【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解之议论文讲解及真题例析教案（62页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解之议论文讲解及真题例析教案（62页）

‎2018届二轮复习 阅读理解之议论文讲解及真题例析 考纲解读 阅读文章是我国考生接触外语的最重要途径，因此，阅读理解在试卷中所占权重较大。该部分要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。‎ 考生应能： ‎ ‎(1)理解主旨和要义【主旨大意题】；‎ ‎(2)理解文中具体信息【事实细节题】；‎ ‎(3)根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义【猜测词义题】；‎ ‎(4)做出简单判断和推理【推理判断题】；‎ ‎(5)理解文章的基本结构【篇章结构题】；‎ ‎(6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度【观点态度题】。‎ ‎【备考启示】‎ 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。‎ ‎ 议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：‎ 写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为…… ‎ 写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。‎ 写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。‎ 议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。‎ ‎　　注意事项：‎ ‎　　1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)‎ ‎　　2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)‎ ‎　　高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。‎ ‎　　3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：‎ ‎　　(1)标志类、指示类的信息。‎ ‎　　①表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等；‎ ‎　　②表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；‎ ‎　　③表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等；‎ ‎　　④表示递进关系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore等；‎ ‎　　⑤表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。‎ ‎　　以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。‎ ‎　　(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。‎ ‎　　4. 常见问题：‎ ‎　　(1)读不懂怎么？‎ ‎　　问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。‎ ‎　　unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；‎ ‎　　conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；‎ ‎　　conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；‎ ‎　　unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。‎ ‎　　从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。‎ ‎　　(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？‎ ‎　　(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？‎ ‎　　(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？‎ ‎　　能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。‎ 在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。‎ 命题分析 议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点： ‎ ‎1. 题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多种领域，以及和自然科学交叉学科，体现以人为本的特点。具体说来：‎ ‎(1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。‎ ‎(2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。 ‎ ‎(3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。‎ ‎2. 侧重考查学生对文章深层意义的理解。通常情况下，深层理解题占多数，这就要求学生读议论文时，不能仅限于对文章的表层理解，只抓一些事实细节，而且要注重对文章的意图、作者的观点以及内在逻辑联系的审视。‎ ‎3. 深层理解题的主要表现形式：‎ ‎(1)主旨性题目：此类题常针对文章主题、中心思想、标题或作者的写作意图，通常有以下提问方式：‎ a. What would be the best title for the text? ‎ b. The text is mainly about _________. ‎ c. From the passage we know that _________. ‎ d. The main idea of the paragraph is _________. ‎ e. The writer’s purpose of writing this text is _________. ‎ f. The passage could be titled _________. ‎ g. The passage deals with _________. ‎ h. What’s the subject discussed in the text?‎ ‎(2)推理判断题：此题主要考查学生对文章内在逻辑联系的把握，通常有以下出题方式：‎ a. 回答对why和how的提问。‎ b. According to the text, which of the statements is true/wrong? ‎ c. From the text, we can infer that _________. ‎ d. Where can this text be selected from? ‎ e. What can you imagine will be dealt with/written in the following passage? ‎ f. 以短语according to the writer of the text或 in the writer’s opinion等引出的其他问题。‎ ‎(3)词义猜测题：判断词义的词可能有四种情况，一是词未学过，二是词已学过，但在该篇中不是已学过的词义，三是某个代词it或them在文中指代什么，四是某句话的意思。‎ 解题技巧 议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略 解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：‎ 作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。‎ 这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。‎ 考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。‎ 解题方法： ‎ ‎1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。 ‎ ‎2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。 ‎ ‎3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。 ‎ 二、解题技巧 历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：‎ ‎1. 主旨大意型 干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。‎ 干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。‎ 干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。‎ 正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。‎ 主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。‎ ‎ 选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：‎ ‎1. What is the main / general idea of this text? ‎ ‎2. What is mainly discussed in this passage? ‎ ‎3. What is the text mainly about? ‎ ‎4. This text mainly tells us _________.‎ ‎5. This passage mainly deals with _________.‎ ‎6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.‎ ‎7. The topic of this passage is _________.‎ 标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：‎ ‎1. What would be the best title for the text? ‎ ‎2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text? ‎ ‎3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.‎ 不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。‎ ‎2. 事实细节型 细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。‎ 做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。‎ ‎(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。‎ 文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。‎ 提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。‎ 在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：‎ ①Which of the following statements is true?‎ ②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?‎ ③The author (or the passage) states that __________.‎ ④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________?‎ ‎(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。‎ 阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：‎ ①包含项原则 ‎ 在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。‎ ②正反项原则 ‎ 所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。‎ ③委婉项原则 ‎ 所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。‎ ④同形项原则 命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。‎ ⑤常识项原则 ‎ 议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。‎ ⑥因果项原则 ‎ 阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。‎ 解题方法：原文定位法。 ‎ 查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。‎ ‎ (2)细心!‎ ‎3. 词义猜测型 阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。‎ 除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。‎ ‎(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。‎ ‎(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。‎ ‎(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。‎ ‎(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。‎ ‎(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。‎ ‎(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。‎ ‎(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。‎ 常见的问题形式有：‎ ‎(1)The word ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …‎ ‎(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…‎ ‎(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers to /means…‎ ‎(4)The word ＂…＂ is closest in meaning to …‎ ‎ 常用应对方法：‎ 同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。‎ 反义法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。‎ 释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。‎ 此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。‎ 做题要领 ‎(1)从文中找线索或信息词；‎ ‎(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思； ‎ ‎(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。‎ ‎(4)要特别注意熟词新意！‎ ‎4. 推理判断型 做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：‎ ‎(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.‎ ‎(2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________.‎ ‎(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?‎ ‎(4)What is the tone (语气) of the author?‎ ‎(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?‎ ‎(6)The passage is intended to _________.‎ ‎(7)Where would this passage most probably appear? ‎ 题组一(2016年高考真题)‎ Passage 1‎ ‎(2016·浙江,A)＂Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?＂ Lindsey whispers to Tori.‎ ‎ With her eyes shining, Tori brags, ＂You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.＂‎ ‎ Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give ‎ gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.‎ ‎ An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.‎ ‎ If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the ＂in group.＂ In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优越感).‎ ‎ Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.‎ ‎ The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have.‎ ‎41. The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to __________.