2020届二轮复习(四)介　词

2020届二轮复习(四)介　词

‎2020届二轮复习 (四)介　词 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 常用介词　‎ ‎[全析考法]‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2018•6月浙江高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum's home ________ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.‎ 解析：for　此处for ...与前面的go to ...搭配，表示目的。‎ ‎2．(2017•全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) ________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.‎ 解析：as　分析句子结构可知，此处在句中作状语表示“作为一种抵抗心脏病的方式”。as意为“作为”。‎ ‎3．(2017•全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.‎ 解析：in　名词degree意为“学位”，后面应该跟介词in，表示“在……方面”。a degree in engineering or architecture意为“工程学或建筑学学位”。‎ ‎4．(2016•全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.‎ 解析：with　with one's hands“用某人的手”。介词with意为“用”。‎ ‎5．(2016•四川高考)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.‎ 解析：for　 句意：熊猫妈妈对小熊猫的照顾会持续两年多。“for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。‎ ‎6．(2015•全国卷Ⅰ)For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away __________ car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.‎ 解析：by　此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程”。“by＋交通工具名词”为固定用法。‎ ‎7．(2015•广东高考)One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons had to make a living ________ the cow.‎ 解析：without　根据语境可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此约翰逊一家人就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下谋生。故填without。‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2018•全国卷Ⅰ)At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, and he agreed.________________‎ 解析：去掉for　此处的every two years是名词性短语，意为“每两年”，在句中作状语，其前不用介词。‎ ‎2．(2018•全国卷Ⅱ)Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.________________‎ 解析：for→with　play the games with sb.为习惯性用法，意为“和某人一起玩游戏”。‎ ‎3．(2017•全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.________________‎ 解析：去掉第二个of　realize是及物动词，后面直接跟宾语从句“how fast time flies”。‎ ‎4．(2015•全国卷Ⅰ)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.________________‎ 解析：on→with　with the development of为固定短语，意为“随着……的发展”。‎ ‎5．(2015•全国卷Ⅱ)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.________________‎ 解析：on→in　根据语境可知，玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的，故用介词in。‎ ‎6．(2015•陕西高考)My soccer coach retired in last week.________________‎ 解析：去掉in　last week“上个星期”，前面无需加介词。‎ ‎7．(2015•四川高考)Please help with me and give me some advice.________________‎ 解析：去掉with　动词help为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故去掉with。‎ ‎[谨记规则]‎ ‎1．against的用法 含义 例　句 反对；违背；‎ 与……相反 Are you for or against the plan?‎ 你是赞成还是反对该计划？‎ 触；碰；撞；紧靠；倚靠 Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.‎ 吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快便睡着了。‎ 与……竞争 We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.‎ 我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。‎ 防备，抵御 They took measures against the fire.‎ 他们采取了防火措施。‎ 以……为背景，衬托 The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.在蓝天的映衬下，山峰更显美丽。‎ ‎2．at的用法 含义及用法 例　句 用在表示地点、场合、方位等的名词前，表示“在某处” I'll pick you up at the airport at 2 o'clock this afternoon.‎ 今天下午两点我会到机场接你。‎ 用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、……岁、时节等的名词前 He left school at (the age of) 16.‎ 他16岁便离开了学校。‎ 表示“以，按(价格、速度、数量等)” Admission is at normal charges and you don't need to book.‎ 以正常价格收取门票费，无须预约。‎ 表示“因……而；一听到/看到/想到……就……” We were frightened at the terrible sight.看到这可怕的景象，我们被吓到了。‎ 表示“朝，向(某方向、目标)” He shot at the bird but missed it.‎ 他向那只鸟射击，但是没射中。‎ 表示“在……方面” She's hopeless at managing people.‎ 她对人事管理一窍不通。‎ ‎3．beyond的用法 含义 例　句 ‎(指程度)深于；(指范围)超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)为……所不及 The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.‎ 一氧化碳排放量超出标准的城市数量已经由40个减少为9个了。‎ ‎(指空间)在……的那一边，在更远处 The airport is 20 miles beyond the town.机场在离城镇二十英里外的地方。‎ ‎(时间)晚于，迟于 He came home beyond the usual time.‎ 他比平时回家晚。‎ ‎[易错提醒]‎ 如果表达“(范围、程度)在……之内”，则用within。‎ The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims. 政府正尽其所能帮助那些受害者。‎ ‎4．by的用法 含义及用法 例　句 ‎(时间)不迟于，在……之前 He is sure to come by three o'clock.‎ 他三点之前肯定会来。‎ ‎(位置)靠近，在……旁边/附近 On a cold evening, it is pleasant to sit by the fire.