2021届通用版高考英语一轮语法复习专练学案：考点二十一说理议论类练习

2021届通用版高考英语一轮语法复习专练学案：考点二十一说理议论类练习

考点二十一　说理议论类 A 限时7分钟 I recently came in contact with celebrity magazines. My family isn't one to give money for pictures of skinny, drunk celebrities with paragraphs about their relationships and shopping cart times. Thus, I was excited to finally get a chance to read about other people's attractive yet troubled lives.‎ Right away I noticed how each magazine seemed to be a copy of the other. They had headlines and pictures that were almost the same. Still, the pictures of perfectly constructed faces with cute designer outfits going on with their daily lives made me read on.‎ Wait, celebrities taking their dogs for a walk? Spending an afternoon at a park? All of these things seemed so ordinary—things my own family and I do together often. I suddenly realized how unextraordinary the people in these magazines were. They are simply normal people who happen to have a cool job and much money. For some reason, pictures of them doing things like buying milk at the store appeal to millions of readers. Then, when these regular people mess up, their mistakes are painted onto hundreds of newspapers and Internet sites.‎ What if every time we made a mistake, it was made public? Have you ever failed a test? Imagine seeing pictures of you on the front of a newspaper with headlines like, “Regular Schooling Isn't Enough”. You'd be embarrassed. Now, I'm not necessarily taking the celebrity's side. I'm more realizing the fact that these people we are crazy about are just ordinary human beings with many photographs following them around. Role models? I'd think not. Personally, I'd rather look up to people in any community who have accomplished a lot instead of an ordinary person walking his dog in Berverly Hills.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了作者通过阅读时尚杂志，发现名人只不过是受大家关注的普通人而已，而作者更喜欢的是做了大事的普通人，进而呼吁我们应该正确看待名人。‎ ‎1．What do we know about the author's family?‎ A．They admire celebrities very much.‎ B．They often buy celebrity magazines.‎ C．They are not interested in celebrities.‎ D．They are curious about the life of celebrities.‎ 答案：C　推理判断题。根据第一段第二句可推知，作者家人对名人的八卦新闻不感兴趣，故选C。‎ ‎2．What does the author think of celebrities?‎ A．They live a happy life.‎ B．They seldom do usual things.‎ C．They deserve people's admiration.‎ D．They are just ordinary people like us.‎ 答案：D　细节理解题。根据第三段第四、五句可知，作者突然明白，名人都是些普通人，只不过他们从事着看似光鲜、收入丰厚的工作，故选D。‎ ‎3．Who is most likely to be the author's role model?‎ A．Celebrities who live an ordinary life.‎ B．Common people who do great things.‎ C．Extraordinary people who accomplish a lot.‎ D．People who make great contributions to communities.‎ 答案：B　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，作者更喜欢以那些虽生活在社区里，但能做出不平凡事情的普通人为榜样，而不是那些虽生活在Berverly Hills而事实上很平庸的人，结合选项可知选B。‎ ‎4．What is the author's purpose in writing the text?‎ A．To describe the actual life of celebrities.‎ B．To ask us to be realistic about others' mistakes.‎ C．To show people's different attitudes towards celebrities.‎ D．To advise us to have a right attitude towards celebrities.‎ 答案：D　推理判断题。根据本文可知，在作者看来名人只不过是受大家关注的普通人，我们需要以正确的态度去看待他们，故选D。‎ B 限时8分钟 It's not easy feeling like you're always under the spotlight being judged for each little mistake you make. Your mind is in an endless circle playing what you said and did over and over again. You wish you had a time capsule (时间囊) to go back and make things change if you find mistakes. You fear what others will think about you and that they will reject and dislike you. You seek to be socially perfect.‎ Academically, you work long endless hours just to make those excellent marks. Although most would say “it's good to have high standards”， they have no idea about the internal hell you put yourself through to achieve perfection. If you don't achieve the desired goal you feel as though you have failed, but you're far from failing, you just don't see it that way. So instead you are telling yourself that you're stupid and not smart. The pressure you place on yourself weighs you down and you wear the “not good enough” label each and every day.