‎ A. introduce a topic B. present an argument ‎ C. describe the characters D. clarify his writing purpose ‎42. An important negative effect of gossip is that it __________.‎ A. breaks up relationships B. embarrasses the listener C. spreads information around D. causes unpleasant experiences ‎43. In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it __________.‎ A. gives them a feeling of pleasure B. helps them to make more friends ‎ C. makes them better at telling stories D. enables them to meet important people ‎44. Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can __________.‎ A. provide students with written rules B. help people watch their own behaviors C. force schools to improve student handbooks ‎ D. attract the police’s attention to group behaviors ‎45. What advice does the author give in the passage?‎ A. Never become a gossiper.‎ B. Stay away from gossipers.‎ C. Don’t let gossip turn into lies.‎ D. Think twice before you gossip.‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ (2016·新课标全国卷III,D)Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.‎ ‎ ＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂‎ ‎ Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague ‎ analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂ list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.‎ ‎ Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂‎ ‎32. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?‎ A. News reports. B. Research papers. ‎ C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations. ‎ ‎33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?‎ A. They’re socially inactive.‎ B. They’re good at telling stories. ‎ C. They’re inconsiderate of others.‎ D. They’re careful with their words. ‎ ‎34. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research?‎ A. Sports news. B. Science articles. ‎ C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews. ‎ ‎35. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide.‎ B. Online News Attracts More People. ‎ C. Reading Habits Change with the Times.‎ D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks. ‎ Passage 3‎ ‎(2016•北京)Why College Is Not Home ‎ The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.‎ ‎ For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.‎ ‎ To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college ‎ needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves ＂trying on＂ new ways of thinking about oneself bother intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide ＂safe spaces＂ within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.‎ ‎ Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.‎ Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.‎ ‎ It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.‎ Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension ‎ between safety and self-discovery.‎ ‎67. What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?‎ A. Sympathetic. B. Disapproving. C. Supportive. D. Neutral.‎ ‎68. The underlined word ＂passage＂ in Paragraph 2 means _________.‎ A. change B. choice C. text D. extension ‎69. According to the author, what role should college play?‎ A. To develop a shared identity among students.‎ B. To define and regulate students’ social behavior.‎ C. To provide a safe world without tension for students. ‎ D. To foster students’ intellectual and personal development.‎ ‎70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?‎ A.      B. C.‎ ‎    D.‎ I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C: Conclusion Passage 4‎ ‎(2016•四川，B)If you could have one superpower, what would it be?‎ ‎ Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life.‎ ‎ Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.‎ They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others.‎ We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor. Your lives are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams. But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself. Find an issue you are interested in and learn more. Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause. Whatever you do, don’t be a bystander. Get involved. You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re older. But why not start now?‎ Our own experience working together on health, development, and ‎ energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.‎ ‎24. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. Your life style. B. Your life value.‎ C. Your trouble in life. D. Your life experience.‎ ‎25. Why does the author say they are inspired every day?‎ A. They possess different kinds of superpowers.‎ B. They have got the power to change the world.‎ C. Some people around them are making the world better.‎ D. There are many powerful people in their life and work.‎ ‎26. What does the author stress in Paragraph 5?‎ A. Learning more and contributing more to a cause.‎ B. Rising above self and acting to help others.‎ C. Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.‎ D. Trying your best to help the poor.‎ ‎27. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?‎ A. The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.‎ B. Much more progress will be made in the near future.‎ C. The work on health is the most valuable experience.‎ D. People’s efforts have been materially rewarded. ‎ Passage 5‎ ‎ (2016•四川，D)A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.‎ ‎ Researchers have discovered that ＂night milk＂ contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.‎ ‎ The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.‎ ‎ Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.‎ ‎ Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.‎ ‎ While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.‎ ‎ Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.‎ ‎ Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.‎ ‎12. According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_______.‎ ‎ A. started sleep more easily B. were more anxious ‎ C. were less active D. woke up later ‎13. Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?‎ ‎ A. It’s been tested on mice for ten years B. It can make people more energetic ‎ C. It exists in milk in great amount D. It’s used in sleeping drugs ‎14. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat Sugar and Health C. An Experiment on Mice D. Milk Drinking and Health ‎15. How does the author support the theme of the text?‎ ‎ A. By giving examples.‎ B. By stating arguments.‎ ‎ C. By explaining statistical data. ‎ D. By providing research results.‎ Passage 6‎ ‎ (2016•上海，C)Enough ＂meaningless drivel＂. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.‎ ‎ The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.‎ ‎ ＂The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,＂ says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.‎ ‎ It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis.＂we need to think through how we make that work in practice,＂ says Miller.‎ ‎ Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? ＂I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,＂ says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. ＂We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.＂ But what would happen in practice is ‎ another matter, he says.‎ Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. ＂We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,＂ he says.‎ Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says.‎ ‎ The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.‎ ‎73. What does the phrase ＂meaningless drivel＂ in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?‎ A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.‎ B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.‎ C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.‎ D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.‎ ‎74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts ‎ whether __________.‎ A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme B. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think C. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale D. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models ‎75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because __________.‎ A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years old B. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understand C. the information they collected could become more valuable in future D. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of ‎76. The writer advises users of social media to __________.