【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题第三讲非谓语动词学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题第三讲非谓语动词学案

第三讲　非谓语动词 ‎1.(2019·江苏卷)________ the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.‎ A.To enjoy B.Enjoying C.To have enjoyed D.Enjoy 答案　A　[句意：为了享受数字支付的便利，许多老年人开始使用智能手机。使用智能手机的目的是享受数字支付的便利，故用不定式短语作目的状语。]‎ ‎2.(2019·江苏卷)China’s image is improving steadily, with more countries ________ its role in international affairs.‎ A.recognizing B.being recognized C.to be recognized D.recognized 答案　A　[句意：中国的形象正在稳步提升，更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。此处是with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾补)，more countries与recognize(承认，认识，认可)之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作宾补。]‎ ‎3.(2018·江苏卷)Around 13，500 new jobs were created during the period，________ the expected number of 12，000 held by market analysts.‎ A.having exceeded B.to exceed C.exceeded D.exceeding 答案　D　[句意：这段时间大约13 500个新的工作岗位被创造了出来，超过了市场分析人士预计的12 000个。此处为现在分词作状语表示结果，故选D。]‎ ‎4.(2017·江苏卷)Many Chinese brands，________ their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market.‎ A.having developed B.being developed C.developed D.developing 答案　A　[句意：许多中国品牌正在面临现代市场的新挑战，几个世纪以来它们一直在提高自己的声誉。Chinese brands 与develop构成主动关系，可将答案锁定在A与D之中；由于非谓语动词develop与谓语动词face之间存在时间先后关系，且发生于谓语动词之前，故选A。]‎ ‎5.(2016·江苏卷)In art criticism，you must assume the artist has a secret message ________ within the work.‎ A.to hide B.hidden C.hiding D.being hidden 答案　B　[句意：在艺术评论中，你得假设艺术家藏了一个秘密信息在作品中。句中message与hide是被动关系，故要用过去分词作后置定语。]‎ ‎6.(2015·江苏卷)Much time ________ sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems.‎ A.being spent B.having spent C.spent D.spending 答案　C　[句意：大部分时间坐在办公桌旁，办公室职员通常被健康问题所困扰。time 与spend之间构成被动关系，故用过去分词形式。]‎ 一、判断“谓”与“非谓”‎ 句子按结构分为三类，即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要连词来连接，如果两个句子用连词进行连接，应选谓语动词形式；如果两个结构中未出现连词，则考虑用非谓语动词。‎ ‎[典例1]　________ many times，but he still couldn’t understand it.‎ A.Having been told B.Told C.He was told D.Though he had been told 答案　C　[用连词but连接并列句，因此，前面与后句一样也是个独立的句子，排除A、B两项；因though和but不能同时出现在一个句子中，故选C。]‎ ‎[变式训练]　________ many times，he still couldn’t understand it.‎ A.Having been told B.Told C.He was told D.Though he had been told 答案　A　[逗号前后两个结构中未出现连词，则考虑用非谓语动词。根据句意选A。]‎ 二、确定与逻辑主语之间的关系 确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要找到其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词的特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致，找不到其逻辑主语时，整个句子的主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的前提，不管是作什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点：‎ ‎1.如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，可用现在分词；‎ ‎2.如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，可用过去分词。‎ ‎[典例2]　________ from the top of the tower，the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.‎ A.Seen B.Seeing C.Having seen D.To see 答案　A　[句意：从塔顶看，这座山的南边脚下是一片树的海洋。seen from the top of the tower是一个过去分词短语，在句子中作状语。see的逻辑主语是句子的主语the south foot of the mountain，它们之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词。故答案选A。]‎ 三、确定非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的先后顺序 非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点，也可以有动作发生的时间。对于谓语动词我们用时态来表示动作发生的时间；对于非谓语动词不能用时态来表示动作发生的时间。非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间，即相对于谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不同形式所指时间的含义。如to have done，having done表示该动作在谓语动作之前发生；to be doing，doing强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。‎ ‎[典例3]　Dina，________ for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency.‎ A.struggling B.struggled C.having struggled D.to struggle 答案　C　[句意：Dina奋斗了几个月，想找个做女服务员的工作，最后在当地一家广告社谋到了一个职位。因 Dina与struggle之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；且struggle发生在took之前，故用现在分词的完成形式。]‎ 一、非谓语动词的形式和意义 非谓语 动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义 不定式 一般式 to do to be done 不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生 进行式 to be doing 不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生 完成式 to have done to have been done 不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前 现在分 词/动 名词 一般式 doing being done 其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生 完成式 having done having been done 其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生 过去分词 done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成 二、非谓语动词的用法比较 ‎1.