高考英语一轮复习语法专题动词时态语态复习1讲新人教版必修3

高考英语一轮复习语法专题动词时态语态复习1讲新人教版必修3

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 1 - 动词时态语态复习（1） 语法知识精讲 动词的时态和语态 【高考考纲解读】 时态与语态一直是热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。考纲要求考生应该具备较强的语 言应用能力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态；熟练掌握常见的 8 种时态， 同时还要熟练运用特殊时态句式和用法以及不用被动式但表示被动的动词和短语。 高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大，不易把握。大部分时态题答案的选择取决于题干 语境；但也有部分时态试题较易把握，其用法相对固定，常见于特定句式结构中；还有部分 常见时态用法特殊。 时态的考查主要集中在完成时，进行时等主干时态的掌握上。要求学生熟练掌握几种主 干时态的基本概念，解题时充分挖掘时间副词，短语，时间状语从句提供的信息。在复习时 态时应注意如下几点：⑴吃透语境，摸清作者的意图。⑵准确判断动作和时间的关系。（即动 作是在什么时间发生的）⑶正确理解时间概念。（大的时间：现在、过去、将来；小的时间： 时间段，时间点，时间瞬间）⑷找准相关时态时间之间的交叉点。例如：一般现在时，现在 进行时（现在时间的交叉点）。高考对被动语态的考查热点主要是及物动词在被动语态中的使 用。被动语态与主动语态一样，也有多种时态。被动语态的完成时态和进行时态中，考生往 往漏掉 been 或 being。因此被动语态的各种常用时态的构成，仍是高考命题的热点之一。 【重点知识整合】 动词的时态 一、一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别 1．一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。 它所表示的事情纯属过去与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出 的现在以前的过去的某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情在现 在产生的结果或对现在的影响。 2．一般过去时常用的状语有 yesterday, last night, two days (months, weeks) ago, at that time 等；现在完成时常用的状语有 already, just (刚刚), yet, never, before 等； 表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语有：today, now, lately, recently, in the last / past few days / years (在过去的这几天/年里)。since then, up to now, so far (至今)等。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 2 - 3．比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同： He served in the army from 1952 to 1954. （这是过去的一件事） He has served in the army for 5 years. （现在他仍在军中服役，他是个军人） He wrote many plays when he was at college. 他上大学的时候，写了许多剧本。（写剧本是他过去的事） He has written many plays. 他写了许多部剧本。（这意味着他是剧作家） I saw Hero last year. 去年我看了《英雄》这部电影。（看《英雄》的时间是去年，与现在时间无关） I have seen Hero before. 我以前看过《英雄》这部电影。（强调现在还知道这部电影的内容。以前看过，但“以前” 是表示一个与现在有联系的过去时间，而不是一个确定的与现在无关的过去时间。） 二、一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别 1．一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。两种时 态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这一个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成 概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。过去完成时指“过去的过去”。 2．过去完成时的时间状语常用 by 和 before 引导的短语表示，如 by that time, by the end of…, before 2000, by the time +句子等。 三、过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别 1．两种时态都常与一段时间和状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有 关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已 经完成或延续到过去某时的劝作（句中有表示过去特定时间的状语）。 2．比较下面的说法 She had been ill for a week before she came back. 她在回来之前就生病一个星期了。（回来发生在过去某一时间，发病发生在过去的过去） She has been ill for a week. 她生病一个星期了。（现在仍在生病） 四、动词时态的一些典型用法 1．在 if, unless, even if 引导的条件状语从句中，在 when, before, until (till), as soon as, the moment, once 引导的时间状语从句中，在 no matter what /who / which / 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 3 - when / where / how 或 whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however 引 导的让步状语从句中，如果主句是将来时（往往出现 will / shall / can / must ）或主句 是祈使句，从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。如： ① I’ll go with you as soon as I finish my work. ② The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she arrives. ③ — Can I join your club, Dad ? — You can when you get a bit older. ④ If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. ⑤ Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 2．would 与 used to ① would 与 used to 都可用来表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作，常常可以换用。如： When we were boys we used to / would go swimming every summer. 小时候，每天夏天我们都要去游泳。 He used to . would spend every penny he earned on books. 过去他通常把挣来的钱全花在买书了。 ② would 之后要接表示动作的动词，不接表示认识或状态的动词，而 used to 则无此限 制。如： I used to like football when I was at middle school. He used to be nervous in the exam. ③ would 表示反复发生的动作。如果某一动作没有反复性，就不能用 would, 只能用 used to。如： And from that day on, as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were gone, Mother would disappear into he sewing room to practice. 从那天起，只要碗盘撤掉、饭桌清理干净，妈妈就马上躲进做针线活的房间练习起来。（具 有反复性） I used to live in Beijing. 我过去住在北京。（没有反复性） ④ used to 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态，现在已经结束（含有较强的“今非 昔比”的意思），would 则只表示说话者对过去一种回想心情，有可能再发生。如： People used to believe that the earth was flat. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 4 - 过去，人们总以为地球是扁平的。（现在已不再这样认为） He would go to the park as soon as he was free. 过去他一有空就去公园。（现在有可能再去） 3．be +动词不定式 ① 表示按计划或安排要做的事。例如： When are you to leave for two days to New York ? 你什么时候去纽约？ She is to get married next month. 她下个月结婚。 这种结构也可用于过去。was / were to do sth. 