‎ You not only have high standards for yourself but you also have them for others. If people don't perform up to your expectations, then you think them incompetent. This causes a lot of frustration because you can't trust anyone to get things right. So instead or being a team player you fly solo (单飞) and try to do two or three jobs at once. Your unrealistic expectations cause you to criticize and judge others and ‎ that leads to problems in other areas of your life.‎ The attempt to be perfect is called perfectionism and it's damaging our emotional and mental health. We strive for perfection with our body, in our performance, and in our relationships. In a society that overstates mistakes, is it any wonder that so many young people attempt the impossible task of being perfect?‎ We all have flaws, fears and make mistakes, and that's perfectly OK. It's our imperfections that make life interesting and they help us grow into a stronger and more adaptable person. We don't have to be a stronger and more adaptable person. We don't have to strive to achieve the impossible goal. We are designed to be perfectly imperfect.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。过度追求完美不仅影响身心健康，还会对别人苛求进而产生很多问题。我们注定不完美，我们要接受自己的不完美。‎ ‎5．Where is this text most likely from?‎ A．A diary. B．A novel.‎ C．A magazine. D．A guidebook.‎ 答案：C　推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文是一篇议论文，主要观点是：过度追求完美影响身心健康和人际关系进而导致其他问题，因此我们不必追求完美。据此可推知，本文最可能摘自杂志，故C项正确。‎ ‎6．Which of the following is a perfectionist most likely to agree?‎ A．Be generous with praise.‎ B．Nobody is perfect.‎ C．There is no best, only better.‎ D．A contented mind is an everlasting feast.‎ 答案：C　推理判断题。根据第四段第一句中的“The attempt to be perfect is called perfectionism”可推知，“没有最好，只有更好”是典型的完美主义者的观点，故C项正确。A项“不要吝惜赞美”、D项“知足常乐”均不属于完美主义，故排除。‎ ‎7．What can we infer from Paragraph 4?‎ A．The society is partly to blame for perfectionism.‎ B．More and more people are tolerating mistakes.‎ C．Many young people find it impossible to be perfect.‎ D．It's unusual for a society to seek perfectionism nowadays.‎ 答案：A　推理判断题。根据第四段尾句“In a society that overstates mistakes, is it any wonder that so many young people attempt the impossible task of being perfect？”可知，在这个过分夸大错误的社会里，有那么多的年轻人尝试变得完美这一不可能完成的任务是不足为奇的。据此可推知，社会应当对完美主义承担一定的责任，故A项正确。‎ ‎8．What does the author think of imperfection?‎ A．It's unbearable.‎ B．It's part of our life.‎ C．It deserves to be overcome.‎ D．It does harm to our mental health.‎ 答案：B　推理判断题。根据末段内容尤其是最后一句“We are designed to be perfectly imperfect.”可推知，作者认为不完美是我们人生的一部分，故B项正确。‎ C 限时8分钟 Growing Pains The term “adulting” started as a sort of joke—whenever a millennial (千禧一代) would do something age－appropriate, this was an act of “adulting”. Now, though, millennials obviously require training in being an adult.‎ Rachel Flehinger has co－founded an Adulting School, which includes online courses on simple sewing, conflict resolution and cooking. The cause for such classes is that many millennials haven't left childhood homes—in America 34 percent of adults aged 18 to 34 still lived with their parents as of 2015, up from 26 percent a decade before.‎ There's a good deal of truth to this. If you're living at home, with Mom and Dad doing their best to spoil (溺爱) you, you're less likely to know how to do laundry, cook or balance a checkbook. Dependency_breeds_enervation.‎ But living at home doesn't necessarily lead to dependency. As of 1940, more than 30 percent of 25－ to 29－year－olds lived at home with parents or grandparents. They were adulting, even while living at home. Parents expected their kids to do chores, to prepare for life. Instead of blaming living at home, then, we have to blame our style of parenting. The truth is that we've simply become lazier as parents.‎ So what's the real problem?‎ We're more likely to let our kids crash on our couches (长沙发) than tell them to get a job and pay rent. We don't push our kids to build families of their own, as life expectancy has increased, so has adolescence. Americans aren't expected to start building a life, particularly middle－ and upper－class Americans, until they're nearing their 30s. Then the question is how we can encourage young people to “adult” in non－circumstance－driven fashion.