现在分词与不定式作结果状语的比较 现在分词表示自然而然的结果；不定式表示意想不到的结果，其前常加only。试比较：‎ ‎①More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.‎ 中国又建了更多的公路，这使得人们从一个地方到另一个地方的出行变得更加容易了。‎ ‎②George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.‎ 乔治战争后回到家，结果被告知妻子已经离开了他。‎ ‎[典例1]　The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, ________ air conditioning unnecessary.‎ A.making B.to make C.made D.being made 答案　A　[句意：凉爽的风通过我们卧室的窗户吹进来，使空调变得没有必要了。句中swept是谓语动词，前后两部分之间没有连词，所以make只能用非谓语动词形式；句子主语The cooling wind与make之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作结果状语。故选A项。]‎ ‎2.现在分词与过去分词作状语的比较 现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。试比较：‎ ‎①Seeing from the top of the building, we can see the whole city.‎ ‎②Seen from the top of the building, the whole city can be seen.‎ ‎[典例2]　________ over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.‎ A.Ordering B.To order C.Having ordered D.Ordered 答案　D　[句意：这些书是一个多星期以前订购的，现在有望随时到货。句中the books与order之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作状语表被动和完成，故选D项。]‎ ‎3.非谓语动词作后置定语的比较 表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：‎ ‎①The bridge built in 2016 was designed by a local company.‎ 这座2016年建造完成的桥是由当地的一家公司设计的。‎ ‎②The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.‎ 这座现在正在建造的桥是由当地的一家公司设计的。‎ ‎③The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company.‎ 这座明年将要建造的桥是由当地的一家公司设计的。‎ ‎④Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.‎ 现在天空中比以前有更多的飞机，这些飞机能搭载更多的人。‎ ‎[典例3]　We’re having a meeting in half an hour.The decision ________ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.‎ A.to be made B.being made C.made D.having been made 答案　A　[句意：我们半个小时以后开会。在会上做出的决定将会影响我们公司的未来。根据前面的“We’re having a meeting in half an hour.”可知会议还没开始，the decision后面的定语应用动词不定式，表示将要发生的动作。故选A项。]‎ ‎4.不定式与动名词作宾语的比较 ‎(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：‎ ‎·决心学会想希望(decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish)；‎ ‎·拒绝设法愿假装(refuse, manage, care, pretend)。‎ ‎·主动答应选计划(offer, promise, choose, plan)；‎ ‎·同意请求帮一帮(agree, ask/beg, help)。‎ ‎·此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。‎ We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.‎ 我们约好在此地见面，但是她到现在还没有露面。‎ ‎(2)下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：‎ ‎·考虑建议盼原谅(consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon)；‎ ‎·承认推迟没得想(admit, delay/put off, fancy)。‎ ‎·避免错过继续练(avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice)；‎ ‎·否认完成就欣赏(deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate)。‎ ‎·禁止想象才冒险(forbid, imagine, risk)；‎ ‎·不禁介意准逃亡(can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape)。‎ ‎·此外，be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote...to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand, give up, feel like, insist on, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等短语后也要用动名词作宾语。‎ He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk losing the good opportunity.‎ 他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。‎ ‎(3)下列动词或短语既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：‎ ‎·forget ‎·remember ‎·regret ‎·mean ‎·can’t help What a poor memory！I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday.But today I forgot to return the money to him.‎ 多么差的记忆力！昨天我忘了向他借过钱，但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。‎ ‎[典例4]　I remembered ________ the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.‎ A.locking B.to lock C.having locked D.to have locked 答案　B　[句意：我离开办公室之前记得锁门却忘记关灯了。remember to do sth表示“记得要做某事”，与后半句中的“forgot to...”相对应。]‎ ‎5.非谓语动词作补足语的比较 ‎(1)advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等动词后面常用不定式作补足语。‎ Tell the children not to play on the street.‎ The police warned us not to go out at night.‎ ‎(2)make/let/have等使役动词后面用不带to的不定式作补足语，但在被动句中则使用带to的不定式。‎ They make the students do too much homework every day.‎ The students are made to do too much homework every day.‎ ‎[典例5]　Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ________.