预测 　　 Ms. Davis recommends using wired headsets or the phone's speaker. “Children should text rather than call，” she said, “and pregnant women should keep phones away from the abdomen(腹部)．” 　　 1. Why is the warning in the small print? 　　 A．They don't want the users to pay attention to it. 　　 B．There is not enough space for the warning. 　　 C．They think people will not care about it. 　　 D．The warning is not important at all. │ 新题预测 　　 2. According to Ms. Davis, brain cancer increases ________. 　　 A．among children 　　 B．among old people 　　 C．in the twenties 　　 D．among pregnant women 　　 3. Why do children easily be affected by radiation? 　 A．Because they haven't grown up. 　 B．Because they are too young to protect themselves. 　 C．Because they use cell phones more often than adults. 　 D．Because their skulls are thinner and their brains are easily hurt. │ 新题预测 　　 4. What can we conclude from the last paragraph? 　 A．Pregnant women should keep cell phones away. 　 B．People should use cell phones in the correct way. 　 C．If you are a child, you'd better text than make phone calls. 　　 D．When you use a cell phone, use a wired headset or the phone's speaker. │ 新题预测 　　 5. What does the passage mainly talk about? 　 A．Be careful when using cell phones. 　 B．Don't hold your cell phone against your ear. 　 C．Rats exposed to radiation have damaged DNA in their brains. 　 D．Lowenergy radiation could damage cells that could lead to cancer. │ 新题预测 　　 【要点综述】 使用手机会带来辐射的负面影响，因此需要正确使用手机。 　　 1. A　细节理解题。根据第一段“This explains a warning that cell phone manufacturers include in the small print that is often ignored when a new phone is purchased.”可推断厂商不想让顾客注意到它而将警示语印得极小，故选A项。 　　 2．C　细节理解题。根据第四段“But the average masks an increase in brain cancer in the 20to29 age group and a drop for the older population”可知脑癌主要发生在20多岁的时候，故选C项。 │ 新题预测 　　 3．D　细节理解题。根据第六段“Radiation that penetrates only five centimeters into the brain of an adult will reach much deeper into the brains of children because their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more absorptive fluid(易吸收的液体)”可知，小孩更容易受辐射的影响是因为他们的头骨更薄，大脑更容易受伤，故选D项。 　 │ 新题预测 　　 4. B　推理判断题。最后一段Ms. Davis recommends using wired headsets or the phone's speaker. “Children should text rather than call，” she said, “and pregnant women should keep phones away from the abdomen”所讲述的都是一些正确使用手机以防止辐射的影响的方法，由此判断选B项。 　　 5 .A　主旨大意题。本文主要介绍使用手机对人的危害，最后警示人们要正确使用手机。因此A项更能说明全文的主旨，而其他三项只是文中的细节内容，故选A项。 │ 新题预测 (二) 　　 Solar electric systems pay off most quickly for consumers who use a lot of energy because extra charges are given for heavy use, but the solar system still makes sense for lowenergy users such as myself. 　　 So much of Americans' carbon footprint results from buildings—about 43%, according to the U．S.Department of Energy.I'm in a household of 1.5 (mom and 7yearold), and we use only about 4 kilowatt hours of electricity per day, something we've managed through behavioral changes, such as turning off the lights in rooms after we've exited, and through inhome │ 新题预测 efficiencies (效率), such as swapping out all my light bulbs for energysaving ones and using power boards that can turn off DVD players, coffee makers and other electrical equipment. Using less electricity means I can get by with a smaller, less expensive solar system that not only covers my use but also produces a credit on my power bill.Going solar also meant my house was upgraded with a timeofuse meter.This type of meter allows me to receive credit for the electricity I produce during peak hours when electricity costs the most, but pay the least for the electricity during offpeak hours, when I recharge my cell phone and laptop and perform other tasks requiring power. │ 新题预测 　　 The downsides are that I am tied in to the grid (电网) and still affected by power failure, and I now have solar panels (太阳能电池板) that need to be cleaned.It's a subject of debate, but REC Solar said dirty panels decrease energy production by 6% to 8%.Many panel producers recommend cleaning panels at least once during the summer.I wash mine whenever they look dirty or dotted with bird droppings, which is about every other week. 　　 I think $6,000 is a small price to pay, not only for panels that should produce my next 20 years of electricity, but also for the greenhouse gases I'm not creating. │ 新题预测 　　 1. What is mainly talked about in this article? 　　 A.The ways of cutting power bills. 　　 B．The tips on reducing electricity use. 　　 C.The benefits of using solar systems. 　　 D．The importance of protecting the environment. 　　 2. Why does the writer recharge her mobile phones during offpeak hours? 　　 A.To save credit. 　　 B．To save time. 　　 C．To save energy. 　　 D．To save money. │ 新题预测 　　 3. The underlined word “downsides” in Paragraph 4 is close in meaning to ________. 　　 A.discounts 　　 B．disadvantages 　　 C．disapprovals 　　 D．disagreements 　　 4. The author cleaned her power panels ________. 　　 A.to make them work properly 　　 B．to protect the environment 　　 C．to make them look better 　　 D．to avoid power failure │ 新题预测 　　 【要点综述】 本文主要介绍了使用太阳能发电系统的优点。 　　 