2020届二轮复习语法突破考点九定语从句和名词性从句课件（广东专用）

2020届二轮复习语法突破考点九定语从句和名词性从句课件（广东专用）

考点九　定语从句和名词性从句 - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 第 1 步 　 技法探究 一、定语从句 ( 一 ) 关系词的用法 引导定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词两类。关系词在定语从句中起连接作用 , 同时代替先行词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语成分。 - 5 - - 6 - 例 :The people who called yesterday want to buy the house. 例 :The author(whom)you criticized has written a letter in reply. 例 :Do you know the girl whose father is a doctor? 例 :The person that you talked about just now is Mr Liu. 例 :Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 例 :Tom was late for work again this morning,which made the boss angry. 例 :As is known to all,China is the biggest developing country in the world. 例 :I still remember the day when(on which)I first came to this school. 例 :This is the small village where(in which)he was born. 例 :The reason why(for which)he refused the invitation is not clear. 注意 : 作宾语的关系代词可以省略 , 但在介词后作宾语的关系代词不可以省略 ; 关系副词一般可用 “ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 代替。 - 7 - ( 二 ) 关系代词 that 与 which 的用法区别 1. 只用 that 的情况 (1) 当先行词既有人也有物时。 例 :I can still remember the teacher and his lessons that give me a most lasting impression. (2) 先行词前有序数词 ,the only,the last,the very( 恰恰 , 正好 ), any,few,little,no,all 或形容词的最高级修饰 , 或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词的最高级时。 例 :The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. This is the most interesting film that I have seen. (3) 当先行词是不定代词 , 或先行词被不定代词修饰时。 例 :Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said? - 8 - (4) 当主句是以 which 或 who 开头的疑问句 , 或有一个定语从句已经由 which 引导时。 例 :Who is the man that is standing there? They secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause pollution. - 9 - 2. 只用 which 的情况 (1)“ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 结构中指物的关系代词只能用 which( 指人时用 whom) 。 例 :This is the school in which I studied 10 years ago. (2) 在非限制性定语从句中指物的关系代词只能用 which 。 例 :The meeting was put off,which was actually what we wanted. (3) 当先行词本身就是 that 时。 例 :What ’ s that which flashed in the sky just now? - 10 - ( 三 )“ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 引导的定语从句 定语从句中的介词或定语从句的谓语部分中的介词有时会提到关系代词前面 , 形成 “ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 的结构。使用该结构时要注意以下几个问题 : 1. 介词的确定 该结构中的介词应依据定语从句的谓语部分的习惯搭配或介词与先行词的搭配来确定。 例 :Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?( 根据 shake hands with... 确定 ) 例 :He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.( 根据先行词的需要确定 , 即 through the telescope) - 11 - 2. 关系代词的使用 介词放在关系代词之前时 , 关系代词不用 that 。指物时用 which, 指人时用 whom, 作定语时用 whose 。 例 :The factory in which he once worked is torn down. The woman to whom I talked just now is my English teacher. Last month,part of the province was struck by floods, from whose effects the people are still suffering. 3.“ 不定代词或数词 +of+ 关系代词 ” 结构 “ 不定代词或数词 +of+ 关系代词 ” 常在定语从句中作主语 , 说明整体中的一部分。 例 :China has a lot of islands,one of which is Taiwan. There are a lot of students here,none of whom like the film. - 12 - 4.“ 名词 +of which” 结构 “ 名词 +of which” 常代替 “whose+ 名词 ” 在定语从句中作定语。 例 :I saw some trees,the leaves of which(=whose leaves) were black with disease. He mentioned a book,the title of which(=whose title) I ’ ve forgotten. 5.“ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 结构的省略 当主从句主语一致时 ,“ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 引导的定语从句可以省略成 “ 介词 + 关系代词 + 不定式 ” 结构。 例 :I have a computer with which I can look for much information.→I have a computer with which to look for much information. - 13 - ( 四 ) which 和 as 引导非限制性定语从句的区别 当先行词不是主句中的某个词而是整个主句时 , 关系代词用 which 或 as, 但二者的用法也有区别。 1.which 引导的非限制性定语从句一般跟在主句之后 , 而 as 引导的从句可在主句前、主句后 , 也可以在主句中间。 例 :I failed again in the match,which was a great pity. As we had expected,he opposed the plan. - 14 - 2.which 通常意为 “ 这 ; 这一点 ”,as 通常表示说话人的态度、看法、解释等 , 意为 “ 正如 ” 。 例 :He sold his bicycle,which surprised me. As we know,smoking is harmful to our health.=Smoking is harmful to our health,as we know. 注意 : 有时限制性定语从句也可用 as 引导 , 但此时先行词前一般有 the same,as,such,so 等词修饰。 3.which 引导的此类定语从句 , 与前面的主句往往存在着 “ 因果 ” 逻辑关系 , 主句为 “ 因 ”,which 引导的定语从句表示 “ 果 ” 。 例 :Jim is addicted to computer games,which upsets his parents very much. - 15 - ( 五 ) 定语从句与同位语从句的区别 (1)that 引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别 引导定语从句的关系代词 that 在定语从句中充当主语或宾语 , 充当宾语时 that 可省略 , 指物时大多可与 which 互换 ; 引导同位语从句的 that 在从句中不充当任何成分 , 只起引导作用 , 且 that 不可省略。 例 :The news(that)they told me made me excited.( 定语从句 ) 例 :The news that our team won made me excited.( 同位语从句 ) (2) when,where,why 引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别 when,where,why 引导定语从句时 , 引导词在从句中充当状语 , 被修饰词必须是指时间、地点、原因的名词 ; 而引导同位语从句时 , 引导词虽然也在从句中作状语 , 但是被修饰词通常是表示抽象意义的名词 , 如 idea,question,problem 等。 例 :I have no idea where his birthday party will be held.( 同位语从句 ) 例 :He showed me the place where he found the wallet.( 定语从句 ) - 16 - 二、名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。每一种从句都有自己的引导词 , 引导词都位于从句句首 , 且从句使用陈述语序。 ( 一 ) 名词性从句的引导词 - 17 - - 18 - 例 :The trouble is that we are short of money. 例 :He hasn ’ t decided whether he will go there. 例 :Do you know who has got first prize? 例 :What we need is more practice. 例 :Whoever has helped to save the drowning boy is worth praising. 例 :When he will go abroad hasn ’ t been decided yet. 例 :No one knew why he made such a mistake. - 19 - ( 二 ) 名词性从句的类别 1. 主语从句 (1) 主语从句多放在主句谓语动词前 , 构成 : 主语从句 + 谓语动词 + 其他 例 :That he passed the driving test made us very happy. Who will take over the company has not been decided yet. (2)it 作形式主语 , 常见的结构有 : It+be + 形容词 +that 从句 ; It+be + 名词 ( 词组 )+that 从句 ; It+be + 过去分词 +that 从句 ; It+occur /matter 等不及物动词 +that 从句 例 :It is certain that you will pass the college entrance exam. It is a pity that I missed the party held last night. It is reported that the accident was caused by carelessness. It had never occurred to him that he might be falling in love with her. - 20 - 2. 表语从句 (1) 表语从句跟在系动词后 , 构成 : 主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句 例 :The beautiful views and the friendly people are what newcomers like in San Francisco. (2)because 引导的表语从句强调原因 , 而 why 引导的表语从句强调结果。 例 :I think it ’ s because you ’ re careless. He was ill.That ’ s why he was absent. (3)The reason why...+ be+that 从句 例 :The reason why he was absent was that he was ill. (4)What 从句 + be+that 从句 例 :What comforted the young mother was that the baby came to life. (5)It looks/seems as if/as though 从句 例 :It looks as if it is going to rain. - 21 - 3. 