‎ A.washed B.wash C.washing D.to wash 答案　A　[句意：在驱车进城之前，你必须将你的车洗了。此题中使役动词get后接的宾语car与作宾语补足语的动词wash之间为被动关系，构成短语：get sth done。故选A项。]‎ ‎(3)感官动词后面可用不带to的不定式或分词作补足语。‎ ‎·从时间上看，不定式表示发生或完成；现在分词强调正在进行；过去分词表示完成。‎ ‎·从逻辑关系上看，不定式和现在分词与宾语之间存在着主谓关系；过去分词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。‎ I saw him cross the street.‎ 我看到他穿过了大街。‎ I saw him crossing the street.‎ 我看到他正在穿过大街。‎ I saw him surrounded by a group of students.‎ 我看到一群学生围着他。‎ ‎[典例6]　Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother ________ good care of at home.‎ A.taking B.taken C.take D.be taken 答案　B　[句意：李博士在非洲进行了两年的医疗服务，回来后看到他的母亲在家里被照顾得很好他很高兴。分析句子结构可知，此处是“see＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，宾语补足语可以是do，doing或者done。此处his mother与take good care of之间是被动关系，故选B项。]‎ ‎(4)with复合结构中非谓语动词作补足语 with With so many people looking at him, he felt very nervous.‎ 那么多人看着他，他感到很紧张。‎ With the problem solved, the quality has been improved.‎ 问题解决了，质量也提高了。‎ With so much work to do, I can’t go swimming with you.‎ 有那么多工作要做，我不能和你一起去游泳。‎ ‎[典例7]　The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ________ them.‎ A.to follow B.following C.followed D.follows 答案　B　[with的宾语后面可加形容词、副词、分词、不定式或名词等作宾语补足语，此处their pet dog与follow之间构成主动关系，所以用following。不定式表示动作尚未发生，不符合语境，故排除A。]‎ ‎1.(2019·泰州等七市高三调研)The village evolved into a major e-commerce center, and ________ the past, the villagers owed their success to the reform and opening-up policy.‎ A.reviewed B.reviewing C.to review D.being reviewed 答案　B　[句意：该村发展成为一个主要的电子商务中心，回顾过去，村民们把他们的成功归功于改革开放政策。review的逻辑主语是the villagers，它们之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语，故选B。]‎ ‎2.(2019·南通等七市高三调研)The press should expand its influence in international public opinion to make China’s voice better ________ in the world.‎ A.hearing B.to be heard C.hear D.heard 答案　D　[句意：新闻应该扩大其在国际舆论中的影响力，使中国的声音更好地在世界上被听到。“中国的声音”与“听到”之间是被动关系，用make sth done结构，故选D。]‎ ‎3.(2019·南通市高三四校联考)—A group of teen mountaineers have planned to conquer the second highest mountain in Europe.‎ ‎—________， they may succeed.‎ A.Favorable as the condition being B.If the condition be favorable C.The condition is favorable D.The condition being favorable 答案　D　‎ ‎[句意：——一群十几岁的登山运动员计划征服欧洲第二高的山峰。——条件是有利的，他们可能会成功。分析句子结构：中间是逗号，不可能是并列句；没有引导词，所以不可能是从句，由句意可知此处应该是现在分词的独立主格结构，故答案为The condition being favorable。]‎ ‎4.(2019·启东中学高三测试)For his dream ________ at an earlier date, he must accelerate the pace of reform in his company.‎ A.being realized B.to realize C.realizing D.to be realized 答案　D　[句意：要使梦想早日实现，他必须加快公司改革的步伐。A.being realized正在被实现；B.to realize即将实现；C.realizing正在实现；D.to be realized即将被实现。句中dream和动词realize是被动关系，表示梦想还没实现，用不定式。此处用不定式的被动形式，故选D。]‎ ‎5.(2019·如皋中学高三检测)After a decade or so, ________ out of choices, he returned to where he’d begun, ashamed at having so little to show for his wanderings.‎ A.being run B.running C.to run D.having run 答案　D　[句意：大约十年后，在没有选择的情况下，他回到了他开始的地方，为自己的拼搏没有什么收获而感到羞愧。run out of “用光，耗尽” 与主语he在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示的动作明显发生在return之前，所以用现在分词的完成式having run。故D选项正确。]‎ ‎6.(2019·如东中学高三检测)________ in a red dress, she was easy to ________ in the big crowd at the airport.‎ A.Being dressed；pick out B.Dressed；pick out C.Dressed；be picked out D.Having dressed；pick out 答案　B　[句意：因为她穿着红色的裙子，所以在机场的人群中很容易被认出来。be dressed in穿着，形容词短语作状语表状态，故用dressed。sb be easy to do sth，主动形式表达被动意思，所以用pick out。故B选项正确。]‎ ‎7.(2019·淮安市高三期末考试)Japan has recently announced that it will restart commercial whaling, ________ great concern and controversy throughout the world.‎ A.to cause B.causing C.having caused D.to have caused 答案　B　‎ ‎[句意：日本最近宣布将重新开始商业捕鲸，这引起了全世界的极大关注和争议。分析句子可知，cause与前面句子的意思在逻辑上是主动关系，所以用现在分词causing。故B选项正确。]‎ ‎8.(2019·泰州市高三期末考试)The news said that the death toll in the tsunami in Indonesia had climbed over 400, with a lot more reported ________.‎ A.to miss B.to have been missing C.having missed D.missing 答案　B　[句意：新闻报道称，印尼海啸造成的死亡人数已攀升至400多人，据报道还有更多人失踪。分析句子可知，be reported to do sth “被报道做某事”为固定短语，且在本句中被应用到with的复合结构中。本句中表示“be missing”发生在“report”之前，所以用动词不定式的完成式。故B选项正确。]‎ ‎9.(2019·宿迁市高三期末测试)Not far from the club was there a garden, ________ owner seated in it playing with his children every afternoon.