‎ 在寒冷的夜晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。‎ 表示“(标准、度量、数量)根据，按照，以……计算”，常用结构为“by＋the＋单数可数名词” They sell eggs by the dozen.‎ 他们按打卖鸡蛋。‎ We rent the car by the day.‎ 我们按天租用汽车。‎ ‎(表示程度、数量)相差 We lost the match by one goal.‎ 我们以一球之差输了这场比赛。‎ 经过，经由 They came in by the back door.‎ 他们是从后门进来的。‎ 靠，用，通过(某种方法、手段) You can reserve the tickets by phone.‎ 你可以通过电话订票。‎ ‎“被/由……”(常置于表被动的动词后，后接动作的执行者) He was knocked down by a car.‎ 他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。‎ ‎5．for的用法 含义 例　句 ‎(表示目的或功能)为了 Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work?‎ 你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？‎ ‎(表示对象或用途)给，对 The problem was that it was too expensive for everyday use.‎ 问题是这对日常使用来说太贵了。‎ ‎(表示原因)因为，由于 Bill was arrested for dangerous driving.比尔因危险驾驶而被拘捕。‎ ‎(表示时间、距离、数量)达，计 We drove for miles before we found a gas station.我们开车数英里后才找到一个加油站。‎ ‎(表示等值或比例关系)换取 He agreed to pay 300 dollars for the picture.他答应付300美元买下那幅画。‎ 支持，赞成 How many people voted for the proposal？有多少人支持这项提议？‎ 至于，关于，就……而言 It's cold for the time of year.‎ 在一年的这个时节天气是冷了些。‎ ‎(表示去向)往，向 A few days later she would be leaving for New York.过几天她就要去纽约了。‎ ‎(表示陈述或问题的对象)适于，适合于 I'm sure she's the ideal person for the job.‎ 我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。‎ ‎ ‎ 常用介词短语与搭配　‎ ‎[全析考法]‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2018•全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching ________ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.‎ 解析：for　search for为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。‎ ‎2．(2018•11月浙江高考)One cup of coffee ________ the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.‎ 解析：in　in the late afternoon为固定搭配，意为“在傍晚”。‎ ‎3．(2017•全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________ work.‎ 解析：from　to and from work为固定短语，意为“上下班”。‎ ‎4．(2016•全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s ...‎ 解析：to　go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。‎ ‎5．(2016•全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.‎ 解析：on　句意：我们中的很多人一天中早晨的注意力要比晚些时候更集中。be focused on为固定短语，意为“专心于，集中于”。‎ ‎6．(2015•全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; ________ the same time, they warm up again for the night.‎ 解析：at　at the same time为固定短语，意为“同时”。‎ ‎7．(2015•广东高考)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby ________ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.‎ 解析：for　根据语境可知，他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。exchange ...for ...为固定搭配，意为“用……交换……”。‎ ‎8．(2014•全国卷Ⅱ)When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board.I got a place next ________ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.‎ 解析：to　next to为固定搭配，意为“挨着”。‎ ‎9．(2014•辽宁高考)OK.Don't laugh ________ me.I may look funny.‎ 解析：at　laugh at是固定搭配，意为“嘲笑，取笑”。‎ ‎10．(2014•广东高考)I didn't understand why this would happen and my credit card had already ‎ been charged ________ the reservation.‎ 解析：for　根据语境可知，“我”的信用卡已经为这次预订支付钱了。be charged for是固定搭配，意为“为……支付”。‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2017•全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.________________‎ 解析：on→of　in the middle of “在……中间”，是固定搭配。‎ ‎2．(2017•全国卷Ⅱ)They have also bought for some gardening tools.________________‎ 解析：去掉for　buy为及物动词，其后直接跟宾语。buy sth.(for sb.)或buy sb.sth.表示“为某人买某物”。‎ ‎3．(2016•全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.________________‎ 解析：dreams后加of　固定短语dream of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事”。‎ ‎4．(2016•6月浙江高考)While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.________________‎ 解析：in→on　on the top of为固定搭配，意为“在……的上面/顶端”。故应把in改为on。‎ ‎5．(2015•浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass.________________‎ 解析：from→of　be made from和be made of都意为“由……制成”，但be made of是指从制成品中能直接看出原材料；be made from则不能直接看出原材料。此处表示“教室的三面都是由玻璃制成的”，从制成品中可以看出原材料，故用be made of。‎ ‎6．(2014•全国卷Ⅱ)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.________________‎ 解析：listening后加to　listen为不及物动词，后跟名词时应该加上介词to。‎ ‎7．(2014•辽宁高考)We appreciate your apologies and goodwill, but we hope that you can figure a good way of settling the matter.________________‎ 解析：figure后加out　figure out“想出”，为固定短语。