‎ A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websites B. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemark C. take no further action if they can find a kitemark D. avoid providing too much personal information ‎77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?‎ A. Say no to social media? B. New security rules in operation?‎ C. Accept without reading? D. Administration matters!‎ 题组二(2015年高考真题)‎ Passage 1‎ ‎(2015·湖北,E)Science has a lot of uses. It can uncover laws of nature, cure diseases, make bombs, and help bridges to stand up. Indeed science is so good at what it does that there’s always a temptation(诱惑) to drag it into problems where it may not be helpful. David Brooks, author of The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of Love, Character, and Achievement, appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the temptation.‎ Brooks gained fame for several books. His latest book The Social Animal, however, is more ambitious and serious than his earlier books. It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics. The book focuses on big questions: What has science revealed about human nature? What are the sources of character? And why are some people happy and successful while others aren’t?‎ To answer these questions, Brooks surveys a wide range of disciplines(学科). Considering this, you might expect the book to be a dry recitation of facts. But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox(非常规的), and perhaps unfortunate, way. Instead of introducing scientific theories, he tells a story, within which he tries to make his points, perhaps in order to keep the reader’s attention. So as Harold and Erica, the hero and heroine in his story, live through childhood, we hear about the science of child development, and as they begin to date we hear about the theory of sexual attraction. Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters.‎ On the whole, Brooks’s story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect, his writing is mostly clear and, to be fair, some ‎ chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed, for instance, the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters, the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie eslewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.‎ ‎67. The author mentions the functions of science at the beginning of the passage to_________.‎ A. illustrate where science can be applied B. demonstrate the value of Brooks’s new book C. remind the reader of the importance of science D. explain why many writers use science in their works ‎68. According to the author, which of the following could be a strength of the book?‎ A. Its strong basis. B. Its convincing points.‎ C. Its clear writing. D. Its memorable characters.‎ ‎69. What is the author’s general attitude towards the book?‎ A. Contradictory. B. Supportive. C. Cautious. D. Critical.‎ ‎70. What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?‎ A. Problems with the book. B. Brooks’s life ‎ experiences.‎ C. Death of the characters. D. Brooks’s translation skills. ‎ Passage 2‎ ‎(2015•北京，D)Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.‎ An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys (调查) on this topic suggests that parents today continue to be ＂very＂ or ＂somewhat＂overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that today’s parents are trying to manage their children’s lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.‎ However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their ＂adult＂ children.‎ In the context (背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents’ involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn’t present a generation ago? Many studies show ‎ that older parents—today’s grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.‎ Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.‎ Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.‎ ‎1. The surveys inform us of__________.‎ A. the development of technology B. the changes of adult children’s behavior C. the parents’ over-protection of their college children D. the means and expenses of students’ communication ‎2. The writer believes that__________.‎ A. parents today are more protective than those in the past B. the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages C. technology explains greater involvement with their children D. parents’ changed attitudes lead to college children’s delayed independence ‎3. What is the best title for the passage?‎ A. Technology or Attitude B. Dependence or Independence C. Family Influences or Social Changes D. College Management or Communication Advancement ‎4. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?‎ Passage 3‎ ‎(2015•天津，D)Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty(强大的) forces will come to your aid.‎ Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.‎ ‎ On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.‎ Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than most of us realize.‎ Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college classmate of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player. ＂In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line,＂ said Tim. ＂I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet (子弹)— and stopped him cold.＂‎ Boldness — a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme — is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults. Confidence builds up. Surely, there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life; boldness in itself is no guarantee of success. But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.‎ So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities — and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.‎ ‎51. Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past?‎ A. He faced huge risks.‎ B. He lacked mighty forces.‎ C. Fear prevented him from trying.‎ D. Failure blocked his way to success.‎ ‎52. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?‎ A. Swallow more than you can digest.‎ B. Act slightly above your abilities.‎ C. Develop more mysterious powers.‎ D. Learn to make creative decisions.‎ ‎53. What was especially important for Tim’s successful defense in the football game?‎ A. His physical strength. B. His basic skill.‎ C. His real fear. D. His spiritual force.‎ ‎54. What can be learned from Paragraph 5?‎ A. Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.‎ B. Trying without success is meaningless.‎ C. Repeated failure creates a better life.‎ D. Boldness can be gained little by little.‎ ‎55. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?‎ A. To encourage people to be courageous. ‎ B. To advise people to build up physical power.‎ C. To tell people the ways to guarantee success.‎ D. To recommend people to develop more abilities.‎ Passage 4‎ ‎(2015•安徽，C)As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remembering less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.‎ In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know how the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.‎ In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the computer. The information was in a specific computer folder(文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remembered the folder location(位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called ＂transactive memory(交互记忆). ＂‎ According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor ‎ memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesn’t mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.‎ ‎64. The passage begins with two questions to __________.‎ A. introduce the main topic ‎ B. show the author’s attitude C. describe how to use the Internet D. explain how to store information ‎65. What can we learn about the first experiment?‎ A. The Sparrow’s team typed the information into a computer.‎ B. The two groups remembered the information equally well.‎ C. The first group did not try to remember the information.‎ D. The second group did not understand the information.‎ ‎66. In transactive memory, people __________.‎ A. keep the information in mind ‎ B. change the quantity of information C. organize information like a computer D. remember how to find the information ‎67. What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow’‎ s research?‎ A. We are using memory differently.‎ B. We are becoming more intelligent.‎ C. We have poorer memories than before.‎ D. We need a better way to access information.