‎ A.whose B.its C.which D.that 答案　B　[句意：离俱乐部不远有个花园，它的主人每天下午坐在里面和孩子们玩。此题关键在于后面的seated。如果后面的部分是完整的句子必须是owner was seated.但是题目单独使用seated，这表明后面部分并非一个句子，而是构成独立主格结构，选B。]‎ ‎10.(2019·扬州中学高三测试)On a wagon ________ for the market, there is a calf with mournful eyes, and high above him is a swallow, ________ swiftly through the sky.‎ A.bound；flying B.bounding；flying C.bounded；flew D.bound；flew 答案　A　[句意：在一辆开往市场的马车上，有一只目光忧郁的小牛犊，在它的上方是一只燕子，在天空中疾飞。句中a calf和动词bind是被动关系，指牛犊被束缚在马车上，第一空用过去分词作定语。swallow和动词fly是主动关系，第二空用动词-ing形式作状语。故选A。]‎ ‎11.(2019·扬州中学高三测试)________， the old man even had no money to buy a bus ticket.‎ A.As his wallet stolen B.His wallet being stolen C.His wallet stolen D.Stealing his wallet 答案　C　[句意：他的钱包被偷，这位老人甚至没有钱买公交车票。因为前后句的主语不一致，所以要用独立主格结构。His wallet和动词steal是被动关系，用过去分词表被动，故选C。]‎ ‎12.(2019·南师附中高三检测)As had been expected, Smith wasn’t appointed chairman of the committee, ________ not very popular with its members.‎ A.considered B.considering C.having considered D.to be considered 答案　A　[句意：正如预料的那样，史密斯没有被任命为委员会主席，因为委员会成员认为他不太受欢迎。consider的逻辑主语是Smith，它们之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作原因状语，故选A。]‎ Ⅰ.单项填空 ‎1.(2019·徐州市高三第一次质量检测)China’s Chang’e 4 robotic probe entered lunar orbit on Wednesday，________ a major step in its mission to make a soft landing on the moon’s far side.‎ A.marking B.to mark C.having marked D.marked 答案　A　[句意：中国嫦娥四号机器探测器星期三进入月球轨道，标志着月球背面软着陆任务中的重要一步。句中逻辑主语与动词mark之间为主动关系，故用现在分词作结果状语。故选A。]‎ ‎2.(2018·无锡市普通高中教学质量抽测)A case of suspected food poisoning in New York has led to 6 high school students ________ to hospital.‎ A.being sent B.sent C.sending D.to be sent 答案　A　[句意：纽约一个疑似食品中毒的案件已经导致6名高中生被送到医院了。lead to“导致”中的to是介词，后面接动名词的复合结构：逻辑主语(6 high school students)＋动名词，因为students和send是被动关系，故用动名词的被动形式，选A。]‎ ‎3.(2018·苏州市普通高中教学质量抽测)The lecture ________， a lively question-and-answer session followed.‎ A.being given B.had been given C.to be given D.having been given 答案　D　[句中逻辑主语lecture与动词give是被动关系，故需要用被动语态。being given指正在进行的演讲；to be given将要发表的演讲。having been given则强调时间先后，指的是此动作发生在谓语动词follow的动作之前。句意：发表演讲之后，接下来是现场提问时间。故D正确。]‎ ‎4.(2019·南通市高三三月联考)________ economic growth, various measures are being taken to expand domestic demand.‎ A.Having stabilized B.Stabilizing C.Stabilized D.To stabilize 答案　D　[句意：为了稳定经济增长，正在采取各种措施扩大内需。此处表示目的，应该用不定式作目的状语，故D项正确。]‎ ‎5.(2019·常州市高三期末)The study, from academics at Harvard, claims ________ the first clear evidence showing that when temperatures go up, school performance goes down.‎ A.to have produced B.to produce C.producing D.being produced 答案　A　[句意：这项来自哈佛大学学者的研究声称，它首次提供了明确的证据，表明气温上升时，在校表现会下降。claim to表示“声称做……”，而且produce这个动作发生在claims之前，故A项正确。]‎ ‎6.(2019·江苏省高三第二次百校联考)‎ ‎—Don’t forget to drop me a line when you settle down.‎ ‎—Trust me！I won’t.I’ll keep you ________.‎ A.touched B.posted C.corresponded D.preserved 答案　B　[——你安顿下来的时候别忘了给我写信。——相信我！我不会忘记的。我会经常向你报告最新的情况的。touch “触摸”；post “邮寄，发布”，keep sb posted “经常向某人报告最新的情况”；correspond “符合，相一致，通信”，是不及物动词；preserve “保存，保护”。所以答案为B。]‎ ‎7.(2019·江苏省高考压轴卷)The girl is so grateful whenever she remembers my brother and me ________ her from the icy water.‎ A.to have saved B.to save C.saving D.saved 答案　C　[句意：这个女孩是有感恩之心的，无论何时她都记得我和我弟弟把她从冰水里救出的情形。固定短语：remember sb doing sth记得某人做过某事。故C选项正确。]‎ ‎8.(2019·南京市、盐城市高三第二次模拟)Do not do to others what you do not want ________ to yourself.‎ A.doing B.done C.being done D.having done 答案　B　[句意：己所不欲勿施于人，即你不想发生在自己身上的事情，也不要对别人做。want sth done “希望某事被做”。]‎ ‎9.(2019·苏北四市高三第一次调研)Big data is the driving force behind this zone’s development，a steady stream of new big data construction projects constantly ________.‎ A.being introduced B.introducing C.having introduced D.to be introduced 答案　A　[前句中已有谓语动词，中间为逗号，后句不可再有谓语动词。后句中主语与动词为被动关系，且根据句意时态为现在时，故选A。]‎ ‎10.In the final of the World Indoor Championships，Su Bingtian locked a personal best of 6.42 seconds，________ the Asian record of 6.43，which he also set last month in Germany.‎ A.to break B.breaking C.broken D.having broken 答案　B　[句意：在世界室内锦标赛的决赛上，苏炳添创造了个人最好的6″42的纪录，也打破了他上个月在德国创造的6″43的亚洲纪录。此题考查非谓语动词，逻辑主语为Su Bingtian，与break为逻辑上的主动关系，故需要用现在分词表示伴随，故选B项。]‎ ‎11.(2018·盐城市高三三模)Problem-focused strategies are those ________ at doing something to change the problem causing the stress.