表示曾经计划要做某事，但不表明计 划是否被执行，或表示“命运（即使中注定要发生的事）”，而非计划；was / were to have done sth. 表示未曾实现的计划。例如： I felt excited because I was soon to leave home for the first time. 我感到很激动，因为我很快就要首次离开家了。 We were to have told you, but you were not in. 我们本来想告诉你的，但是你不在家。 ② 表示“指令”，相当于 should, ought to, must, have to。例如： You are to report to the police. 你应该报警。 What is to be done ? 应该怎么办呢？ This medicine is to be taken three times a day. 这种药一天要服三次。 The books in this room are not to be taken outside. (The books in this room mustn’t be taken outside.) 这个室内的书籍不得带出室外。 ③ 表示“想，打算”，相当于 intend, want。例如： If we are to be there before ten, we’ll have to go now. 如果我们想在十点前到，我们现在就得走。 ④ 用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。例如： Am I to go on with the work ? 要我继续这项工作吗？ What are we to do next ? 我们下一步该怎么办？ ⑤ 在与 be 连用的结构中，see, find, congratulate 的不定式被动式有特殊的用法。 例如： The news is to be found in the evening paper. 这条消息可以在晚报上见到。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 5 - He is nowhere to be seen. 在哪里也见不到他。 You are to be congratulated. 应当向您表示祝贺。中学 4．瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词，还叫终止性动词。瞬间动词可以有现在完成时态，但不 可以接一段时间，若要接一段时间，须要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词在完成时态中的否定 式可以接一段时间。 × He has come to Beijing since last year. √ He has lived in Beijing since last year. × He has joined the army for 3 years. √ He has served in the army for 3 years. √ He joined the army 3 years ago. √ He has been a soldier for 3 years. √ It is 3 years since he joined the army. √ He has joined the army. 他已参军了。 常见的瞬间动词有：come, go, get to / reach / arrive at, leave, buy, sell, open, close, get up, join /take part in, begin /start, return / give, borrow / lend, become / turn, bring /take, give, die, finish /end, receive /hear from, marry, break, lose, jump 等。 5．语境中的过去时，往往表示“刚才，刚刚”之意，暗示现在已“不再这样”。如： ① — Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something. — Oh, how nice of you ! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift. ② Your phone number again ? I didn’t quite catch it. ③ — Nancy is not coming tonight. — But she promised ! 6．表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose, want 等，其过去完成时表示过去未增实现的愿望或意图。如： I had hoped to see more of ShangHai. 我本希望在上海多看看。（但未能如愿） I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. 我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。 I had thought you would come tomorrow. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 6 - 我愿以来你明天才来呢。 7．某些固定句式中的动词时态是固定的、约定俗成的。 ① This / It is the first / second…time + that 从句。that 从句一般用现在完成 时，如果把前边的 is 改为 was，则 that 从句用过去完成时。如： This is the first time I have come here. It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake. ② It is / has been + 一段时间 + since 从句。since 从句中用过去完成时。如： It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. ③ be about to do…when…意为“即将……（这时）突然……”。如： I was about to go out when the telephone rang. ④ be (was /were) + doing… when… 意为“正在干……（这时）突然……”。如 They were reading when Tom shouted in pain. ⑤ Hardly had…done…when… ; No sooner had…done…than… when 和 than 从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚……就……”。如： Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down. 我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。中学 ⑥ It + be + 一段时间 + before 从句 这个句式分两种情况：如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为多长时 间以后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。 如： It won’t be long before he succeeds. ( = He will succeed soom.) It was ten years before they met again. ( = They met again ten years later. ) 8．高考对于进行体的常考点 ① 一个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体。 如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office. Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 7 - The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it. ② 表示动作的未完性、暂时性。如： — Have you moved into the new house ? — Not yet. The rooms are being painted. I don’t really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives. Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it. Selecting a mobile phone for a personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly. ③ 表示计划、安排要做的事。如： I’ve won a holiday for two days to Florida. I am taking my mum. — What were you doing when Tony phoned you ? — I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. ④ 表示现在或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况。如： I don’t think Jim saw me; he was just starting into space. I first met Lisa 3 years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. — Is this raincoat yours ? — No, mine is hanging there behind the door. — Hey, look where you are going ! — Oh, I’m terribly sorry, I wasn’t noticing. 