‎ Passage 5‎ ‎(2015•福建，C)Life can be so wonderful, full of adventure and joy. It can also be full of challenges, setbacks(挫折)and heartbreaks. Whatever our circumstances, we generally still have dreams, hopes and desires — that little something more we want for ourselves and our loved ones. Yet knowing we can have more can also create a problem, because when we go to change the way we do things, up come the old patterns and pitfalls(陷阱)that stopped us from seeking what we wanted in the first place.‎ This tension between what we feel we can have and what we’re seemingly able to have is the niggling(烦人的) suffering, the anxiety we feel. This is where we usually think it’s easier to just give up. But we’re never meant to let go of the part of us that knows we can have more. The intelligence behind that knowing is us — the real us. It’s the part that believes in life and its possibilities. If you drop that, you begin to feel a little ＂dead＂ inside because you’re dropping ＂you＂.‎ So, if we have this capability but somehow life seems to keep us stuck, how do we break these patterns?‎ Decide on a new course and make one decision at a time. This is ‎ good advice for a new adventure or just getting through today’s challenges.‎ While, deep down, we know we can do it, our mind — or the minds of those close to us — usually says we can’t. That isn’t a reason to stop, it’s just the mind, that little man or woman on your shoulder, trying to talk you out of something again. It has done it many times before. It’s all about starting simple and doing it now.‎ Decide and act before overthinking. When you do this you may feel a little, or large, release from the jail of your mind and you’ll be on your way.‎ ‎68. It can be inferred from the first two paragraphs that we should _________.‎ A. slow down and live a simple life B. be careful when we choose to change C. stick to our dreams under any circumstances D. be content with what we already have ‎69. What is the key to breaking the old patterns?‎ A. To focus on every detail.‎ B. To decide and take immediate action.‎ C. To listen to those close to us. ‎ D. To think twice before we act.‎ ‎70. Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?‎ A. Escape from your punishment.‎ B. Realization of your dreams.‎ C. Freedom from your tension.‎ D. Reduction of your expectations.‎ ‎71. What does the author intend to tell us?‎ A. It’s easier than we think to get what we want.‎ B. It’s important to learn to accept sufferings in life.‎ C. It’s impractical to change our way of thinking.‎ D. It’s harder than we expect to follow a new course.‎ 题组一(2016年高考真题)‎ Passage 1‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。‎ ‎41. A 目的意图题。根据文章第三段中的Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话)可知开头的对话是为了引入本文的主题， 故选A。‎ ‎42. D 推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about可知其主要危害是会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。‎ ‎43. A 细节理解题。根据文章第五段中的The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives ‎ us可知人们散播传言是因为它会给他们带来满足感，故选A。‎ ‎44. B 推理判断题。根据文章第六段中的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group可知他认为传言能帮助人们监督、观察自身的行为，故选B。‎ ‎45. D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have可知作者的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后行。故选D。‎ ‎【方法点拨】‎ 这是一篇议论文，题目设置以细节理解题为主。学生可以带着题目回到原文，能够在短文中画出解题依据是正确解题的关键，各位考生要谨记，在做阅读理解时要做到＂不见依据不做题＂。理由充分，依据凿实，这是不仅＂知其然＂，而且＂知其所以然＂的超高境界，是阅读水平提高的最大见证。那么如何能快速准确回到原文找到依据呢?‎ ‎1. 关键词定位法。‎ 这里说的关键词并不一定是中心词，而是在理解题干所问之后，在题干中能帮助你迅速回到原文的＂特征词＂。如43题的信息句是The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us,可知人们散播传言是因为它会带来满足感，和选项A里面的a feeling of pleasure对应。还有44题，题干中的Professor David Wilson可以定位到第六段的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviours in a group.可知，他认为传言能帮助人们观察自身的行为，所以答案是B。‎ ‎2. 自然段定位法。‎ 即命题者往往按照信息点在文中出现的先后来依次命制各个小题，也就是说，各题的答案信息常常在短文中依次出现，排在后面的小题，文中对应的信息点也在后面。例如，第1题往往位于一、二自然段，第2题会在第1题的答案信息之后且与第一题的位置最接近，第3题会在第2题的答案信息之后，往往在文中较为中间的地方，而第4题则位于文中较后的位置。最后一题(偶尔可能是第一题)一般是主旨题(包括给文章加标题、归纳写作目的)，这时，可能涉及全文内容。如41题，题目问文章的开头的作用，自然定位到第一段的内容，结合下文可以快速解答。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎【文章大意】人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂。类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体，在网络普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。‎ ‎32. A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media＂可知，像＂it bleeds＂这样的传统说法适用于大众媒体，故选A。‎ ‎33. C 推理判断题。根据＂you care a lot more how they react＂可知，你非常在乎朋友听完你讲的故事后的反应，根据＂You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂可知，你不想被当作一个＂Debbie Downer＂，说明Debbie Downer指的是＂一个不为他人考虑的人＂，故选C。‎ ‎34. B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的＂articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles＂可知，科技类的文章比非科技类的更有可能被人们讨论，故选B。‎ ‎35. D 标题选择题。根据第一段中的＂By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.＂可知，好消息在网络上传播得更快，影响更深远，‎ 说明文章主要讲的是好消息通过网络的传播，故选D。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎【文章大意】大学并不是温暖的家，也不能成为学生的家。大学时期应该是培养自主性和自我同一性的重要时期，大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的地方。‎ ‎67. B 观点态度题。根据第一段＂The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However...＂可知，作者认为，大学不应该成为孩子们依赖的＂家＂，说明作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子，故选B。‎ ‎68. A 词义猜测题。根据＂from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility＂可知，从受家庭的庇护到有自主性和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选A。‎ ‎69. D 推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除A；根据第四段＂If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing...＂可知，作者不赞成大学管理者约束学生的社会行为，排除B；大学不应该是一个无忧无虑的场所，排除C；大学应该是获得知识和促进学生成长的地方，故选D。‎ ‎70. C 篇章结构题。根据第四段＂Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.＂中的＂equally important＂和第五段的＂Moreover＂可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 一、 三类篇章结构题的出题方式 ‎1. 结构识辨: 此类组织结构题要求考生能够识别文章、段落的组织结构或行文方式。 结构识辨类组织结构题常见的题干表述方式如下： ‎ ‎●How is the text organized?‎ ‎●The author develops the passage mainly by________.‎ ‎●The text is mainly developed in the order of________.‎ ‎●Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? ‎ ‎2. 组织结构功能: 此类组织结构题要求考生判断文章或段落组织结构的功能、作用，其常见的题干表述方式如下：‎ ‎●The author quoted …words in... paragraph in order to make the article________.‎ ‎3. 结构推测: 此类组织结构题要求考生能够根据文章或段落的组织结构、行文方式或段落内容推测文章前后未呈现的写作内容。其常见的题干表述方式如下： ‎ ‎●What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?‎ ‎●Which of the following do you think has been discussed in the part before this selection?‎ 二、 解题策略 考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此，具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方面的相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。‎ 议论文总体上可以分为四类：‎ 第一类 ＂提出论点—分论点1—分论点2—分论点3……—结论＂；‎ 第二类 ＂引入段—导出论点—分点论述—结论＂；‎ 第三类 ＂提出问题—分析问题—解决问题＂；‎ 第四类 ＂提出反面观点—批驳反面观点—提出正面观点＂。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎【文章大意】本文以虚拟语气的问句形式开头，鼓励人们奉献自己的一些时间和精力去帮助别人，那么穷人的生活将会变得更好。‎ ‎24. B 词义猜测题。此处是说，梦想着能读懂别人心思，看穿墙，或者拥有超能力，这些可能听起来很荒唐，但是实际上它是你生活的价值的核心。故选B。‎ ‎25. C 细节理解题。根据第三段＂Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.＂可知每天在我们的工作中，我们会受到一些人的鼓舞，他们在做一些特别的事情来改善世界。故选C。‎ ‎26. B 推理判断题。综合第五段内容可知，作者想要告诉我们，提升自己，行动起来帮助别人。故选B。‎ ‎27. A 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，它已经改变了我们是谁，并将在以后的这些年里继续点燃我们对改善穷人生活的乐观情绪。故选A。‎ Passage 5‎ ‎【文章大意】本文介绍了晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系。‎ ‎12. B 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句中的＂Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime＂可知白天喝牛奶的老鼠会更焦虑一些。故选B。‎ ‎13. D 推理判断题。根据第六段中的＂taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night＂可知D项符合题意。‎ ‎14. A 主旨大意题。综合全文可知，本文讲的是晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系，故A项符合题意。‎ ‎15. D 推理判断题。根据前三段中的But now a study, Researchers have discovered that 和The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea可知作者是通过提供研究结果来支持文章主题的。故选D。‎ ‎【名师点拨】‎ 抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心 不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在文中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。比如第14小题就是考查主旨大意，根据第二段中的＂Researchers have discovered that ＂night milk＂ contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.＂可知， 研究者已经发现晚上牛奶包含更多的褪黑激素，这已经被证明能帮助人们感到困倦和减少焦虑可知A项符合题意。‎ Passage 6‎ ‎【文章大意】当我们在社交媒体上注册登记的时候，总会签署一些无意义的法律合同，文章就此现象展开了讨论，并列举了多人的不同观点。‎ ‎73. A 词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句可知很多社交媒体公司和用户签订了没有意义的法律合同，而这些合同是没有意义的废话，也起不到任何作用，很多用户根本没有仔细阅读合同的具体内容，故选A。‎ ‎74. B 推理判断题。根据第五段前两句＂Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? ‘I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,’…＂及本段最后一句可知Nigel ‎ Shadbolt认为如果我们去做相关调查，人们会认为他们会很注意这些认证标记的，但在实际操作中又是另一回事。故B项正确。‎ ‎75. D 推理判断题。根据第六段最后一句＂‘We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,’ he says.＂可知我们现在还不知道所签署的这些长期的无意义的合同未来会给他们带来什么样的影响，也不知道未来人们会怎么利用这样的信息。故D项正确。