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。千禧一代的孩子接受着父母的宠爱，他们很多人不能独立生活需要接受生活技能培训。事实上，是父母的养育方式导致孩子不能独立。‎ ‎9．What does the last sentence “Dependency breeds enervation” in the third paragraph mean?‎ A．Parents would like to do housework by themselves.‎ B．Present kids are too lazy to do housework.‎ C．Dependency makes kids unable to do things.‎ D．Kids depend on their parents.‎ 答案：‎ C　句意理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，如果你住在家里，爸爸妈妈竭尽全力溺爱你，你就不太可能知道如何洗衣服、做饭或平衡收支。画线句为进一步的总结，据此可推知，画线句意在表达，过度依赖父母会使孩子丧失做事情的能力，故C项正确。‎ ‎10．Which of the following statements is TRUE?‎ A．Millennials would like to be trained in being an adult.‎ B．Parents are too lazy to do chores.‎ C．Millennials don't adult because they still live in their childhood homes.‎ D．In the 1940s kids were adulting even when they were living at home.‎ 答案：D　细节理解题。根据第四段第二、三句可知，自20世纪40年代起，有超过30%的25至29岁的人与父母或祖父母一起住在家里；但即使和家人同住，他们也很成熟。故D项正确。‎ ‎11．Which of the following statements is the main idea of the passage?‎ A．“Adulting” is hard, but only because parents are too lazy to teach their kids.‎ B．Millennials should leave home early to adult.‎ C．Americans aren't expected to start building a life until they're nearing their 30s.‎ D．Adulting schools with online courses are popular.‎ 答案：A　主旨大意题。根据第四段末句“The truth is that we've simply become lazier as parents.”并结合全文其他内容可知，本文主要论述了由于父母的过分宠爱和懒得教孩子们生活技能，现在许多千禧一代的孩子不能独立，不知道如何洗衣、做饭、管理生活收支等。故A项正确。‎ ‎12．According to the passage, what will be written about next?‎ A．The government should put off the age of adulthood.‎ B．Parents should leave kids in charge of society.‎ C．Parents should put responsibility on young people.‎ D．Pushing kids to adult is painful for parents.‎ 答案：C　推理判断题。根据本文最后一句可知，接下来的问题是，我们如何鼓励年轻人以非环境驱动的方式“成年”。据此可推知，下文将介绍家长如何鼓励孩子们承担生活的责任，故C项正确。‎ D 限时8分钟 When asked to identify the qualities that lead to success in life, experts often list the ability to overcome obstacles. Getting over the difficulties, through determination and persistence, is the characteristic of the greatest leaders, the most successful parents and the most prized employees. Those who make no excuses, who do whatever it takes to get something done, are the ones who have the capacity to achieve greatness.‎ In education, we focus a lot on meeting our students' needs. It's our job to teach them. But to truly help them be successful, we ourselves have to have the “no excuses” attitude. The problem is that by allowing ourselves no excuses, and doing ‎ whatever it takes to make students successful, we often find ourselves accepting excuses from them. Students don't complete an assignment, and we give them a second chance. A test is failed and we provide a chance to retake it, or do test corrections for extra credit.‎ ‎ But there's always a reason for a child's behavior. It's important to understand the reason, but it's equally important to remember that a reason is not an excuse.‎ ‎ There's a girl in my class with terrible handwriting. “Maybe if I had a mother who had taught me that, I would have better handwriting！” she says. She has been in and out of foster care (寄养照管) for years. She has an explanation for her bad handwriting, but when does it become an excuse that reduces her ability to communicate for the rest of her life?‎ We must understand the kids and work to find ways for them to succeed. Simultaneously (同时), we must draw lines, set limits, show them the difference between right and wrong. The real work is figuring out when we stop letting reasons be excuses, and start to teach kids about taking responsibility for themselves.‎ ‎ Maybe there is failure on the path to success. Sometimes a child has to fail in order to discover the line that he cannot cross.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文，主要介绍教师在教育学生的过程中要培养他们“不找借口”的态度，使他们对自己的言行负责。‎ ‎13．The example of the girl in Paragraph 4 shows that ________.‎ A．