【英语】2020届二轮复习阅读理解专题主旨大意题学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习阅读理解专题主旨大意题学案

‎ 主旨大意题 真题感悟（完成每个语段后的选择题。）‎ ‎（一）学通法——把握主旨大意3 方法（一）寻找主题句 ‎[典例1]　Honey (蜂蜜) from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, but it is also delicious. Most people and many animals like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees' nest (巢) and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper — a little bird called a honey guide.‎ The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax (蜂蜡) in the beehives (蜂房). The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees' nest. So, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share.‎ Scientists do not know why the honey guide like eating the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it. The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away. They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.‎ ‎1．What can be the best title for the text?‎ ‎ A．Wild Bees　　　　　　 B．Wax and Honey ‎ C．Beekeeping in Africa D．HoneyLover's Helper ‎[典例2]　When I was a boy there were no smart phones, and our television only got one channel clearly. Still, I never felt bored. The fields, hills and woodlands around my home were the perfect playground whose adventures were only limited by my imagination. I can remember once hiking to nearby lake and walking slowly around it. At the back of it I was amazed to find an old dirt road that I had never seen before. It was full of muddy tyre (轮胎) tracks and deep woods bordered it on both sides, but exploring it still seemed like a fine adventure.‎ I walked on and on for what seemed like hours. I was sure my guardian angel was whispering in my ears “turn around and head back home”， but I was stubborn and walked on. There was still neither a car nor a house in sight. I noticed that the sun was starting to go down and I grew scared. I didn't want to end up trapped on this road, and I was worried that it would be dark before I could ‎ make my way back to the lake again.‎ I continued to walk on with something growing inside of me. My heart was pounding and my legs were aching. I was almost in tears when I saw something in the distance. It was a house that I recognized. I jumped up and down and laughed out loud. It was still over a mile away, but my legs felt like feathers and I hurried back to my house in no time. I walked in with a big smile on my face just in time for dinner. Then I ended my adventure with a good night's sleep.‎ I often thought of that experience recently. Actually, in our life, all roads, no matter how they twist and turn, can lead us home again. They can lead us to our homes in our hearts. May you always walk your path with love! May you always help your fellow travelers along the way! And may your roads always lead you home again!‎ ‎2．What may be the best title for the passage?‎ ‎ A．Every Effort Is Worthwhile B．All Roads Lead Home ‎ ‎ C．Be Determined in Your Life D．Be Brave to Adventure ‎ ‎[典例3]　Attending college can be expensive, and applying to college can_be costly as well. With today's college application fees averaging around $80, you can expect to spend hundreds of dollars on college before you are even accepted into a school.‎ One of the easiest ways to save money on college application fees before you begin applying is to narrow down your list of schools. To save money, try to limit the schools to which you apply to about 2－3 reach schools and 2－3 safety schools.‎ At some schools, being a relative of a graduate can secure you a free application. If you are applying to a school where one of your parents or grandparents is a former graduate, check to see if you're qualified for it.‎ Research the preferred method of applying for each school on your list. Some schools offer free online applications, yet charge a fee for paper submissions. This is because online applications save schools the cost of employing a staff member to physically enter the application information.‎ Several states, such as Michigan and North Carolina, take part in College Application Week, where many schools in the participating states cancel their application fee for the week. Be sure to contact the schools to which you are applying to see if they participate in College Application Week and when the program takes place in that state.‎ Apply for early admission. If you have already decided on which college is your top choice, consider applying under an Early Action or Early Decision admission program. If you are accepted, you won't have to submit application fees to other schools.‎ For more information regarding college applications and the fees associated with them, contact your high school advisor or the admissions department at your school(s) of interest.‎ ‎3．The passage is mainly written to ________.‎ ‎ A．introduce famous universities in the United States ‎ B．show some practical ways to apply an ideal college ‎ C．advertise for successful applications and advisors ‎ D．offer tips to save money on college application fees 方法（二）梳理故事的主线 记叙文通常讲述一个有趣的故事或是某人一段刻骨铭心的经历。记叙文类文章都有一个主线，全文围绕这个主线组织材料。