‎ ‎76. B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句＂If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.＂可知文章建议我们即使有认证标志，我们也应该认真阅读那些无意义的合同中的条款和内容，我们要知道我们所签署的协议的具体内容。故B正确。‎ ‎77. C 标题概括题。现在的网站中或者社交媒体软件中，我们在注册用户名或安装的时候，总会有一些合同或条约让我们签署。很多人从来都没有详细阅读这些合同条款就签名了。文章就此话题展开讨论，作者提出我们应该仔细阅读条款内容，然后再签名。故C项Accept without reading(未阅读就接受?)符合文章中心思想。其余三项与文章内容不贴切。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎ 主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。选择＂标题＂则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。‎ 文章标题的选择或拟定 ‎ ‎1. 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系； ‎ ‎2. 再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何； ‎ ‎3. 要注意题目是否过大或过小； ‎ ‎4. 要避免以下三种错误：①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小)；②过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；③以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。 ‎ ‎ 要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。 ‎ 以第【77】小题为例，现在的网站中或者社交媒体软件中，我们在注册用户名或安装的时候，总会有一些合同或条约让我们签署。很多人从来都没有详细阅读这些合同条款就签名了。作者提出我们应该仔细阅读条款内容，然后再签名。C项Accept without reading?(未阅读就接受?)符合文章中心思想。‎ 题组二(2015年高考真题)‎ Passage 1‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章先列举出科学的许多功能，接着指出科学有巨大的诱惑力，以致许多作家抵挡不住这种诱惑，在文学作品中运用到科学。并以Brooks的新书The Social Animal为例，批判地分析这本书的优势和不足。‎ ‎67. D 写作意图题。首段第一、二句首先列举出科学的许多功能，接着指出科学有巨大的诱惑力，以致许多作家抵挡不住这种诱惑，在文学作品中运用到科学。故选D项。‎ ‎68. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的＂…, his writing is mostly clear and, to be fair, some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed,…＂可知作者认为写作思路清晰是这本书的一大优势。故选C项。‎ ‎69. D 观点态度题。最后一段中的连词＂W hile＂之前是这本书的优势，其后作者指出了其不足，因此作者对这部书持批判的态度。故选D项。‎ ‎70. A 篇章结构题。文章最后一段中连词＂While＂后面的部分开始谈论这本书存在的问题，因此紧接着作者应该还是在写这本书的不足之处。故选A项。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1. 一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。2. 以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。3. 文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。考生应注意抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。同时，理清作为论据的诸多事例和理由之间以及它们和观点、结论之间的内在联系，把握文章的结构。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎【文章大意】本文以父母对上大学的成年子女过度保护的问题为例，提出了科技带来的一些改变容易被误认为态度的改变的论点。‎ ‎67. C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句可知，调查可知现在的父母在孩子上大学之后仍然非常或者在某种程度上过度地保护子女，故选C。‎ ‎68. C 观点态度题。第三段作者提出调查的结果并不能理解为现在的家长对孩子不放手，接下来的两段作者论述了出现这种结果的真正原因是科技的发展使得交流手段更丰富，成本更低廉。最后一段更是再次强调了这种观点。故选C。‎ ‎69. A 主旨大意题。由第一段第二句话可知，这种科技的改变容易被误认为态度的改变。第2—5段讨论到底是科技还是态度的改变，第6段再次明确表示是科技的改变。故选A。‎ ‎70. B ‎ 文章结构题。文章第一段是introduction，第二段是第一个论点，指出父母在子女生活中参与度提高的现象。第三段是第二个论点(关键词However)，指出通过调查并不能推断出父母未能对子女放手，分论点一是科技的进步导致父母对子女生活更多的参与，分论点二(关键词Furthermore)是子女经济不独立导致父母对子女生活的过多参与。最后一段总结。故选B。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 要想读懂议论文、理解作者的写作意图，关键在于是否能够把握议论文的三要素。首先，论点是作者对所论述事件的基本看法和立场，找准论点有助于把握文章的整体方向和理解文章主题的深层内涵；理清论据材料的内容能够帮助读者更深层次地理解论点的含义；论据是作者组织、运用论据的手法。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。作者联系自己的经历说明了大胆的重要性，并鼓励人们要有勇气和胆量。‎ ‎51. C 细节理解题。由第二段中的＂Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past...It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all＂可知，在过去，通常恐惧会阻止作者去尝试，他才实现不了目标，故C项正确。‎ ‎52. B 词义猜测题。根据上下文可知，勇敢就是吃掉比你确信你能吃的更多的东西的决定，由此可知画线部分表示你的行动要稍微超过你的能力，故B项正确。‎ ‎53. D 推理判断题。Tim的例子是用来证明第四段的主题句＂Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones＂的，由此可推断出对于Tim的成功防守，尤其重要的是他的精神力量，故D项正确。‎ ‎54. D ‎ ‎ 细节理解题。根据第五段前三句可知，勇敢不是一夜之间就可获得的。但它能在小时候被教授，在成年时形成，自信是逐渐建立起来的，由此可知勇敢是可以逐渐获得的，故D项正确。‎ ‎55. A 写作意图题。本文第一段就点明主题：要勇敢。然后下文论述了勇敢的重要性。最后一段再扣主题：努力活得稍微超过你的能力，那么你会发现你的能力比你希望的更大。由此可推断出作者写本文的目的是建议人们要勇敢，故A项正确。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎【文章大意】本文主要讲的是互联网给人类的记忆带来的影响。互联网用户越来越依赖互联网存储信息，人们这样做是否会丧失记忆事物的能力呢？专家怀疑互联网可能正在改变人们的记忆内容和记忆方式。‎ ‎64. A 推理判断题。本文通过＂are people remembering less＂以及＂why store it in your own personal memory, your brain＂这样的问题来导入下文两个实验要论证的主题。‎ ‎65. C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it＂可知，C项正确。‎ ‎66. D 细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句话＂Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called ‘transactive memory(交互记忆).’＂可知，答案为D项。‎ ‎67. A 推理判断题。从文中可知，由于人们现在知道因特网是可以存储信息的，故现在的人们不像过去那样记忆信息本身，而是记忆存储信息的位置，即现在人们在记忆的使用方面是不同的。‎ Passage 5‎ ‎【文章大意】生活充满了喜怒哀乐，也充满着挑战、挫折和心碎，无论境遇如何，我们都需要坚持自己的梦想与希望。‎ ‎68. C 推理判断题。根据文章开头两段的内容，尤其是第一段中的＂Whatever our circumstances, we generally still have dreams＂可知，作者告诫我们在任何情况下都必须坚持自己的梦想。‎ ‎69. B 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的＂Decide and act before overthinking＂可知，打破旧方式的关键是作出决定，并立刻采取行动。‎ ‎70. C 词义猜测题。结合画线部分所在句的语境可知，当你能做到这一点时，你可能就不会感到太紧张。tension 这一关键词在文章第二段的开头出现，是很好的暗示。‎ ‎71. A 写作意图题。文章开头部分讲到生活中有很多人遇到挫折后往往会放弃他们所追求的东西，但作者鼓励我们不要放弃，通过一些简单的做法就可以改变这一消极想法，因此可以看出追求梦想并非我们想象的那么困难。‎ 题组一 Passage 1‎ ‎(广东省汕头市金山中学2016届高三上学期期末考试)Why You Should Celebrate Your Mistakes When you make a mistake, big or small, cherish(珍视) it like it’s the most precious thing in the world, because in some ways, it is.‎ ‎ Most of us feel bad when we make mistakes, beat ourselves up about it, feel like failures, get mad at ourselves.‎ And that’s only natural: most of us have been taught from a young age that mistakes are bad, and that we should try to avoid mistakes. We’ve been scolded when we make mistakes at home, school and work. Maybe not always, but probably enough times to make feeling bad about ‎ mistakes an unconscious reaction. ‎ Yet without mistakes, we could not learn or grow. If you think about it that way, mistakes should be cherished and celebrated for being one of the most amazing things in the world: they make learning possible; they make growth and improvement possible.‎ ‎ By trial and error — trying things, making mistakes, and learning from those mistakes — we have figured out how to make electric light, to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, to fly.‎ ‎ Mistakes make walking possible for the smallest toddler, make speech possible, make works of genius possible.‎ ‎ Think about how we learn: we don’t just consume information about something and instantly know it or know how to do it. You don’t just read about painting, or writing, or computer programming, or baking, or playing the piano, and know how to do them right away. Instead, you get information about something, from reading or from another person or from observing usually...then you construct a model in your mind...then you test it out by trying it in the real world...then you make mistakes...then you revise the model based on the results of your real-world experimentation and repeat, making mistakes, learning from those mistakes, until you’ve pretty much learned how to do something. That’s how we learn as babies and toddlers, and how we learn as adults. Mistakes are how we learn to do something new, because if you succeed in something, it’s probably something you already knew how to do. You haven’t really grown much from that success — at most it’s the last step on your journey, not the whole journey. Most of the journey was made up of mistakes, if it’s a good journey.‎ ‎ So if you value learning, if you value growing and improving, then you should value mistakes. They are amazing things that make a world of brilliance possible.‎ ‎1. Why do most of us feel bad about making mistakes?‎ A. Because mistakes make us suffer a lot.‎ B. Because it’s a natural part in our life.‎ C. Because we’ve been taught so from a young age.‎ D. Because mistakes have ruined many people’s careers.‎ ‎2. According to the passage, what is the right attitude to mistakes?‎ A. We should try to avoid making mistakes.‎ B. We should owe great inventions mainly to mistakes.‎ C. We should treat mistakes as good chances to learn.‎ D. We should make feeling bad about mistakes an unconscious reaction.‎ ‎3. The underlined word ＂toddler＂ in Paragraph 5 probably means __________.‎ A. a small child learning to walk B. a kindergarten child learning to draw C. a primary school pupil learning to read D. a school teenager learning to write ‎4. We can learn from the passage that __________.‎ A. most of us can really grow from success B. growing and improving are based on mistakes C. we learn to make mistakes by trial and error D. we read about something and know how to do it right away Passage 2‎ ‎(辽宁省实验中学分校2016届高三12月月考)＂People are ruder today because they are rushed and more ‘time poor’ than ever before,＂ says Patsy Rowe, ＂ Manners have fallen off the radar(雷达).＂ Due to our strong attraction to electronic equipment it is a wonder that more people don’t wake up each morning and greet the singing birds with complaining about the noise. Here are some examples of rudeness.