children can't tell a reason from an excuse B．children need to improve their ability to communicate C．children's behavior is greatly affected by their parents D．children have reasonable explanations for their behavior 答案：A　推理判断题。结合第三段尾句中的“but it's equally important to remember that a reason is not an excuse”可知，原因不等于借口，女孩的例子正是说明了孩子们往往无法辨别借口和原因，故选A。‎ ‎14．What is a teacher's real work in the author's opinion?‎ A．To show kids the difference between right and wrong.‎ B．To help kids become responsible for themselves.‎ C．To set specific limits to the behavior of kids.‎ D．To meet the needs of different kids.‎ 答案：B　细节理解题。从倒数第二段最后一句可知，一个教师真正的工作是弄清楚什么时候不再让理由变成借口，并开始教孩子们要对他们自己的言行负责，故选B。‎ ‎15．What does the author try to express in the last paragraph?‎ A．Children should try to avoid failure.‎ B．Failure may benefit children in the long run.‎ C．Children should be careful on their way to success.‎ D．Failure is easy to conquer if children are confident.‎ 答案：B　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第二句“Sometimes a child has to fail in order to discover the line that he cannot cross.”可以推断，从长远来看，让孩子经历失败并不一定是坏事，孩子们能从中受益，故选B。‎ ‎16．The passage is probably written by ________.‎ A．a working parent B．a college student C．an experienced teacher D．a newspaper reporter 答案：C　推理判断题。根据第二段第一、二句“In education, we focus a lot on meeting our students' needs. It's our job to teach them.”以及第四段首句“There's a girl in my class with terrible handwriting.”可推知，这篇文章很可能是由一个有经验的教师写的。‎ A 限时15分钟 ‎(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)During the rosy years of elementary school (小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.‎ Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers. The likables' playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jumpstart interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.‎ Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”‎ In one study, Dr Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys (调查研究). “We found that the least wellliked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”‎ Dr Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing, kindness, openness—carry over to later years and make you ‎ better able to relate and connect with others.‎ In analyzing his and other research, Dr Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage，” he said.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章从社会心理学视角讨论青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历，论述了个体受欢迎程度这一青少年心理健康话题。 ‎ ‎1．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?‎ A．Unkind. B．Lonely.‎ C．Generous. D．Cool.‎ 答案：C　推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词“early years of elementary school”可定位到第一段第一句，根据句意和sharing一词可推知，作者上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人，故选C项。‎ ‎2．What is the second paragraph mainly about?‎ A．The classification of the popular.‎ B．The characteristics of adolescents.‎ C．The importance of interpersonal skills.‎ D．The causes of dishonorable behavior.‎ 答案：A　段落大意题。根据第二段第二句可知Dr Prinstein，一位临床心理学教授将受欢迎的人分为两类，第三句和第四句分别用“The likables' ... ”和“Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence ...”引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时本段第二句中的关键词sort ... into ... (把……分成……)与A项中的classification相呼应，所以A项可以概括本段大意。‎ ‎3．What did Dr Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?‎ A．They appeared to be aggressive.‎ B．They tended to be more adaptable.‎ C．They enjoyed the highest status.‎ D．They performed well academically.‎ 答案：B　推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中的“likability can lead to healthy adjustment”可知，Dr Prinstein的研究发现，最讨人喜欢的孩子往往适应性强。B项中的adaptable与第四段中的adjustment相呼应。故选B项。‎ ‎4．What is the best title for the text?‎ A．Be Nice—You Won't Finish Last B．The Higher the Status, the Better C．Be the Best—You Can Make It D．More SelfControl, Less Aggressiveness 答案：A　标题判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，本文主要介绍了研究者发现讨人喜欢与积极的人生结果有关，因此A项作为标题最合适。