主动和被动 一、注意短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态 That old man was often laughed at. 那位老人常受人嘲笑。 The doctor has been sent for. 已经派人请大夫去了。 Time must be made good use of. 时间一定要充分利用。 The plan will be given up. 那计划就要被放弃了。 Bad habits have been done away with. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 8 - 坏习惯已经改掉了。 （在被动结构中，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词，关于这类及物性质的短语动词请看专 题五） He must be prevented from going. 必须阻止他去。 The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 计划必须尽早执行。 （谓语结构是：情态动词+be +过去分词） 二、get + 过去分词可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化，如： She got married last week. 她上周结婚了。 The patient got treated once a week. 那位病菌人一周得到一次治疗。 He fell off the car and got killed. 他从车上摔下来，摔死了。 三、主动形式表被动意义 1．系动词 look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep + 形容词/名词构成系表结构。如： The steel feels cold. His plan proved (to be) practical. It has gone bad. 2．表示开始、结束、运动的动词。如 begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move 等。 Work began at 7 o’clock this morning. The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day. 3．表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如 read, write, act, iron, cut draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink。这类动词一般不单独使 用，常用一个修饰语。如： This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干。 Nylon cleans easily. 尼龙容易洗干净。 The door won’t lock. 这门锁不上。 Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物在冰箱里能保鲜。 Your speech reads well. 你的演说讲得好。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 9 - This material has worn thin. 这个材料已经磨薄了。 His book does not sell. 他的书没有销路。 Your pen writes smoothly. 你的笔好写。 This lock won’t catch. 这锁锁不上。 The match won’t catch. 火柴擦不着。 The plan worked out wonderfully. 这计划制定得很好。 The recorder won’t play. 这录音机不转。 The engine won’t start. 引擎发动不起来。 This knife cuts well. 这把刀子很快。 The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。 4．少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义。如 print, cook, fry, hang, build, make。 如： The books are printing. 这本书正在排印中。 The neat is cooking. 肉在煮。 5．介词 in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应的被 动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。 常见的有：under control (受控制)，under treatment (在治疗中)，under repair (在 修理中)，under discussion (在讨论中)，under construction (在施工中)，beyond belief (令人难以置信)，beyond one’s reach (鞭长莫及)，beyond one’s control (无法控制)， beyond our hope (我们始料不及)，for sale (出售)，for rent (出租)，in print (在印 刷中)，in sight (在视野范围内)，on sale (出售)，on show (展出)，on trial (受审)， out of control (控制不了)，out of sight (超出视线之外)，out of one’s reach (够不 着)，out of fashion (不流行)。如： The building is under construction (is being constructed). The rumor is beyond belief ( = can’t be believed ). His honest character is above all praise. ( = His honest character cannot be praised enough.) That house is for sale. ( = That house is to be sold.) The book is not yet in print ( = is not yet printed ). 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 10 - Today some treasures are on show in the museum ( = are being showed). The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled). He took two days off within the teacher’s permission. 6．不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, wish, cost, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to 等。如： This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 【高频考点突破】 一、动词时态考查要点 1.一般现在时：主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作， 句子中常有 often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun. Guangzhou is situated in the south of China. 考点一：表示永恒的真理，客观存在，科学事实，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在 时。如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 考点二：表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 11 - 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 考点三、现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的 可不行。 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 【经典例题】I ________（play） ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. 【答案】play 考点四：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的时间状语的词有： 时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, otherwise. If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 【经典例题】—What would you do if it________(rain)tomorrow ? —We have to carry it on , since we’ve got everything ready . 【答案】rains 【解析】在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来, it 是第三人称单数, 动词后加 s。