如果考生能够找到全文的主线，理清故事的人物以及故事发生的时间、地点、经过和最终的结果，就能概括出文章的大意。考生应从分析文章的结构入手，把握全文的主线，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，最后归纳出文章的主旨大意。‎ ‎[典例4]　Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.‎ ‎ During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.‎ ‎ He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.‎ ‎ Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband's name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can (垃圾桶) that had been left out on the footpath.‎ ‎ My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a halfwritten letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.‎ That family not only restored (归还) the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.‎ ‎4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ ‎ A．From India to Australia B．Living in a New Country C．Turning Trash to Treasure D．In Search of New Friends 方法（三）寻找高频词 ‎[典例5]　If you are a recent social science graduate who has had to listen to jokes about unemployment from your computer major classmates, you may have had the last laugh. There are many advantages for the social science major because this hightech “Information Age” demands people who are flexible (灵活的) and who have good communication skills.‎ There are many social science majors in large companies who fill important positions. For example, a number of research studies found that social science majors had achieved greater ‎ managerial success than those who had technical training or preprofessional courses. Studies show that social science majors are most suited for change, which is the leading feature (特点) of the kind of high speed, highpressure, hightech world we now live in.‎ Social science majors are not only experiencing success in their longterm company job, but they are also finding jobs more easily. A study showed that many companies had filled a large percentage of their entrylevel positions with social science graduates. The study also showed that the most soughtafter quality in a person who was looking for a job was communication skills, noted as “very important”， by 92 percent of the companies. Social science majors have these skills, often without knowing how important they are. It is probably due to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions.‎ Finally, although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job, recent graduates report that they don't regret their choice of study.‎ ‎5．What is the text mainly about?‎ ‎ A．The advantages of social science majors have.‎ B．Why social science graduates are more popular.‎ ‎ C．Where social science majors hold important positions.‎ ‎ D．What leads large companies to favor social science majors.‎ 二、析题型---3大常考题型例析 题型(一)　标题归纳题——活用3方法 ‎1．常见设问方式 The best title of the passage is _________.‎ Which of the following is the best title for the passage?‎ What would be the best title for the passage?‎ The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.‎ ‎2．明确一个好的标题应具备三大特点 ‎(1)概括性——能概括全文内容并体现文章的主旨；‎ ‎(2)针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；‎ ‎(3)醒目性——语言精练有吸引力。‎ ‎3．巧用3大方法确定文章标题 ‎(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；‎ ‎(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；‎ ‎(3)研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词，对照原文，看其是否是文章论述的焦点；研读修饰词的变化，找出其中的不同，作为筛选正确答案的依据；研读各备选项的概括性，排除过于具体化、细节化的选项。‎ 　(2019·江苏高考阅读D节选)‎ The 65yearold Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimer's (阿尔兹海默症). He was losing his memory.‎ A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his family. Music was his true passion, though he had never performed outside the family.‎ Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep each night when she was young. She thought about hiring a professional pianist to work with her father.‎ Naomi, Melissa's best friend and a talented pianist, got to know about this and showed willingness to help. ‎ ‎“Why do this？” Steve wondered.‎ ‎“Because she cares.” Melissa said.‎ Steve nodded, tear in eye.‎ Naomi drove to the Goodwin home. She told Steve she'd love to hear him play. Steve moved to the piano and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers on the keys.‎ Naomi put a small recorder near the piano. Starts and stops and mistakes. Long pauses, heart sinking. But Steve pressed on, playing for the first time in his life for a stranger.‎ ‎“It was beautiful，” Naomi said after listening to the recording. “The music was worth saving.”‎ Her responsibility, her privilege, would be to rescue it. The music was still in Steve Goodwin. It was hidden in rooms with doors about to be locked.‎ Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He'd move his fingers clumsily on the piano, and then she'd take his place. He struggled to explain what he heard in his head. He stood by the piano, eyes closed, listening for the first time to his own work being played by someone else.‎ Steve and Naomi spoke in musical code: lines, beats, intervals, moving from the root to end a song in a new key. Steve heard it. All of it. He just couldn't play it.