‎ Some people prefer to do almost everything over the Internet. To them, dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward. It feels very slow because humans don’t work at 4G speeds. When you have dinner with friends, you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone. We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings life-changing news, so taking calls and checking our texts are more important than talking to the people we are with. What is worse, some people even tend to send anonymous(匿名的)rude messages by email.‎ However, rudeness is never acceptable. Don’t assume it is OK to be rude if the person you’re in touch with won’t recognize you. If you have something awful to say, have the courage to face the person and say it, write a letter or email and sign it, or forget it. Upsetting people with unsigned messages is cruel and disgusting.‎ We shouldn’t blame technology for our shortcomings. Technology is here to help us, but we should not allow it to take over our lives.‎ ‎ An important step is acknowledging our shortcomings. People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners but it would be even more helpful if we’d publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.‎ ‎5. What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1?‎ A. People can tell good from bad behavior.‎ B. Radar is able to observe human behavior.‎ C. People care little about their behavior.‎ D. Radar can be used to predict human behavior.‎ ‎6. Some people are less willing to deal with humans because___________.‎ A. they are becoming less patient B. they are growing too independent C. they have to handle many important messages D. they have to follow an evolutionary step backward.‎ ‎7. The author thinks sending unsigned awful messages is ___________.‎ A. ridiculous B. disgusting C. acceptable D. reasonable ‎8. What can we learn from the last paragraph?‎ A. We should applaud good behavior.‎ B. Technology can never be blamed.‎ C. We should keep pointing out mistakes.‎ D. Technology will take over lives one day.‎ Passage 3‎ ‎(安徽省合肥一中、芜湖一中等六校教育研究会2016届高三第一次联考)School children are using mobile phone applications to do their homework, which seem to be increasing during summer vacations. But instead of blaming students for their behavior, we should say no to too much homework. This is important because by using mobile phone applications to do their homework, students don’t add much to their knowledge, says an article in Guangzhou-based Yangcheng Evening News. Excerpts (摘录):‎ ‎ Using mobile phone applications to do homework is no different from copying from someone else’s work. This is the opinion of a vast majority of teachers. Students who seek cell phone apps help to do their homework will pay dearly during major exams when they cannot seek the help of such applications, the teachers say.‎ ‎ The heavy load of homework Chinese students are burdened with, said to be the heaviest in the world, has led to the popularity of these applications.‎ ‎ Senior high school students in China rarely go to bed before 11 pm. A report in Shanghai published in 2013 showed that students in the city on average spend 28.2 hours in class every week, the 9th highest among 65 countries and regions surveyed. Also, they spend an average of 13.8 hours a week doing homework, most in the world.‎ ‎ There is no association between the amount of homework one does and the amount of knowledge one gathers. In fact, a research by Australian experts shows that the result is exactly the opposite: the more hours students spend doing homework, the less effective they will be in gaining knowledge.‎ ‎ The United States is one of the countries where students do little homework, but that has not damaged the country’s academic status in the world.‎ ‎ So, it’s time Chinese schools understood this fact and freed students of the unnecessary burden of homework.‎ ‎9. What’s the writer’s attitude toward the students’ using mobile phone applications to do their homework?‎ ‎ A. Supporting. B. Understanding. C. Scolding. D. Praising.‎ ‎10. The cause of the students’ using mobile phone applications to do their homework is______.‎ ‎ A. the heavy burden of homework B. the advance of modern technology ‎ C. the pressure of the students’ parents D. the influence of other countries ‎11. What does the underlined phrase ＂pay dearly＂ mean?‎ ‎ A. be rewarded B. be dismissed C. provide much money D. suffer a lot ‎12. Which of the following is probably the best title?‎ ‎ A. Free kids of the burden of homework.‎ ‎ B. Stop using mobile phones to do homework.‎ ‎ C. Spend less time to gain much knowledge.‎ D. Improve China’s academic status in the world.‎ Passage 4‎ ‎(2016·海淀区高三年级第一学期期末)Conventional wisdom is a major barrier to innovation that threatens the survival of companies everywhere. It’s based on the assumption that old ideas will always work, so they shouldn’t be challenged. While this may be a valid assumption in situations that don’t change, it’s unlikely to hold true in a changing situation. ‎ In today’s rapid changing global environment, old methods often don’t work, and stubbornly using them can lead to major problems. Most people seem to agree with conventional wisdom because it gives one a false sense of security. If everyone else believes it, then it must be true. Individuals who use conventional wisdom are certain that they are right, and being right is good. They want to continue using old ideas rather than take risks with changes that might not work. In 1977, Ken Olsen, co-founder and CEO of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), stated ＂There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home.＂ Despite being a dominant leader in the computer industry, DEC no longer exists.‎ People seem to forget that since innovation is a change, there can be no innovation without change. Unfortunately, conventional wisdom prevents leaders, followers and companies from changing and therefore innovating. If companies don’t innovate, but their competitors do, the future is likely to be problematic. Breaking from conventional wisdom has led to many of the most innovative companies and products in history across many industries, so it has a powerful effect on business success.‎ Ted Turner (founder of CNN) knew little, if anything, about the news business, but he knew it was inconvenient to watch news only at ‎ the dinner hour, as was common before CNN. Turner’s solution was to create a cable channel dedicated to news 24 hours a day. The news establishment reflected conventional wisdom at the time, and predicted his idea would fail because no one wanted to watch the news all day. However, it doesn’t take a rocket scientist to understand that viewers don’t have to watch the news all day for the CNN to work. Viewers just have to watch when they want to get information. Due to conventional thinking, the critics failed to recognize the opportunity that was clear to Ted. They assumed that only what was familiar to them could work in the future.‎ Conventional wisdom prevents creativity, flexibility and risk-taking, so unconventional leaders enthusiastically break from it. To survive, thrive and maintain competitive advantage, companies must be flexible when reacting to change. ‎ ‎13. DEC has disappeared probably because ___________.‎ ‎ A. the consumers didn’t like its products ‎ ‎ B. the leaders lacked the sense of security ‎ C. the CEO stuck to the conventional ideas ‎ D. the employees took many risks with changes ‎14. The founding of CNN is used as an example to prove ___________.‎ ‎ A. missing opportunities could lead to failure ‎ B. changing could contribute to business success ‎ C. watching news at the dinner hour is convenient ‎ D. conventional wisdom influences business success ‎15. What does the underlined part probably mean?‎ ‎ A. Rocket scientists can ensure the CNN works properly. ‎ ‎ B. Most of the viewers don’t like to watch the news at work.‎ ‎ C. It’s necessary to understand when people watch the news.‎ ‎ D. It’s easy to know people needn’t watch the news all the time.‎ ‎16. The passage is mainly written to tell us that ___________.‎ ‎ A. old methods are changing with time ‎ B. opportunities lead to business success ‎ C. conventional wisdom limits innovation ‎ D. successful companies need wise leaders 题组二 Passage 1‎ ‎(广东省华南师范大学附属中学、广东实验中学、深圳中学、广雅中学四校2016届高三上学期期末联考)When we give our kids holiday gifts, many of us can’t wait to hear their appreciative cries of ＂thank you!＂ once the wrapping gets ripped off. But here’s a tip: You’d be wise not to expect much gratitude from them for what they receive.‎ Gratitude can make us happier, healthier, and even fitter. But do the kids show their gratitude for the stuff we buy them? All the research I’ve done has convinced me that it won’t happen. One mom told me that when she asked her 16-year-old son to thank her for buying him a cellphone, he said, ＂But that’s what moms should do.