‎ B 限时10分钟 ‎(2020·成都市高中毕业班摸底测试)Please take a few seconds and think of your personal biggest goal. Imagine telling someone you meet today what you're going to do. Imagine their congratulations and their high image of you. Doesn't it feel good to say it out loud? Don't you feel one step closer already? Well, bad news: you should have kept your mouth shut, because that good feeling will make you less likely to do it.‎ Any time you have a goal, there is some work that needs to be done to achieve it. Ideally, you would not be satisfied until you'd actually done the work. But when you tell someone your goal and he acknowledges (承认) it, psychologists have found it's called a “social_reality”. The mind is kind of tricked into a feeling that it's already done. And then, because you've felt that satisfaction, you're less motivated to do the actual and necessary hard work. This goes against the traditional wisdom that we should tell our friends our goals, right?‎ In 1982, Peter Gollwitzer, a professor of psychology, wrote a whole book about this. And in 2009, he did some new tests that were published. It goes like this: 163 people across four separate tests—everyone wrote down their personal goal. Then half of them announced their commitment (承诺) to this goal to the room, and half didn't. Then everyone was given 45 minutes of work that would directly lead them towards their goal, but they were told that they could stop at any time. Finally those who kept their mouths shut worked the entire 45 minutes on average, and when asked afterwards, said they felt they had a long way to go to achieve their goal. But those who had announced it quit after only 33 minutes on average, and when asked afterwards, said that they felt much closer to achieving their goal.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。实现一个目标需要做一些工作。试验表明，在实现目标之前就告诉别人你的目标并得到别人的认可，则有可能使你感到满意，陷入目标已完成的错觉，从而动力减少，不能很好地去工作；而在实现目标之前没有说出目标则会使你工作更努力。‎ ‎5．What do the words “social reality” in Paragraph 2 mean?‎ A．Completion of the goal.‎ B．Necessary hard work.‎ C．People's acknowledgement.‎ D．A sense of satisfaction.‎ 答案：A　推理判断题。根据画线词组后一句“The mind is kind of tricked into a feeling that it's already done.”并结合画线词组所在句可推知，social reality在此处意为“目标的完成”。‎ ‎6．What does Peter Gollwitzer try to tell us?‎ A．Writing down the goal is very helpful.‎ B．Achieving personal goal needs more time.‎ C．Keeping the goal secret makes people work harder.‎ D．Making the goal public makes people less satisfied.‎ 答案：C　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句“Finally those who kept their mouths shut ... to achieving their goal.”可推知，Peter Gollwitzer想告诉我们：没有说出目标让人们工作更努力。‎ ‎7．How did Peter Gollwitzer prove his idea about people's goal?‎ A．By giving figures.‎ B．By giving examples.‎ C．By making a survey.‎ D．By making comparison tests.‎ 答案：D　细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容可知，Peter Gollwitzer把所测试的对象分成两部分，一半说出自己的目标，一半没有说出目标，每个人都给了45分钟，他们可以随时停止。试验表明，没有说出目标的人平均工作了45分钟，而说出目标的人平均工作33分钟。由此可知，Peter Gollwitzer是通过进行比较测试来证明他的观点的，故选D。‎ ‎8．What will probably happen if you tell your friends your goal?‎ A．You will be more confident.‎ B．You will not gain satisfaction.‎ C．You are less likely to realize it.‎ D．You'll be much more motivated.‎ 答案：C　推理判断题。根据第一段的内容，尤其是最后一句中的“because that good feeling will make you less likely to do it”可推知，如果你把目标告诉你的朋友，你实现目标的可能性会变小，故选C。‎ C 限时10分钟 ‎(2020·兰州一中高三月考)We've considered several ways of paying to cut in line: hiring line standers, buying tickets from scalpers (票贩子), or purchasing linecutting privileges directly from, say, an airline or an amusement park. Each of these deals replaces the morals of the queue (waiting your turn) with the morals of the market (paying a price for faster service)．‎ Markets and queues—paying and waiting—are two different ways of allocating things, and each is appropriate to different activities. The morals of the queue—“First come, first served.” have an egalitarian (平等主义的) appeal. They tell us to ignore privilege, power, and deep pockets.‎ The principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops. But the morals of the queue do not govern all occasions. If I put my house up for sale, I have no duty to accept the first offer that comes along, simply because it's the first. Selling my house and waiting for a bus are different activities, properly governed by different standards.