宾语从句 (1) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语从句 主语 + 不及物动词 + 介词 + 宾语从句 例 :I know that he is an intelligent and hard-working boy. He often thinks of how he can make his class vivid and lively. (2)it 作形式宾语 , 宾语从句后置。常用的谓语动词有 : make,think,feel,find,consider 等。 例 :I find it important that we should keep calm in danger. (3) 有些动词不能直接跟宾语从句 , 需要借助形式宾语 it 。常见的有 like,dislike,hate,love,enjoy,appreciate 等。 例 :I hate it when people speak with their mouth full. I would appreciate it if you could stay for lunch. - 22 - (4) 在 think,believe,suppose,expect 等动词后的宾语从句若是否定的 , 就将否定词转移到主句谓语动词上。 例 :I don ’ t think your answers are right. I don ’ t believe she will attend the meeting. - 23 - 4. 同位语从句 (1) 跟在名词后 , 对名词的内容给予说明。常见的名词有 fact,idea,news,truth,hope,doubt,suggestion,belief,evidence 等。 例 :The fact that she is good at English makes her the right person for the job. I have a feeling that one day we will succeed. (2) 同位语从句与名词之间有时会被句子的其他成分隔开 , 形成间隔性同位语从句。 例 :Word came that our team had won the game. - 24 - ( 三 )whether 和 if 引导名词性从句的区别 whether 和 if 引导宾语从句时大多数情况下可以通用 , 但其他情况下二者还是有一定的区别。下列情况下一般用 whether 不用 if: (1) 引导主语从句并位于句首时 例 :Whether she is coming doesn ’ t matter much. (2) 引导表语从句和同位语从句时 例 :What we want to know is whether he will give a speech to us tomorrow. 例 :They asked me the question whether the work was worth doing. (3) 引导介词的宾语从句时 例 :I ’ m not interested in whether he will come or not. (4) 引导 discuss 的宾语从句时 例 :They will have a meeting to discuss whether they should close the shop. - 25 - (5) 与 or not 连用时 例 :There were times when I wondered whether or not we would get there. ( 四 ) whatever,whoever,whichever 的用法 wh -ever 引导名词性从句表示泛指 , 含有 “ 任何 ……” 之意 , 有时也表示疑问 ; 而 what,who,which 则表示特指意义。 例 :Whoever did this will sooner or later be caught and will be punished. 例 :I believe whatever he told me. 例 :I believe what he told me. - 26 - 第 2 步 　 真题试做 1 .(2019· 广东 )He lived on 　　　　 the villagers gave him every day.  2 .(2018· 广东 )Unlike human beings 　　 　　 need to sleep, robots can work 24 hours a day.  3 .(2017· 广东 )She likes to travel and meet new people 　　　　 have their own opinions that are different from hers.  what 解析 : 此处介词 on 后面是一个宾语从句 , 从句中谓语动词跟双宾语 , 所以引导词其双重作用 , 故答案为 what 。 who/that 解析 : 空格处引导定语从句 , 修饰指代人的先行词 human beings; 空格处在定语从句中充当主语 , 故用 who 或 that 。 who 解析 : 先行词是 people, 指人 , 在定语从句中作宾语 , 关系词用 who 。 - 27 - 4 .(2017· 广东 )He asked me 　　　　 I knew anything about dogs and collars( 颈圈 ), 　　　　 actually I was quite familiar with.  5 .(2018· 课标高考 Ⅰ ) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 　　　 　 showed a mere five to ten minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.  if which 解析 : 此处是 if 引导的宾语从句。 if 意为 “ 是否 ”, 从句的时态通常要和主句保持一致 , 所以第一个空填 if 。逗号后是非限制性定语从句 , 关系代词指物 , 所以第二个空填 which 。 that/which 解析 : 先行词为 study, 且在从句中作主语 , 故填 that 或 which 。 - 28 - 7 .(2018· 浙江 6 月高考 )Many westerners 　　　　 come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.  6 .(2018· 课标高考 Ⅲ )I’m not sure 　　　　 is more frightened, me or the female gorilla( 大猩猩 )that suddenly appears out of nowhere.  who 解析 : I’m not sure 后面为宾语从句。作者不知道自己和那头不知道突然从哪儿出来的雌猩猩 “ 谁 ” 更可怕。故用 who 。 who/that 解析 : 先行词是 many westerners, 指代人 , 定语从句中缺少主语 , 故填关系代词 who/that 。 8 .(2017· 课标高考 Ⅰ )Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 　　　　 is not good for the health.  which 解析 : 设空处引导非限制性定语从句 , 指代主句的内容 , 故用 which 。 - 29 - 9 .