＂ From a teenager’s angle, it’s a parent’s responsibility to take care of the family. According to Dunham, Yale’s assistant professor of ‎ psychology, ＂When teenagers code it that way, a gift is no longer something given freely and voluntarily＂— it’s just mom and dad living up to their obligation. ‎ Parents do have the right to demand good manners and children should thank sincerely whoever gives them something. But kids can’t know how blessed they are unless they have a basis for comparison. And they don’t learn that by a parent complaining that they’re ungrateful. We need to give our children the gift of a wider world view. Show by example that gratitude isn’t about stuff—which ultimately can’t make any of us happy anyway. It’s about realizing how lucky you are and paying your good fortune forward.‎ You can collect all the charitable appeals and sit down together with the kids to go through them. You set the budget for giving and the kids decide how it’s distributed. Once the conversation about gratitude gets started, it’s much easier to continue all year. Also you can set up a family routine at bedtime where kids describe three things that have made them grateful. When kids go off to college, you can text them a picture each week of something that inspires your appreciation.‎ Teaching children to focus on the positive and appreciate the good in their lives is perhaps the greatest gift we can give them. And we can all learn together that the things that really matter aren’t on sale at a department store.‎ ‎1. How do children respond when receiving gifts from their parents?‎ A. They show no interest in their parents’ gifts. ‎ B. They can’t wait to open their parents’ gifts.‎ C. They show much gratitude to their parents for the gifts.‎ D. They take their parents’ gifts for granted.‎ ‎2. To make children grateful for what they have, parents should _________.‎ ‎ A. live up to their obligation B. ask their children to have good manners C. teach their children by setting an example D. complain their children are ungrateful ‎3. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?‎ A. No gifts are greater than teaching children to be positive and grateful.‎ B. Children ought to realize how lucky they are to have considerate parents.‎ C. Children are supposed to decide how to distribute their own money ‎ D. It is easy for parents to start the conversation about gratitude.‎ ‎4. What’s the purpose of the author writing this text?‎ A. To explain the reason why children offer no gratitude to their parents.‎ B. To give advice to parents on how to help children develop gratitude.‎ C. To encourage parents to do things together with their children.‎ D. To remind parents of their responsibility to educate their children.‎ Passage 2‎ ‎(2016•冀州中学月考)It’s an annual argument. Do we or do we not go on holiday? My wife says no because we have no savings to save us. I say you only live once and we work hard and what’s the point if you can’t go on holiday. The joy of a recession (不景气) means no argument next year — we just won’t go.‎ Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday. A YouGov survey of 2,000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money. A recent research shows arguments about money were especially damaging to couples.‎ Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes money may be different things to men and women. ＂People can say the same things about money but have different ideas of what it’s for, ＂ he explains. ＂They’ll say it’s to save, to spend, for security, for freedom, to show someone you love them.＂ He says men are more likely to see money as a way of buying status and of showing their parents that they’ve achieved something.‎ ‎ ＂The biggest problem is that couples assume each other know what’s going on with their finances, but they don’t. There seems to be more of a taboo (禁忌) about talking about money than about death. But you both need to know what you’re doing, who’s paying what into ‎ the joint account and how much you keep separately. In a healthy relationship, you don’t have to agree about money, but you have to talk about it.＂‎ ‎5. What does the author say about going on holiday in Paragraph 1?‎ A. It will cost them too much money.‎ B. Few people can afford it without working hard.‎ C. It makes all the hard work worthwhile.‎ D. It is the chief cause of family quarrels.‎ ‎6. According to the text, what does Kim Stephenson believe?‎ A. Money is often a symbol of a person’s status.‎ B. Money means a great deal to both men and women.‎ C. Men and women spend money on different things.‎ D. Men and women view money in different ways.‎ ‎7. The author suggests that couples should________.‎ A. put their money together instead of keeping it separately B. discuss money matters to maintain a healthy relationship C. make efforts to reach agreement on their family budgets D. avoid arguing about money matters to remain romantic Passage 3‎ ‎(2016•武邑中学期中)Choosing the Right Resolution (决定)‎ Millions of Americans began 2016 with the same resolution they started 2015 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.‎ To reach our goal of losing weight — the output, we need to control what we eat — the input (输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construct goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution:＂I’ll stop having dessert for lunch＂ or ＂I’ll walk every day for 20 minutes＂. Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.‎ Recently a new science behind incentives (激励), including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on an exam, aside from general rules like ＂study harder＂. Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a wellset task over which they have much more control.‎ As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.‎ If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a café, for example. This is a well-specified action-based goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn’t a goal because it’s too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, don’t stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday.‎ In the long run, these new goals could become a habit.‎ ‎10. The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because________.‎ A. it is hard to achieve for most Americans B. it is focused too much on the result C. it is dependent on too many things D. it is based on actionable decisions ‎11. In Roland Fryer’s research, some students did better than the others because________.‎ A. they obeyed all the general rules B. they paid more attention to exams C. they were motivated by their classmates D. they were rewarded for reading some books ‎12. According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal?‎ A. ＂I’ll give up dessert.＂ ‎ B. ＂I’ll study harder.＂‎ C. ＂I’ll cut down my expenses.＂‎ D. ＂I’ll spend more time with my family.＂‎ ‎13. The writer strongly believes that we should ________.‎ A. develop good habits and focus on the outcome B. be optimistic about final goals and stick to them C. pick specific actions that can be turned into good habits D. set ambitious goals that can balance the input and output Passage 4‎ ‎(2016·广西桂林、崇左市高三下学期4月联合考试)A recent survey in the United States showed that the average family spent more money on its pets than on its children. Although rather shocking, it should not surprise anyone who has seen the doggy parlours(客厅) where loved pets rest. Are Americans unique in treating their little friends in this way? No, the English, too, pay more attention to their pets.‎ This can clearly be seen when we look at pet foods，which often contain more vitamins than human food. They certainly cost much. Last year the British public spent two hundred million pounds on pet food alone, to say nothing of veterinary bills or animal furniture. It is ‎ difficult not to feel angry about this when considering what the same amount could do for victims of starvation and poverty, so it’s not unusual for me to get hot under collar when I read an old man left all his money to his dog instead of his children.‎ There are a variety of reasons why I find pets-raising alarming. They cause physical problems. An example of this is New York where they have great difficulty getting rid of the mess that dogs leave on the streets. Many people find this funny, but in a number of large cities it is a major problem. Animals can cause disease, too. It is the threat of babies — a disease with no known cure.