‎ Sometimes standards change, and it is unclear which principle should apply. Think ‎ of the recorded message you hear, played over and over, as you wait on hold when calling your bank: “Your call will be answered in the order in which it was received.” This is essential for the morals of the queue. It's as if the company is trying to ease our impatience with fairness.‎ But don't take the recorded message too seriously. Today, some people's calls are answered faster than others. Call center technology enables companies to “score” incoming calls and to give faster service to those that come from rich places. You might call this telephonic queue jumping.‎ Of course, markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things. Some goods we distribute by merit, others by need, still others by chance. However, the tendency of markets to replace queues, and other nonmarket ways of allocating goods is so common in modern life that we scarcely notice it anymore. It is striking that most of the paid queuejumping schemes we've considered—at airports and amusement parks, in call centers, doctors' offices, and national parks—are recent developments, scarcely imaginable three decades ago. The disappearance of the queues in these places may seem an unusual concern, but these are not the only places that markets have entered.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。讲述了生活中购物、买票等时的插队问题，作者通过举例子、讲道理来解读道德和市场的平衡问题。要想得到快速的服务，就要额外付更多的费用。作者还对在道德和市场竞争之间产生的矛盾进行了探讨。‎ ‎9．According to the author, which of the following seems governed by the principle “First come, first served.”？‎ A．Taking buses.‎ B．Buying houses.‎ C．Flying with an airline.‎ D．Visiting amusement parks.‎ 答案：A　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句、第三段第一句“The principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops.”可知，等公共汽车是受“先到先得到服务”这一标准制约的。‎ ‎10．The example of the recorded message in Paragraphs 4 and 5 illustrates ________.‎ A．the necessity of patience in queuing B．the advantage of modern technology C．the uncertainty of allocation principle D．the fairness of telephonic services 答案：C　细节理解题。第四段第一句“Sometimes standards change, and it is unclear which principle should apply.”说明了适用规则的不确定性，故选C项。‎ ‎11．The passage is meant to ________.‎ A．justify paying for faster services B．discuss the morals of allocating things C．analyze the reason for standing in line D．criticize the behavior of queue jumping 答案：B　主旨大意题。第二段和第六段的第一句都表明了这篇文章的核心话题就是对有关分配的道德问题的探讨。B项所述符合且准确地体现了文章的主旨。‎ D 限时12分钟 ‎(2020·江苏高考)Who cares if people think wrongly that the internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?‎ It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.‎ The fascination with the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in“postindustrial society” has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector (制造业), with negative consequences for their economies.‎ Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative longterm costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.‎ In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world”. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on crossborder flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.‎ Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making ‎ the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our undervaluation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文，文章论述了盲目夸大新科技可能带来的严重后果。因特网和洗衣机哪个更有影响力？如果只是个人观点的话，做出错误判断也无大碍，但是，对新科技影响力的误判对社会却会有切切实实的影响，因为这会导致稀缺资源的浪费。‎ ‎12．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________.‎ A．a lack of confidence in technology B．a slow progress in technology C．a conflict of public opinions D．a waste of limited resources 答案：D　细节理解题。由第二段第二句可知，这些误判有真正的影响，因为它们会导致稀缺资源的误导使用，故选D项“对新技术影响力的误判会导致有限资源的浪费”。‎ ‎13．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________.‎ A．take people's essential needs into account B．make their programmes attractive to people C．