‎ A.aimed B.to aim C.being aimed D.having aimed 答案　A　[句意：聚焦问题的策略是那些旨在做一些事情来改变引起压力的问题的策略。be aimed at...“旨在，目的是”，故此处用过去分词作后置定语。]‎ ‎12.—Would you mind going to the movies by yourself tonight?‎ ‎—I am afraid I will feel lonely in the theatre，with no one ________ me.‎ A.being accompanied B.accompanied C.to accompany D.having accompanied 答案　C　[句意：——今晚你介意自己去看电影吗？——我恐怕由于没有人陪我，我会在电影院里感到寂寞。此处考查“with＋宾语＋宾补”复合结构。accompany “陪伴”与宾语是主动关系，句中的tonight表明宾补动作还没有发生，所以用不定式。]‎ ‎13.(2018·无锡市普通高中期末试卷)China has successfully launched Tiangong-2，________ the way for the construction of a large space station in the early 2020s.‎ A.to pave B.having paved C.paved D.paving 答案　D　[句意：中国已经成功地发射了天宫二号，这为在21世纪20年代早期建造大的空间站创造了条件。分析句子结构可知，pave与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词作状语，故选paving。pave the way for sb/sth意为“为……铺平道路，创造条件”。]‎ ‎14.(2018·启东中学高三最后一模)________ the oil under the sea, the company has raised ample funds to develop petroleum exploration equipment.‎ A.Exploiting B.Having exploited C.To exploit D.Exploited 答案　C　[句意：为了探索海底石油，该公司筹集了充足的资金来开发石油勘探设备。“________ the oil under the sea”是目的状语，表目的，应用动词不定式，故C选项正确。]‎ ‎15.(2019·常州一中模拟)—It is reported that the government has lightened the burden on the students.‎ ‎—Oh，today we are still________ from heavy schoolwork，________ at preparing us for the entrance examination.‎ A.suffering；aimed B.suffered；aimed C.suffered；aiming D.suffering；aiming 答案　D　[sb be suffering from...某人正遭受……；aiming at...为现在分词短语作状语，意为“打算，目的在于……”。]‎ Ⅱ.完形填空 ‎(2019·南京外国语学校高三一模)‎ I did my first marathon at 25.I’d __1__ running to get fit and thought I’d give it a go.I started too fast, found it very painful but __2__ to finish.‎ Then, seven years ago, I went to a talk by someone who had just done the Sahara desert race.I felt so __3__.I’ve always wanted to do something __4__.I registered for the 2007 Sahara marathon.My __5__ was shocking and I was two stone(12.7kg) overweight, but __6__ I’d paid the ￡3，000 deposit, I knew there was no going back.‎ On my first five-mile run, I kept pretending my shoelaces(鞋带) needed tying just so I could __7__.But I kept __8__ until I was doing 30, then 40 miles.People assumed I found it easy by then—I didn’t.I just learned to push through the __9__.‎ But nothing can truly prepare you for running in desert temperatures.As the __10__ always looked the same, the distance never seemed to get any shorter.__11__， I was never bored—I was too focused on reaching the checkpoints, and the water waiting there.Blisters(水泡) were unavoidable—the __12__ gets everywhere.At night, the doctors treating us would __13__ them off with knives.‎ In the following days, my feet would be hurting.I kept telling myself I couldn’t __14__.If I quit, the pain would stop, but I knew I would __15__ it for the rest of my life.Finally, I finished.Any suffering you experience is overridden(压倒) by the sense of __16__ at the end.‎ It’s been a long progression, from being a(n) __17__ slacker(懒虫) to __18__ I am now.I’ve lost 10lb(4.5kg) of body fat, but gained a lot of __19__—I have a better body now than at any point in my life.Anyone can do this.I’m not superhuman, I’m just __20__.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文为记叙文。作者讲述了自己参加2007年撒哈拉沙漠马拉松比赛的过程，虽然异常地艰难和痛苦，但是作者还是凭借自己坚定的毅力完成了比赛。‎ ‎1.A.ended up B.taken up C.given up D.backed up 答案　B　[end up结束；take up开始从事；give up放弃；back up支持。根据下文give it a go (试一下)可知，作者开始跑步是为了健身。故B选项正确。]‎ ‎2.A.hated B.refused C.struggled D.offered 答案　C　[hate讨厌；refuse拒绝；struggle努力；offer主动提出。句意：我开始得太快了，觉得很痛苦，但是努力完成了。故C选项正确。]‎ ‎3.A.inspired B.bored C.panicked D.confused 答案　A　[inspired受到启发的；bored无聊的；panicked恐慌的；confused疑惑的。通过上文得知，作者在七年前，曾和一位跑了撒哈拉沙漠马拉松的人进行交谈，可知是受到启发的。故A选项正确。]‎ ‎4.A.strange B.ordinary C.secret D.extreme 答案　D　[strange奇怪的；ordinary普通的；secret秘密的；extreme极度的，极端的。根据常识可知，在沙漠当中跑马拉松是一种极限的运动，因此作者一直是想做一些极端的事情。故D选项正确。]‎ ‎5.A.fitness B.height C.strength D.wisdom 答案　A　[fitness健康；height高度；strength力量；wisdom智慧。下文shocking指的是不好的，所以这里说的是作者当时的健康状况不好。故A选项正确。]‎ ‎6.A.until B.once ‎ C.unless D.while 答案　B　[until直到；once一旦；unless除非；while然而。虽然作者当时的身体状况不好，但是一旦他付了3 000英镑押金，就没有回头的机会了。故B选项正确。]‎ ‎7.A.wait B.stop C.complain D.drink 答案　B　[wait等；stop停止；complain抱怨；drink喝。