1. C　主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了使用太阳能发电系统的好处，故C项正确。 　　 2. D　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“but pay the least for the electricity during offpeak hours”可知，作者在用电低峰时段给手机充电主要是为了省钱，故D项正确。 │ 新题预测 　　 3. B　词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句中的“…I am tied in to the grid (电网) and still affected by power failure, and I now have solar panels (太阳能电池板) that need to be cleaned”可推知，此处叙述的是缺点，故B项正确。 　　 4. A　推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，作者清洗太阳能电池板是为了使太阳能电池板正常工作，故A 项正确。 │ 新题预测 │ 备用习题 (一) 　　 Which are you more likely to have with you at any given moment—your cell phone or your wallet? Soon you may be able to throw your wallet away and pay for things with a quick wave of your smart phone over an electronic scanner. 　　 In January, Starbucks announced that customers could start using their phones to buy coffee in 6,800 of its stores.This is the first paybyphone practice in the U．S., but we're likely to see more wireless payment alternatives as something called 　备用习题 near field communication (NFC) gets into America's consumer electronics.Last December, some new smart phones which contain an NFC chip were introduced to the public. 　　 Already in use in parts of Asia and Europe, NFC allows shoppers to wave their phones a few inches above a payment terminal—a contactfree system built for speed and convenience.But before NFC becomes widely adopted in the U．S., a few problems need to be worked out, like who will get to collect the profitable transaction(交易)fees.Although some credit card providers have been experimenting with waveand pay systems that use NFCenabled credit cards, cell phone │ 备用习题 service providers may try to muscle their way into the pointofsale(POS)market.Three big cell phone service providers have formed a joint venture(合资企业)that will go into operation over the next 15 months.Its goal is “to lead the U．S.payments industry from cards to mobile phones”． 　　 The other big NFC issue, apart from how payments will be processed, is security.For instance, what's to stop a thief from digitally pickpocketing you? “We're still not at the point where an attacker can just brush against you in a crowd and steal all the money out of your phone，” says Jimmy Shah. │ 备用习题 A mobilesecurity researcher, “Users may also be able to set transaction limits, perhaps requiring a password to be entered for larger purchases.” 　　 Still uneasy about this digitalwallet business? Keep in mind that if you lose your smart phone, it can be located on a map and remotely disabled.Plus, your phone can be password protected.Your wallet isn't. │ 备用习题 　　 1．What is predicted to happen in the U．S.? 　　 A．The expansion of cell phone companies. 　　 B．The boom of paybyphone business. 　　 C．The disappearance of credit cards. 　　 D．The increase of Starbucks sales. 　　 2．The NFC technology can be used to ________. 　　 A．ensure the safety of shoppers 　　 B．collect transaction fees easily 　　 C．make purchase faster and simpler 　　 D．improve the quality of cell phones │ 备用习题 　　 3．Three cell phone service providers form a joint venture to ________. 　　 A．strengthen their relationship 　　 B．test the NFC technology 　　 C．sell more cell phones 　　 D．get a share in the payments industry 　　 4．According to the passage, what can users do if they lose their smart phones? 　　 A．Stop the functioning of their phones. 　　 B．Set up a password. 　　 C．Get all the money out of their phones. 　　 D．Report it to the bank. │ 备用习题 　　 【要点综述】 文章讲述的是新兴的用手机快速消费的方法，和与其相关的一些待处理的问题。 　　 1．B　细节理解题。根据第二段“…but we're likely to see more wireless payment alternatives as something called near field communication (NFC) gets into America's consumer electronics”可知，人们喜欢这种无线的方便的消费方式。 　　 2．C　细节理解题。根据第三段“…NFC allows shoppers to wave their phones a few inches above a payment terminal—a contactfree system built for speed and convenience”可知，这种消费方式方便快捷。 │ 备用习题 　　 3．D　推理判断题。根据第三段“…get to collect the profitable transaction(交易)fees”可知，是为了从交易中收取费用。 　　 4．A　细节理解题。根据最后一段“…it can be located on a map and remotely disabled.”可知，可以远程控制，让手机失灵(disabled)。 │ 备用习题 (二) 　　 Many of us still tend to think that emotions can affect reasonable thought, and sometimes land us in trouble.But in recent years psychologists have taken quite a different view.Keith Oatley, Professor of psychology at Glasgow University, is involved in the research which shows the fundamental importance of emotions. 　　 He believes we_are_very_ambivalent_about_them:_we think of our emotions as being unreasonable, but we also consider them as essential to being human.For example, Mr. Spock, a character in the television series Startrek is │ 备用习题 superintelligent—and he has no emotions at all! However, he is never made captain of the spaceship.Maybe, this is because Mr. Spock is not the kind of person you can share your feelings with—a person who shows his emotions. 　　 