ensure that each child gets financial support D．provide more affordable internet facilities 答案：A　细节理解题。由第四段可知，作者认为与其给发展中国家的人们捐钱买电脑及网络设备，倒不如买能切实提高人们生活水平的物品，言外之意，捐献者应该把人们的基本需求考虑(take ... into account)进来，故选A项。‎ ‎14．What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?‎ A．Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.‎ B．Believing that the world has become borderless.‎ C．Ignoring the power of economic development.‎ D．Overemphasizing the role of international communication.‎ 答案：B　细节理解题。由第五段第一句中的“now we live in a ‘borderless world’”可知，世界已经变得无国界，第五段最后一句的意思是，正是因为相信有这样一个世界，所以许多政府终止了一些非常有必要的规定。故选B。‎ ‎15．What can we learn from the passage?‎ A．People should be encouraged to make more donations.‎ B．Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.‎ C．Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.‎ D．Economic policies should follow technological trends.‎ 答案：B　推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第三段可知，对ICT(信息通信技术)革命的着迷让一些富裕国家做出错误判断，认为制造业已经是明日黄花。这种“后工业社会”信念使得一些国家忽视制造业，从而给他们的经济带来负面影响。由此可知，制造业已经过时的推断是错误的，真实情况是传统工艺在当今社会仍有一席之地，故B项正确。‎ E 限时10分钟 ‎(2020·河北调研)The arts, especially music, should be part of every school's lessons at every grade level. Students would be much smarter if they had some musical experience. They could improve their classroom skills, like paying attention and following directions. People develop all these skills when they learn music. Making music also lets children use their imagination. It provides students with a chance to try out their own ideas.‎ Music not only makes children better students, but also gives them something positive to do. In a music program, children can be part of a band instead of joining a gang (团伙). Parents can enjoy listening to their children's music instead of seeing them glued_to a computer or TV screen. In a school band, students get to be part of a team. They can get along well with old friends and make new friends through music.‎ Music builds selfconfidence, too. It gives children a sense of achievement and success. Making music is something for them to be proud of, and it lets kids practice performing in front of an audience. Music gives children an opportunity for selfexpression, and that helps develop their selfconfidence.‎ Once again, music is important because it can make children better students, give them something positive to do, and build their character. That is why music should be offered in every single grade in every school.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了为什么音乐应该成为学校每个年级的一门必修课程。‎ ‎16．According to the passage, music could make students smarter by ________.‎ A．improving their classroom skills B．improving their classroom skills and imagination C．improving their attention, direction and imagination D．learning music, making music and trying out their own ideas 答案：B　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Students would be much smarter if they had some musical experience.”，第三句中的“They could improve their classroom skills ...”和第五句“Making music also lets children use their imagination.”可知B正确。‎ ‎17．What does the underlined phrase “glued to” in the second paragraph mean?‎ A．Unwilling to turn on. B．Always looking.‎ C．Unwilling to leave. D．Always playing.‎ 答案：C　词义猜测题。B、D两项中的动词均无法和“a computer”及“TV screen”构成动宾关系；A项中的“unwilling to turn on”与前后语境矛盾；再根据本句意在强调音乐对孩子的积极作用可知，电脑或电视对孩子将不再有吸引力。孩子们不再像以前那样离不开或迷恋电视或电脑。故选C。‎ ‎18．The third paragraph mainly tells us that music could ________.‎ A．give children selfexpression and selfconfidence B．bring children achievement and success C．give children something to be proud of D．develop children's selfconfidence 答案：D　段落大意题。根据第三段首句“Music builds selfconfidence, too.(音乐也能帮助孩子构建自信。)”可知，D项正确。‎ ‎19．What's the best title of this passage?‎ A．Music is a must as a course at school B．Music builds children's selfconfidence C．Music makes students much smarter D．Learning music and making music 答案：A　标题判断题。第一段第一句“The arts, especially music, should be part of every school's lessons at every grade level.”即文章的主题句，文章最后一句再次对此进行呼应；再根据概括标题需遵循“针对性、概括性、醒目性”的原则可知，A为最佳答案。‎