前五公里，作者不断地假装需要系鞋带，只是为了能停一下。故B选项正确。]‎ ‎8.A.dropping off B.tripping over C.building up D.slowing down 答案　C　[drop off落下；trip over绊倒；build up增强；slow down变慢。根据下文People assumed I found it easy by then—I didn’t.可知，作者一直在增强自己，坚持跑到30英里，然后是40英里。根据I was doing 30, then 40 miles.可知作者在不断增强。故C选项正确。]‎ ‎9.A.tension B.shame ‎ C.fear D.pain 答案　D　[tension紧张；shame羞愧；fear恐惧；pain痛苦。上文提过，作者在跑步过程中还是很痛苦的，他只是学会了忍受痛苦。故D选项正确。]‎ ‎10.A.surroundings B.volunteers C.sandstorms D.athletes 答案　A　[surroundings周围的环境；volunteer志愿者；sandstorm沙尘暴；athlete运动员。根据下文looked the same, the distance never seemed to get any shorter.可知，因为在沙漠中周围的环境看起来是一样的，所以距离似乎从来没有缩短过。故A选项正确。]‎ ‎11.A.Therefore B.However C.Moreover D.Otherwise 答案　B　[therefore所以；however然而；moreover此外；otherwise否则。根据上文指出环境都相同并且看起来距离没有减少，下文说作者从不感到无聊，所以这里应该填一个转折关系的词。故B选项正确。]‎ ‎12.A.sand B.water ‎ C.grass D.rubbish 答案　A　[sand沙子；water水；grass草；rubbish垃圾。根据本文背景，作者是在沙漠里跑步，所以应该是到处都是沙子。故A选项正确。]‎ ‎13.A.tear B.strike ‎ C.knock D.slice 答案　D　[tear off撕掉；strike off砍下；knock off减价；slice off切掉。要把水泡弄掉或者是弄破，因此这里符合句意的只有slice off。故D选项正确。]‎ ‎14.A.fail B.run ‎ C.bear D.cry 答案　A　[fail失败；run跑；bear忍受；cry哭。根据下文讲的多是作者如果退出了之后对自己产生的不好的影响，所以这里说明他一直告诉自己不能失败。故A选项正确。]‎ ‎15.A.treasure B.regret C.forget D.appreciate 答案　B　[treasure珍惜；regret后悔；forget忘记；appreciate感激。句意：如果我放弃了，痛苦就会停止，但我知道我的余生都会后悔。故B选项正确。]‎ ‎16.A.belonging B.failure C.equality D.achievement 答案　D　[belonging所有物；failure失败；equality平等；achievement成就。句意：你所经历的任何痛苦最终都会被成就感所覆盖。故D选项正确。]‎ ‎17.A.proud B.brave C.unfit D.unfriendly 答案　C　[proud骄傲的；brave勇敢的；unfit不健康的；unfriendly不友好的。后面提到自己是懒虫，还有前文说作者健康状况不好，因此这里指一个不健康的懒虫。故C选项正确。]‎ ‎18.A.which B.when C.where D.why 答案　C　[which哪个；when当……的时候；where在……地方；why为什么。此处缺少的是状语，这里用where表示一个抽象的地点，表示到达了我今天的位置。故C选项正确。]‎ ‎19.A.time B.muscle C.reputation D.support 答案　B　[time时间；muscle肌肉；reputation声誉；support支持。这里前一句讲的是作者消耗了很多脂肪，但是获得了很多肌肉。故B选项正确。]‎ ‎20.A.learned B.considerate C.determined D.fortunate 答案　C　[learned博学的；considerate体贴的；determined坚决的，坚定的；fortunate幸运的。从上文可知，作者是一个很有毅力的人，即使身体状况不好，还要坚持跑完全程，因此作者认为自己不是超人，只是意志坚定而已。故C选项正确。]‎ Ⅲ.阅读理解 A Australian magpies can understand what other birds are saying to each other, a new study has found.‎ The research, published in the journal Animal Behavior, says the magpie has learned the meanings of different noisy miner calls and essentially eavesdrops(偷听) to find out which predators(食肉动物) are near.‎ Noisy miners—a small, native honeyeater—have different warning calls for ground-based and aerial(飞行的)predators.By playing both kinds of recording to a series of wild magpies, researchers observed the magpies raising their beaks(喙) to the sky, or dropping their heads to the ground.‎ Researchers attracted the magpies with cheese, then played the noisy miner calls, videotaping the results.‎ As a control, they also rolled a large orange ball towards the magpies to see how they ordinarily tilted(倾斜) their beaks to ground threats, and threw the ball to see how they reacted to aerial threats.‎ The researchers recorded an average maximum beak angle of 29 degrees for the thrown ball, and an average maximum of nine degrees when it was rolled.‎ The miners’ aerial warning caused an average maximum beak angle of 31 degrees, and the ground warning caused an average maximum of 24.‎ One of the study’s authors, Dominique Potvin, said the magpies showed an astonishing level of insight.‎ Magpies and miners broadly face the same types of predators and the two frequently live in the same ecosystem.‎ Potvin said this had encouraged the magpies’ learned behavior.‎ ‎“Magpies are generally found on the ground and noisy miners are generally found up in trees.It pays for the magpie to pay attention to somebody who has a better view of predators than they do.”‎ She said it was unclear whether other birds could do the same, but it was highly likely other magpies around Australia already did.‎ ‎“Magpies are a pretty smart group.We’re not sure if they’re learning this from other magpies or if they’re figuring it out on their own, but the ability is there.‎ As part of the experiment, researchers also played a third call：a common,‎ ‎ non-warning call from a crimson rosella.They found the magpies did not respond.