‎ ‎8．(2014•四川高考)If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.________________‎ 解析：wait后加for　wait为不及物动词，后面跟宾语时应加介词for。‎ ‎[谨记规则]‎ ‎(一)介词与动词构成的搭配 call for　　　　　　　　　 需要 pay for 为……付款 apply for 申请 search for 寻找，搜索 wait for 等待 begin with 以……开始 play with 同……一起玩；玩弄 care about 关心；介意 feel like 想要 hold up 举起 rely on 依靠 pass by 经过 figure out 想出 dream of 梦想 listen to 听 refer to 提及；参考；查阅 contribute to 贡献；有助于；促成 laugh at 嘲笑 focus on 集中于 charge ... for ... 为……要价……‎ exchange ... for ... 用……来交换……‎ go back to 追溯到 ‎(二)介词与名词构成的搭配 ‎1．at＋n.表示状态 at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平状态 at war 处于战争状态 at work 在工作 ‎2．其他以at开头的介词短语 at the beginning of 在……的开始 at the cost of 以……的代价 at the risk of 冒……的危险 at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布 at the same time 同时 ‎3．on＋n.表示状态 on exhibition/show 在展出 on fire 着火 on sale 出售，打折 on the way 在途中 on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加 on holiday/vacation 在度假 ‎4．其他以on开头的介词短语 on account of 因为 on behalf of 代表 on no account/condition 决不 on the top of 在……上面/顶端 ‎5．by＋n.表示方式 by accident 偶然地 by air/plane 乘飞机 by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧 by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地 by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地 ‎6．in＋n.表示方式 in cash 用现金付款 in depth 在深度上 in detail 详细地 in height 在高度上 in length 在长度上 in English 用英语 ‎7．其他以in开头的介词短语 in no time立刻 in no way 决不 in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有 in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管……‎ in return 作为回报 in spite of 尽管 in exchange for 作为交换 in favor of 支持，赞成 in case of 万一；如果；假使 in support of 为支持……‎ in honour of 为向……表示敬意 in memory of 为了纪念……‎ in the middle of 在……中间 ‎8．of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)‎ of benefit 有益处的 of help 有帮助的 of importance 重要的 of significance 有意义的 of use 有用的 of value 有价值的 ‎9．out of＋n.表示状态 out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气 out of control 失去控制 out of date 过期 out of order 发生故障 out of sight 看不见 out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业 ‎10．under＋n.表示被动 under attack 遭到袭击 under pressure 在压力下 under treatment 在治疗中 under control 处于控制之中 ‎11．with＋n.表示方式 with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地 with ease轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地 with pleasure 乐意地 ‎12．beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”‎ beyond compare 无与伦比 beyond reach 够不到 beyond description 难以描述 beyond expression/words 难以表达 ‎(三)介词与其他词构成的搭配 next to紧挨着 instead of代替 apart from除……之外 according to根据 along with随着 together with连同 owing to因为 but for要不是 regardless of不管，不顾 up to直到；由……而定 ‎ to and from 往返，来来回回 in between 在中间，在两者之间 by means of 用……办法；借助……‎ ‎ ‎ 语法填空解题“2策略”‎ ‎1．分析句子成分 如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填 介词。‎ ‎2．记牢搭配 ‎(1)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；‎ ‎(2)注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。‎ 据第1条解题 ‎1．She patted him on the head and said, “My little boy, do you feel comfortable now than before？”‎ ‎2．Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese people's daily life.Behind these proverbs there are often interesting stories.　‎ ‎3．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time, would you like to do that? ‎ ‎4．Atkins' dog, Otis, waited in the nearby bushes uneasily.‎ 据第2条解题 ‎5．As a result, he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.‎ ‎6．But wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it.‎ ‎7．But one day I came across a sentence in the Bible，“Do not be anxious about tomorrow, for tomorrow will be anxious for itself, let the day's own trouble be sufficient for the day.”‎ ‎8．The effect that music can have on our emotions is tremendous, as it can bring people to floods of tears or bursts of laughter.‎ ‎9．Many times we don't realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them for granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.‎ ‎10．The teacher paused on purpose to remind the students to stop talking.‎ ‎11．While teens become busy with their studies, it is very important to develop a hobby, which can not only give them fun and rest but also broaden their horizons.