As Professor Oatley points out, our emotions have very important functions, for example, fear.If we cross the road and a car approaches, we usually stop moving or step back.We stop what we are doing, check what we have done—and pay very careful attention to the environment.The emotion of fear makes us take this small series of actions which, on average, help preserve our safety. │ 备用习题 　　 On the other hand, if things are going well and small problems come up, we find we can solve them with the resources we have to hand.As a consequence, we tend to feel happy and usually continue doing the job. 　　 Anger is an emotion that tends to occur when someone is preventing us from doing something.Then this small “kit” of reactions enables us to prepare ourselves to be quite aggressive to that person, or to try harder, and so on. │ 备用习题 　　 Professor Oatley believes emotions generally occur at these important moments in actions.With fear and anger our emotions make us decide to start doing something else, while with happiness they “suggest” we continue what we are already doing. 　　 1．What's Keith Oatley's opinion about emotions? 　　 A. They affect reasonable thought. 　　 B. They get us into trouble. 　　 C. They are helpful to us. 　　 D. They are reasonable. │ 备用习题 　　 2．What does the underlined part “we are very ambivalent about them” in Paragraph 2 mean? 　　 A. We have contradictory feelings towards emotions. 　　 B. We have similar ideas of emotions. 　　 C. We are quite clear about emotions. 　　 D. We can do nothing about emotions. 　 │ 备用习题 　　 3．Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? 　　 A. Fear helps us to be careful about our surroundings. 　　 B. Happiness inspires us to continue what we are doing. 　　 C. Anger may urge us to make greater efforts. 　　 D. Anger tends to do us more harm than good. 　　 4．It can be inferred from the passage that ________. 　　 A. we must control our emotions in daily life 　　 B. emotions play a more important part than we realize 　　 C. positive emotions such as love and joy are good for us 　　 D. negative emotions make us continue what we are doing │ 备用习题 　 　 【要点综述】 相关研究表明，情感对人而言至关重要，不可或缺。 　　 1．C　细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句中的“…which shows the fundamental importance of emotions”以及第三段中的“…our emotions have very important functions”可知，Oatley认为情感对我们来说是有益的。 　　 2．A　句意理解题。根据第二段中的“…we think of our emotions as being unreasonable，but we also consider them as essential to being human”可知，我们认为我们的情感毫无道理，但它是人性中必不可少的，这足以说明我们的矛盾心理。故选A项。 │ 备用习题 　　 3．D　细节理解题。本题可用排除法。根据第三段的内容可知A项正确；根据第四段的最后一句可知B项正确；根据第五段可知C项正确。故选D项。 　　 4．B　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的内容可推知，积极的情感和消极的情感都发挥着比我们意识到的更重要的作用。 │ 备用习题 (三) 　　 Could your cell phone give you cancer? Whether it could or not, some people are worrying about the possibility that phones, power lines and wifi could be responsible for a range of illnesses, from rashes to brain tumors. 　　 Some say there is evidence to support the growing anxieties. David Carpenter, a professor of environmental health sciences at the university at Albany, in New York, thinks there's a greater than 95 percent chance that power lines can cause childhood leukemia(白血病)．Also there's a greater than 90 percent │ 备用习题 chance that cell phones can cause brain tumors.“It's apparent now that there's a real risk，” said Carpenter. 　　 But others believe these concerns are unjustified.Dr Martha Linet, the head of radiation epidemiology(流行病学) at the US National Cancer Institute, has looked at the same research as Carpenter but has reached a different conclusion.“I don't support warning labels for cell phones，” said Linet.“We don't have the evidence that there's much danger.” │ 备用习题 　　 Studies so far suggest a weak connection between EMFs(电磁场) and illness—so weak that it might not exist at all.A multinational investigation of cell phones and brain cancer, in 13 countries outside the US, has been underway for several years.It's funded in part by the European Union, in part by a cell phone industry group.The final report should come out later this year, but data so far don't suggest a strong link between cell phone use and cancer risk. │ 备用习题 　　 1．From the passage we can learn that some people are worried because________. 　　 A. they have evidence that the use of cell phone can lead to cancer 　　 B. they make a fuss over cell phone use 　　 C. some expert has given a warning 　　 D. cell phones are responsible for brain tumors │ 备用习题 　　 2．By saying “I don't support warning labels for cell phones，” Dr Martha Linet has the idea that________. 　　 A. the worrying is unnecessary 　　 B. cancerwarning labels should be on cell phones 　　 C. there is a link between cell phones and cancer 　　 D. cell phones have nothing to do with cancer 　　 3．The underlined word “underway” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to________. 　　 A. started. 　　　 B. kept on. 　　 C. gone on. 　　 D. in progress. │ 备用习题 　　 4．Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author towards the debate? 　　 A. Optimistic. 　　　 B. Objective. 　　 C. Disapproving. 　　 D. Casual. │ 备用习题 　　 【要点综述】 文章讲述的是关于手机等辐射是否对人体有害的各方观点。 　　 1．C　推理判断题。根据第二段可知，有些专家明确指出辐射会致病，并警告人们。 　　 2．A　推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句可知，该专家认为没有任何证据可以证明手机辐射可以对人体造成伤害。 　　 3．D　词义猜测题。 根据文意可知此处意为“在进行中”。 　　 4．B　推理判断题。文中作者并没有明确表明自己是赞成还是反对，所以是比较客观地看待该问题。 │ 备用习题