‎ Potvin said that we had been actively exploring animal cognition(认知) research.“It’s a good piece of the puzzle，” Potvin said.“Looking at the social relationships between species that live in communities.”‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了关于喜鹊的最新研究发现，包括实验内容和实验的发现。‎ ‎1.What have the researchers found about Australian magpies?‎ A.They can understand other bird calls.‎ B.They can communicate with noisy miners.‎ C.They have a special preference for cheeses.‎ D.They have the ability to warn the predators.‎ 答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的says the magpie has learned the meanings of different noisy miner calls and...可知，喜鹊已经理解了其他鸟类叫声的含义。故A选项正确。]‎ ‎2.How did the researchers get their findings?‎ A.By calculating the beak angles of aerial and ground predators.‎ B.By comparing the magpie and the miner responses to threats.‎ C.By monitoring the magpie responses to the miner warning calls.‎ D.By recording the magpie louder scream for other birds’ attention.‎ 答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第四、五、六、七段，研究人员通过定量研究，先研究喜鹊平时的喙是怎么倾斜的，再与掘穴鸟有叫声时候的反应进行监控、对比，获得了发现结果。故C选项正确。]‎ ‎3.The magpies’ cognition can help them ________.‎ A.have a better view of the predators than the miners B.better protect themselves from the potential threats C.cooperate with other birds to drive away the predators D.live in harmony with other birds in the same ecosystem 答案　B　[细节理解题。根据文章倒数第五段，因为喜鹊的视线更好，所以一般喜鹊会在地上，掘穴鸟躲树上，掘穴鸟在树上可以帮助喜鹊提防它们的捕食者，使得喜鹊可以更好地保护自己。故B选项正确。]‎ ‎4.We can learn from the passage that ________.‎ A.the magpies are smart learners of other birds’ behaviour B.it’s likely that other birds have developed the same ability C.the findings have clarified the relationships between species D.a lot more remains to be explored about animal cognition 答案　D　[细节理解题。根据最后一段的Potvin said that we had been actively exploring animal cognition(认知) research.可知关于动物认知，还有很多有待探索。故D选项正确。]‎ B ‎(2019·江苏省高三第二次百校联考)‎ Predictions about higher education’s future often result in two very different visions about what is next for colleges and universities.In one camp：those who paint a rosy picture of an economy that will continue to demand higher levels of education for an increasing share of the workforce.In the other：those who believe fewer people will enroll(入学) in college as tuition costs go out of control and alternatives to the traditional degree emerge.‎ ‎“We are living in an age for learning, when there’s so much knowledge available, that one would think that this is good news for higher education，” Bryan Alexander told me recently.Alexander writes often about the future of higher education and is finishing a book on the subject for Johns Hopkins University Press.“Yet we’ve seen enrollment in higher education drop for six years.”‎ Alexander believes that for some colleges and universities to survive, they need to shift from their historical mission of serving one type of student (usually a teenager fresh out of high school) for a specific period of time.“We’re going to see many different ways through higher education in the future，” Alexander said, “from closer ties between secondary and postsecondary(中学后)schools to new options for adults.The question is, which institutions adopt new models and which try desperately to hang on to what they have.”‎ ‎“The fact is that to maintain affordability, accessibility and excellence, something needs to change，” Rafael Bras, Georgia Tech’s provost(院长), told me when he unveiled the report at the Milken Institute Global Conference this past spring.‎ The commission’s report includes many impressive ideas, but three point to the possibility of a very different future for colleges and universities.‎ ‎1)College for life, rather than just four years.The primary recommendation of the ‎ Georgia Tech report is that the university turns itself into a place for lifelong learning that allows students to “associate rather than enroll”.‎ ‎“Students who we educate now are expected to have a dozen occupations，” Bras said.“So a system that receives students once in their lives and turns them out with the Good Housekeeping seal(印章) of approval to become alums (校友) and come back on occasion and give money is not the right model for the future.”