‎ ‎12．First, they care about social concerns.‎ 短文改错解题“3视角”‎ ‎1．介词的漏用 ‎(1)如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前经常是缺少介词；‎ ‎(2)某些不及物动词后漏加介词，以及某些短语中介词缺失，如look (at), listen (to), take care (of), be fit (for), according (to)等。‎ ‎2．介词的多余 ‎(1)不该用介词的短语中用了介词，如next year常写成in next year；‎ ‎(2)有些及物动词后多加了介词，如enter the room错写成enter into the room, return my book错写成return back/to my book等。‎ ‎3．介词的误用 ‎(1)on, in, at等介词的基本用法或基础词义的混用；‎ ‎(2)固定搭配中的介词的误用；‎ ‎(3)“介词＋关系代词”中介词的误用；‎ ‎(4)受汉语思维影响误把介词当连词。‎ 据第1条解题 ‎1．When the old man came back, the smell of the whisky reminded him the accident.him后加of ‎2．Only if we are fully prepared the challenge both mentally and physically can we overcome the difficulties.prepared后加for ‎3．I'm very glad to receive your email asking for information about the host family we have ‎ arranged you to stay with.you前加for 据第2条解题 ‎4．One of them, who seemed in his thirties, praised on me for my selfconfidence.去掉on ‎5．Gradually, I became interested in biology and chose to learn biology when I entered into the college.去掉into ‎6．But on today, at this special time, I just want to tell you loudly: I love you, Mom！去掉on 据第3条解题 ‎7．I also do well at speaking English.at→in ‎8．It's the relationship among my deskmate and me.among→between ‎9．There was one on particular I'd always wanted.on→in ‎10．For his opinion, actors should go on even when they feel they have made mistakes in their performances.For→In ‎11．Not only is he strict with his teaching but also he is kind and patient to everybody.with→in ‎12．In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.during→when ‎[语篇综合检测] ‎ Ⅰ.语法填空 People need homes: children assume their parents' place as home; boarders call school “home” on weekdays; and __1__ (marry) couples work together to build new homes.So how about people who have to travel for extended periods of time? Don't they have the right __2__ (own) a home? Of course they do.‎ Some regular __3__ (travel) take their own belongings like bed sheets, pillowcases and family photos to make themselves feel like at home no matter where they are.Some stay for long periods in __4__ same hotel and as a result become very familiar with the service and attendants.Others may __5__ (simple) put some flowers by the hotel window to make things more homely.Furthermore, driving a camping car during one's travels and sleeping in the vehicle __6__ night are just like home.‎ Nowadays, fewer people work in __7__ (they) local towns, so how do they develop a sense of __8__ (belong)? Whenever we step out of our local boundaries, there __9__ (be) always another “home” waiting to __10__ (find). Wherever we are, with just a little bit of effort and imagination, we can make the place where we stay “home”．‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1．married　考查词性转换。所填词作定语，修饰couples，故用形容词married“已婚的”。‎ ‎2．to own　考查非谓语动词。have the right to do sth.“有做某事的权力”，是固定用法。‎ ‎3．travelers　考查名词复数。所填词作主语，前面有some修饰，故填名词复数travelers。‎ ‎4．the　考查冠词。same前用定冠词the。‎ ‎5．simply　考查词性转换。所填词修饰动词put，作状语，故用副词simply。‎ ‎6．at　考查介词。at night“夜间”，是固定短语。‎ ‎7．their　考查代词。所填词作定语，修饰名词towns，故用形容词性物主代词their。‎ ‎8．belonging　考查词性转换。介词of后跟动名词作宾语。‎ ‎9．is　考查动词的时态与主谓一致。there be句型中be动词与后面最靠近的主语一致，此处应与another “home”一致，且句子讲述客观事实，故用is。‎ ‎10．be found　考查动词的语态。分析句子结构可知，find与其逻辑主语home之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。‎ Ⅱ.短文改错 It's not easy for us to accept the fact which we are going to leave our beloved school.However, we were looking forward to our future life.Last night, my friends and I walked around our school talk about the funny things that had been happened in the past three years.Suddenly, I got idea.I said to him we should make a deal that we could get together here four years late.My friends were so exciting about it, and they agreed to me.I started to think about what I would become in the future.I may become a teacher, or a doctor.I think the deal will help us keep in touches with each other.‎ 答案：第一句：which→that 第二句：were→are 第三句：talk→talking; 去掉 been 第四句：idea 前加 an 第五句：him→them; late→later 第六句：exciting→excited; to→with 第九句：touches→touch