‎ Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he could write one last song. One day, Naomi received an email. Attached was a recording, a recording of loss and love, of the fight. Steve called it “Melancholy Flower.”‎ Naomi heard multiple stops and starts. Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called him “honey” and encouraged him. The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.‎ Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve's favorite, and most personal, songs. With Naomi's help, the Goodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing Steve's songs. Joni thought that would be the end. But it wasn't.‎ In the months leading up to the 2016 Oregon Repertory Singers Christmas concert, Naomi told the director she had a special one in mind: “Melancholy Flower.”‎ She told the director about her project with Steve. The director agreed to add it to the playing ‎ list. But Naomi would have to ask Steve's permission. He considered it an honor.‎ After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steve's music was beautiful and professional. It needed to be shared in public.‎ The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert. By the day of the show, more than 300 people had said they would attend.‎ By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his friends. He knew the path his life was now taking. He told his family he was at peace.‎ Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. The house lights faded. Naomi took the stage. Her fingers. His heart.‎ ‎70．What can be a suitable title for the passage?‎ ‎ A．The Kindness of Friends ‎ B．The Power of Music ‎ C．The Making of a Musician ‎ D．The Value of Determination 题型(二)　文章大意题——掌握4个小窍门 ‎1．常见设问方式 ‎·What's the main idea/point of the passage?‎ ‎·The passage is mainly about ________.‎ ‎·The passage is mainly concerned about ________.‎ ‎·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?‎ ‎·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?‎ ‎·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.‎ ‎·The subject discussed in this text is ________.‎ ‎·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.‎ ‎2．掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意 找出每小段的主题句。各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。‎ 用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的4个小窍门：‎ 　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)‎ Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.‎ Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.‎ At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.‎ Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a questionmark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.‎ ‎31．What is the main idea of the text?‎ ‎ A．New languages will be created.‎ ‎ B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.‎ ‎ C．Human development results in fewer languages.‎ ‎ D．Geography determines language evolution.‎ 题型(三)　段落大意题——2方法破解 ‎1．常见设问方式 ‎·What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...?‎ ‎·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ______.‎ ‎·The first paragraph is mainly about ________.‎ ‎·Which of the following can best summarize Para.1?‎ ‎2．两方法破解段落大意题 　(2019·江苏高考阅读B节选)‎ Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone (圆锥体) shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma (岩浆) piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth, all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is, however, a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack, leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.‎ ‎59．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?‎ ‎ A．The shapes of volcanoes. B．The impacts of volcanoes.‎ ‎ C．The activities of volcanoes. D．The heights of volcanoes.‎ 三、随堂体验：阅读下列文章，选择最佳答案（注意主旨大意题的选择）。‎ A It’s a brand new world — a world built around brands. Hard charging, noise making, culture shaping brands are everywhere. They’re on supermarket shelves, of course, but also in business plans for dotcom startups and in the names of sports complexes. Brands are infiltrating (渗透) people’s everyday lives — by sticking their logos on clothes, in concert programs, on subway station walls, even in elementary school classrooms.‎ We live in an age in which CBS newscasters wear Nike jackets on the air, in which Burger King and McDonald’s open newsstands in elementary-school lunchrooms, in which schools like ‎ Stanford University are endowed with a Yahoo! Founders Chair. But as brands reach (and then overreach) into every aspect of our lives, the companies behind them invite more questions, deeper examination — and an inevitable backlash (强烈反应) by consumers.‎ ‎“Our intellectual lives and our public spaces are being taken over by marketing — and that has real implications for citizenship,” says author and activist Naomi Klein. “It’s important for any healthy culture to have public space — a place where people are treated as citizens instead of as consumers. We’ve completely lost that space.”