‎ ‎2)A network of advisers and coaches for a career.If education never ends, Georgia Tech predicts, neither should the critical advising function that colleges provide to students.The commission outlines a plan in which artificial intelligence and virtual tutors help advise students about selecting courses and finding the best career options.But even for a university focused on science and technology, Georgia Tech doesn’t suggest in its report that computers will replace humans for all advising.‎ ‎3)A distributed presence around the world.Colleges and universities operate campuses and require students to come to them.In the past couple of decades, online education has grown greatly, but for the most part, higher education is still about face-to-face interactions.‎ Georgia Tech imagines a future in which the two__worlds are blended in what it calls the “atrium”—a place that shares space with entrepreneurs and becomes gathering places for students and alumni.‎ In some ways, as the report noted, the atrium idea is a nod to the past, when universities had agricultural and engineering experiment stations with services closer to where people in the state needed them.‎ Whether Georgia Tech’s ideas will become real is, of course, unclear.But as Alexander told me after reading it, “There is a strong emphasis on flexibility and transformation so they can meet emergent trends.” This is clear：colleges and universities are about to undergo a period of deep change—whether they want to or not—as the needs of students and the economy shift.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了决定高等教育未来发展的关键因素。‎ ‎5.What can we learn from the two camps’ opinions about future colleges?‎ A.Future workforce will have high levels of education.‎ B.The expensive traditional degree is losing its appeal.‎ C.Traditional higher education is not practical.‎ D.Declining enrollment in college results from easy learning.‎ 答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句和第三段第一句可知，昂贵的传统学位正在失去吸引力。故选B。]‎ ‎6.What should traditional colleges do according to Alexander?‎ A.They should provide new options for adults to enter colleges.‎ B.They should strengthen the ties between secondary and postsecondary schools.‎ C.They should abandon what they have and change their historical mission.‎ D.They should offer more freedom to students throughout their life.‎ 答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第三段第一句可知，他们应该在学生的一生中给他们更多的自由。故答案为D。]‎ ‎7.What can we infer from the commission’s report?‎ A.Students can return for further study or make donations freely after graduation.‎ B.Artificial intelligence and virtual tutors will perform better in career guidance.‎ C.It focuses on how to make people enjoy good education without stress.‎ D.There is no point in requiring students to be present at school.‎ 答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第五段第一句以及下面的三个观点，可知，我们能从委员会的报告中推断出“它关注的是如何让人们在没有压力的情况下享受良好的教育。”故答案为C。]‎ ‎8.The underlined words “two worlds” refer to ________.‎ A.Basic education and higher education B.entrepreneurs and students C.present education and future education D.virtual education and real classes 答案　D　[词义指代题。根据第九段中In the past couple of decades...about face-to-face interactions.“在过去的几十年里，在线教育发展迅速，但在很大程度上，高等教育仍然是面对面的交流。”由此推知画线词 “two worlds”指的是虚拟教育和真实的课堂。故选D。]‎ ‎9.What does the author think of atrium idea?‎ A.It corresponds to the past idea in some way.‎ B.It is hard to realize despite its flexibility.‎ C.It makes some industries more accessible.‎ D.It is a practical solution to the declining enrollment.‎ 答案　D　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，作者认为atrium是解决入学率下降的一个切实可行的办法。故答案为D。]‎ ‎10.The passage mainly talks about ________.‎ A.a reflection on the drawbacks of current higher education B.the key factors which determine higher education’s future C.two camps’ opposite opinions about higher education’s future D.a comparison between traditional and future higher education 答案　B　[主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句和最后一段最后一句可知，本文主要论述了决定高等教育未来发展的关键因素。故选B。]‎