‎ Another problem is the carelessness of pet owners. Most little children want a dog or a cat，and they continually push their mothers and fathers until they get one. It is only when the ＂sweet little thing＂ has been brought home that the parents realize how much time and money must be spent on ＂Rover＂ or ＂Bonzo＂. Then they just abandon it. As a result, they are allowed to run free. English farmers lose hundreds of sheep a year, killed by someone’s pet and you must have read of children being hurt by some pets of their own.‎ Lastly, I would only suggest that we have got our priorities wrong and that something should be done about it. In my view, it’s time we stopped being sentimental about pets. I can see no reason why we should get upset when animals are cut up for medical experiments. This will lead us to discovering cures for serious human diseases, then I say,＂keep cutting!＂‎ ‎14. The doggy parlours are mentioned in the 1st paragraph to show ________. ‎ A. what costly lives the pets are living B. where Americans keep their pets C. why children love their pets so much D. how much pets depend on their masters ‎15. In the second paragraph ＂to get hot under the collar＂ probably means ________. ‎ A. getting quite hot B. becoming excited C. feeling extremely angry D. receiving a fashionable shirt ‎16. According to the author, in which field can animals be most useful?‎ A. Food. B. Sports. C. Entertainment. D. Medicine.‎ ‎17. What is the author’s attitude towards pets-raising?‎ A. Sympathetic. B. Opposed. C. Pitiful. D. Supportive.‎ 题组一 Passage 1‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，主要告诉我们错误的价值——错误可以让我们从中学到很多东西，错误可以促使我们成长，让我们进步。‎ ‎1. C 细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句可知，没有人喜欢犯错，这是很正常的事情，从很小的时候我们就被告知错误是不好的，所以我们都努力避免犯错。C项与上下文内容一致。‎ ‎2. C 推理判断题。根据第三段第二句＂If you think about it that way, mistakes should be cherished and celebrated for being one of the most amazing things in the world. They make learning possible; they make growth and improvement possible.＂可知我们要珍视错误，因为错误是我们学习的好机会，我们要好好珍惜，故C正确。‎ ‎3. A 推理判断题。根据＂Mistakes make walking possible for the smallest toddler, make speech possible, and make works of genius possible.＂可知犯错可以让最小的toddler步行成为可能，什么样的人需要学习步行？只有孩子，所以该词指学习走路的孩子，故A正确。‎ ‎4. B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段＂So if you value learning，if you value growing and improving，then you should value mistakes.＂可知如果我们珍惜这样的学习，珍惜成长和提高的机会，那么我们就应该珍惜错误，因为我们的成长和提高是建立在错误的基础之上的。故B正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 第3题属于词义猜测题。在做词义猜测题时，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义，因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。猜测词义时，要掌握以下三个做题要领和八种解题技巧： ‎ 三个做题要领：‎ ‎1. 文中找线索或信息词；‎ ‎2. 根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意； ‎ ‎3. 根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中的确切意思。 ‎ 八种解题技巧：‎ 技巧1 定义法：一般通过定义/定语从句/词组或同位语从句来确定词义。 ‎ 技巧2 对比法：利用文中的反义词、表对比关系的词猜测词义。 ‎ 技巧3 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。‎ 技巧4 例举法：利用文中所举的例子猜测词义。‎ 技巧5 构词法：在猜测词义的过程中，我们还可以利用构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。‎ 技巧6 根据文段中出现的同义、近义或反义词的意思进行判断。‎ 技巧7 根据句子结构进行判断。 ‎ 技巧8 根据文章的背景进行判断。‎ 本文就是根据文中的线索或信息词walking判断出该词是指＂a small child learning to walk＂，因为小孩子才要学习走路。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎【文章大意】本文主要叙述当今社会中人与人之间的交往越来越少，美好的行为越来越少见，并分析了具体原因——新技术的运用，最后倡导我们多弘扬正能量。‎ ‎5. C 词义猜测题。根据＂Manners have fallen off the radar(雷达).＂(礼貌已经从雷达中消失了)可知该句说明现在很多人都不讲礼貌。结合第一段其余内容可知是在分析人们不讲礼貌的原因。故C正确。‎ ‎6. A 推理判断题。根据第二段第三句＂It feels very slow because humans don’t work at 4G speeds.＂可知现在的人不愿意与他人交流，主要是因为嫌回应的速度不够快，也就是没有耐心。故A正确。‎ ‎7. B 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，发匿名短信给别人是令人厌恶的事情，故B正确。‎ ‎8. A 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句可知如果我们看见好的行为，表扬这些好的行为更重要，因为弘扬正能量比批评糟糕的行为更有意义，故A正确。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，介绍了由于学生作业太多，学习负担太重而开始使用手机应用程序完成作业的现象，由此号召学校认真对待这种现象，减轻学生的课业负担。‎ ‎9. B 观点态度题。根据第一段中的＂But instead of blaming students for their behavior, we should say no to much homework＂和下文作者呼吁减轻课业负担可判断，作者对学生用手机应用程序做作业是理解的，故选B。‎ ‎10. A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的＂The heavy load of homework Chinese students are burdened with, said to be the heaviest in the world, has led to the popularity of these applications.＂可知作业太多是造成这种状况的原因，故选A。‎ ‎11. D 推理判断题。从文章第一段中的＂This is important because by using mobile phone applications to do their homework, students don’t add much to their knowledge＂可知学生用手机应用程序做作业不会增长知识，由此判断当考试不能使用手机的时候，学生会受害不浅，考试不及格，选D。‎ ‎12. A 主旨大意题。文章通过介绍学生使用手机应用程序完成作业这件事来引出减轻学生作业负担这一话题，由此判断选A。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎【文章大意】本文讲述的是传统思想阻碍了经济的发展以及企业打破传统思想的必要性。‎ ‎13. C 推理判断题。根据第二段最后三句可知，DEC的CEO认为私人家里不应该有电脑，不久后DEC就消失了，故选C。‎ ‎14. B 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句＂Ted Turner (founder of CNN) knew little, if anything, about the news business, but he knew it was inconvenient to watch news only at the dinner hour, as was common before CNN.＂可知CNN的创始人Ted Turner知道只在晚饭看新闻是不方便的。所以接下来就有了CNN，所以说改变是有益于生意的发展。故选B。‎ ‎15. D 细节理解题。画线句子＂it doesn’t take a rocket scientist to understand that viewers don’t have to watch the news all day for the CNN to work.＂中的＂doesn’t take a rocket scientist to understand＂意为容易理解。故选D。‎ ‎16. C 目的意图题。根据最后一段内容可知，传统思想阻碍了创造力、灵活性和冒险精神，所以不传统的领导者满腔热情地打破它。为了生存、发展和保持竞争力，公司在应对变化时必须要灵活。故选C。‎ 题组二 Passage 1‎ ‎【文章大意】本文属于议论文阅读，告诉我们现代社会中很多孩子对于自己得到的事物没有一颗感恩之心，作者针对这个现象给了我们一些建议，同时告诉我们教给孩子关注生活中积极的事情并感激生活中那些美好的事物是父母亲给孩子的最好礼物。‎ ‎1. D 推理判断题。根据第二段第五句＂From a teenager’s angle, it’s a parent’s responsibility to take care of the family.＂可知从年轻人的角度出发，照顾家人是父母亲的责任，也就是说，他们把父母亲给他们礼物当成是理所当然的事情。故D正确。‎ ‎2. C 细节理解题。根据第三段第五句＂Show by example that gratitude isn’t about stuff—which ultimately can’t make any of us happy anyway.＂可知作者建议父母亲通过给出例子向孩子证明感激不是金钱可以换来的，因为金钱是不能让我们开心的，也就是说建议我们用举例的方式。故C正确。‎ ‎3. A 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句＂Teaching children to focus on the positive and appreciate the good in their lives is perhaps the greatest gift we can give them.＂可知教给孩子关注生活中积极的事情并感激生活中那些美好的事物是父母亲给孩子的最好礼物，故A项＂没有什么比教会孩子积极乐观有感恩心更重要的礼物了。＂正确。‎ ‎4. B 目的意图题。作者在本文中告诉我们现代社会中很多孩子对于自己得到的事物没有一颗感恩之心，作者在文章三、四段中对于这个现象给出了我们一些建议，如给孩子例子来证明金钱不能换来感激之情，同时告诉我们教给孩子关注生活中积极的事情并感激生活中那些美好的事物是父母亲给孩子的最好礼物。所以B项内容正确。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎【文章大意】文章通过度假的问题引入话题，男人和女人对钱的看法是不一样的，夫妻应该就钱的问题多进行讨论，这样可以建立健康的关系。‎ ‎5. C　细节理解题。根据第一段第四句＂I say you only live once and we work hard and what’s the point if you can’t go on holiday.＂可知，我们的努力工作是值得去度假的，故选C。‎ ‎6. D　细节理解题。根据第三段前两句＂Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes money may be different things to men and women. ‘People can say the same things about money but have different ideas of what it’s for,’ he explains.＂可知，Kim Stephenson认为男人和女人对钱的看法是不一样的，故选D。根据第三段最后一句＂He says men are more likely to see money as a way of buying status...＂可知，男人更有可能把钱视为地位的象征，故A项错误；B、C两项在文章中没有提到。‎ ‎7. B　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句＂In a healthy relationship, you don’t have to agree about money, but you have to talk about it.＂可知，作者认为夫妻应该就钱的问题多讨论，这样可以建立健康的关系，故选B。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎【文章大意】作者认为＂减肥＂不是一个很有效的目标，并具体解释了设立什么样的目标更加有效。‎ ‎10. B　细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句＂To reach our goal of losing weight — the output, we need to control what we eat — the input. That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.＂可知将减肥设定为目标过于注重输出，输出(output)相当于结果(result)，故选择B项。‎ ‎11. D　细节理解题。通读第三段的相关内容特别是最后一句可知本题应选择D项。‎ ‎12. A　推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句＂Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.＂可知设立目标应具体化，不能过于关注结果。四个选项中A项＂我要放弃甜食＂很具体，是一个很好的目标；B项＂我要更努力地学习＂，C项＂我要削减开支＂和D项＂我要花更多的时间陪家人＂都很笼统，不容易实施，故选择A项。‎ ‎13. C　推理判断题。作者在文章的倒数第二段举例说明了设立目标应挑选具体的行动，最后一段又再次强调＂In the long run, these new goals could become a habit.＂，即长远来看，这些新的目标(具体的行动)能成为一种习惯。因此本题选择C项。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。作者通过介绍饲养宠物存在的种种问题(譬如饲养成本昂贵、宠物致人受伤、传染疾病等)，表达了自己反对饲养宠物，而是应当将宠物用于贡献人类医学实验的观点。‎ ‎14. A　推理判断题。＂the doggy parlours＂所在的句子就是为了进一步阐释第一句＂A recent survey in the United States showed that the average family spent more money on its pets than on its children.＂，即如今人们在饲养宠物上花销巨大的现状。故答案为A。‎ ‎15. C　推理判断题。由前一句＂It is difficult not to feel angry about this when considering what the same amount could do for victims of starvation and poverty＂可知作者对把大量钱财花在宠物身上的行为感到非常气愤。因此答案为C。‎ ‎16. D　推理判断题。从本文的最后两句＂I can see no reason why we should get upset...This will lead us to discovering cures for serious human diseases...＂可知作者认为宠物在人类医学领域可以起着有益的作用。因此答案为D。‎ ‎17. B　观点态度题。文章前面介绍了成本昂贵、传染疾病等饲养宠物的危害，后面又提到应把宠物用于贡献人类医学领域中去，故而可以看出作者对于饲养宠物的做法持反对态度。因此答案为B。‎