‎ Since the mid-1980s, as more and more companies have shifted from being about products to being about ideas — Starbucks isn’t selling coffee; it’s selling community! — those companies have poured more and more resources into marketing campaigns.‎ To pay for those campaigns, those same companies figured out ways to cut costs else where — for example, by using contract labor at home and low-wage labor in developing countries. Contract laborers are hired on a temporary, per-assignment basis, and employers have no obligation to provide any benefits (such as health insurance) or long-term job security. This saves companies money but obviously puts workers in vulnerable situations. In the United States, contract labor has given rise to so-called McJobs, which employers and workers alike pretend are temporary — even though these jobs are usually held by adults who are trying to support families.‎ The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for museums. This made those institutions much too willing, even eager, to partner with private companies. But companies took advantage of the needs of those institutions, reaching too far, and overwhelming the civic space with their marketing agendas.‎ ‎1. What does the passage intend to tell us?‎ ‎ A. The problems with current corporate practices.‎ ‎ B. The nature of current marketing campaigns and strategies.‎ ‎ C. The importance of brands in American culture.‎ ‎ D. The excessive presence of brands and marketing in people’s lives.‎ ‎2. What is Naomi Klein’s attitude towards the infiltration of brands into public spaces?‎ ‎ A. Concerned. B. Indifferent. C. Favorable. D. Optimistic.‎ ‎3. The passage suggests that most contract laborers in the U.S. ________.‎ ‎ A. pretend to be permanent workers ‎ B. may have trouble supporting their families financially ‎ C. have work conditions comparable to those of low-wage workers overseas ‎ D. are likely to receive health benefits from their employers ‎ 4. We may infer from the last paragraph that ________.‎ ‎ A. inadequate federal funding facilitated the privatization of schools and museums ‎ B. government reduced spending for schools and museums for their cooperation with companies ‎ C. public institutions were only too anxious to accept corporate marketing as a source of funding ‎ D. by the 1980s, very few public institutions were not being funded by corporations B The tree people in the Lord of the Rings—the Ents—can get around by walking. But for real trees, well, it’s harder to uproot. "Because it’s a sessile organism, literally, rooted into the ground, it is unable to leave and go elsewhere." Mario Pesendorfer, a behavioral ecologist at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. "When a tree first starts growing in a certain area, it’s likely that the climatic envelope,‎ ‎ so the temperature, humidity, soil composition and so on suits it, because it would otherwise be unable to grow from a seedling. But as it ages, these conditions may change and the area around it may no longer be suitable for its offspring."‎ And if that happens? Walnuts, hazelnuts, chestnuts, oaks, pines—many rely exclusively on so-called "scatter-hoarders," like birds, to move their hefty seeds to new locales. "Many members of the family Corvidae—the crows, jays and magpies—are scatter-hoarders, meaning they like to store food for the winter, which they then subsequently retrieve."‎ Or not. And when they do forget something, a seedling has a chance to grow, sometimes a good distance away. "The Clark’s nutcracker, which is found in alpine regions of western North America, is definitely the rock star among the scatter-hoarding corvids. They hide up to 100,000 seeds per year, up to 30 kilometers away from the seed source, and have a very close symbiotic relationship with several pine species, most notably the whitebark pine.”‎ Pesendorfer and his colleagues catalogue the seed-scattering activities of the Clark’s nutcracker and its cousins in a new review paper, in the journal The Condor: Ornithological Applications. They also write that, as trees outgrow their ideal habitats in the face of climate change, or battle new insects and disease, these flying ecosystem engineers could be a big help replanting trees. It’s a solution, Pesendorfer says, that’s good for us—getting birds to do the work is cheap and effective— and it could give vulnerable oaks and pines the option to truly "make like a tree and leave."‎ ‎5. According to the article, what makes birds help trees move from one place to another? ________.‎ ‎ A. They want to make the environment better for survival ‎ B. They want to change the trees into another kind ‎ C. They want to store the nuts for winter survival ‎ D. They are forced to help trees to survive ‎6. Which does the underlined word in the last paragraph mean? ________.‎ ‎ A. growing in a better way B. being forced to give up ‎ C .making changes to D. finding a mysterious way to survive ‎7. What is the best title of this passage? ________.‎ ‎ A. Birds may help trees cope with climate change ‎ ‎ B. Birds rely on nuts to survive ‎ C. Trees help fight air pollution ‎ ‎ D. Birds make trees in danger