(2017· 课标高考 Ⅲ )But Sarah, 　　　　 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.  who 解析 : 此处为非限制性定语从句 , 先行词是 Sarah, 所填词在从句中作主语 , 因此用 who 引导。 10 .(2017· 北京高考 )The little problems 　　 　　 we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.  that/which 解析 : 定语从句中先行词指事物 , 关系词用 that 或 which 。 - 30 - 第 3 步 　 模拟通关 1 .(2019· 广东中山基础测试 )If words like beautiful and elegant apply to the majority of actresses in Hollywood,brainy and intelligent only apply to a few,one of 　　　　 is Natalie Portman.  2 .(2019· 广东佛山联考 )In the place 　　　　 people work,addicted players are often seen as lazy,not sick;their bosses are not sympathetic to their addiction.  whom 解析 : 分析句子结构可知 , 本句为定语从句 , 此处先行词是 a few(of actresses), 引导词在从句中作主语 , 位于介词后 , 故填关系代词 whom 。 where 解析 : 分析句子结构可知 , 此处是定语从句 , 先行词是 the place, 在从句中作地点状语 , 故填 where 。 - 31 - 3 .(2019· 广东揭阳期末考试 )At that time,I lived in a cottage alongside the volcano with a novelist, 　　　　 came for the appreciation of its eruption.  who 解析 : 分析句子结构可知 , 此处是非限制性定语从句 , 先行词是 a novelist, 引导词在句中作主语 , 故填 who 。 4 .(2019· 广东广州十校联考 )Eventually his uncle persuaded his mother to send him to Cambridge University, 　　　　 he became so absorbed in his studies that he often forgot to eat or sleep.  where 解析 : 分析句子结构可知 , 此处是定语从句 , 先行词是 Cambridge University, 在从句中作地点状语 , 故填 where 。 - 32 - 5 .(2019· 广东肇庆检测 )They think it may be something unusual 　　　　 lives in the water.  6 .(2019· 广东佛山期末 )To me music is more than just 　　　　 we listen to or play. It’s something to feel.  that 解析 : 空格后的句子是不定代词 something 的定语 , 所填词引导从句并在从句中作主语 , 故用 that 。 what 解析 : 此处表示 “ 对我来说 , 音乐不仅仅是我们所听或演奏的东西。它是我们应用心去感知的东西 ” 。所填词引导表语从句 , 在从句中作宾语 , 指事物 , 故用 what 。 7 .(2019· 广东肇庆模拟 ) 　　　　 were on your mind during the days are still there at night.  What 解析 : 分析句子结构可知 , 本句为主语从句 , 从句中缺少主语成分 , 故填 What 。 - 33 - 8 .(2019· 广东惠州基础测试 ) 　　　　 is more amazing is that Portman co-authored two research papers that were published in professional scientific journals.  9 .(2019· 广东广州联考 )In some companies,the addicted players are allowed to play video games only on stressful days,but their bosses will check their computers from time to time to make sure 　　　　 they are doing their work.  What 解析 : 分析句子结构可知 , 本句为主语从句 , 从句中缺少主语成分 , 故填 What 。 that 解析 : 分析句子结构可知 , 此处应用 that 引导宾语从句 ,that 在从句中不作成分。 - 34 - 10 .(2019· 广东潮州联考 )It is a popular belief 　　　　 on one occasion he was sitting under an apple tree when an apple fell on his head,which helped him to understand the laws of gravity.  11 .(2019· 广东珠海模拟 )People who visited me used to ask me 　　　　 I could sleep,“Doesn’t the sound of the traffic bother you?How can you get used to so much noise?”  12 .(2019· 广东东莞检测 )That is 　　　　 the eagle learned to believe.  that 解析 : 分析句子结构可知 ,belief 后为同位语从句 , 解释说明 belief 的具体内容 , 故填 that 。 how 解析 : 所填词引导 ask 的宾语从句 , 而且需要表示 “ 如何 ” 之意 , 故填 how 。 what 解析 : 所填词引导表语从句并在从句中作动词 believe 的宾语 , 用 what 。 - 35 - 13 .(2019· 广东汕头月考 )That just goes to show that as a matter of fact when you really love a person you don’t care 　　　　 nationality he or she is.  14 .(2019· 广东江门调研 )You know 　　　　 teenage girls are like.  15 .(2019· 广东汕头六校期末联考 )I didn’t know 　　　　 he was at home instead of mom.  what 解析 : care 的宾语从句的引导词需要作名词 nationality 的定语 , 表示 “ 什么国籍 ”, 故用 what 。 what 解析 : know 的宾语从句的引导词需要在从句中作 like 的宾语 , 故用 what 。 why 解析 : 从句的引导词表示原因 , 故用 why 。