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 12 - 考点五：在 make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用 一般现在时代替一般将来时。 So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。 考点六：在 the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从 句通常用一般现在时。 The harder you study, the better results you will get. 2.现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词， 如 always，constantly，continually，again 等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌 烦、埋怨等）。 We are having English class. The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble. 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。 Look out when you are crossing the street. Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. 考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。 Marry is leaving on Friday. 3.现在完成时 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 13 - 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。 现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语： 【经典例题】28. Jonny, I can’t believe how much you have changed! You _____(grow) at least one foot! 【答案】have grown 考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点 They have lived in Beijing for five years. They have lived in Beijing since 1995. I have learned English for ten years. 考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, 【经典例题】—What is the price of petrol these days —Oh, it ______(rise) sharply since last month. 【答案】has risen 【解析】本题考查时态的用法。 根据 since last month 可知应用现在完成时。 【经典例题】So far this year we ________(see)a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. 【答案】have seen 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 14 - 【解析】习语 so far 的意思是“到目前为止”,刚好与现在完成时的持续性用法（从过去持 续到现在的一段时间）相吻合，所以通常要连用现在完成时。 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。 in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等 考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。 This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. That is the only book that he has written. 4．一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响， 只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意： 【经典例题】I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I________(go)there several years ago. 【答案】went 【解析】根据句中的 several years ago 是一般过去时的标志。 【经典例题】—You speak very good French! —Thanks. I __________(study) French in Sichuan University for four years. 【答案】studied 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 15 - 考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to 为不定式，后接动 词原形。 be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 5. 过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。 The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work. He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help. What were you doing at nine last night? The radio was being repaired when you called me. 6. 过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”， 句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till ) There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000. By the end of last term we had finished the book. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 16 - They finished earlier than we had expected. 考点一：用于 hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成 时，从句用一般过去时。 I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow. No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装） 考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。 That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. It was 3 years since we had parted。 考点三：动词 hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成 时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。 I had hoped that I could do the job. I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 7. 一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和 tomorrow, next year, in 2008 等表示将 来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达种。 Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008. 考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中： We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes. （主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。） 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 17 - 考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如 arrive, come, go, leave, start 等，用现在进 行时形式表示将来。 I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中 and 后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。 Use your head and you will find a way. 考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的 事。 “am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。 “am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。 They are to be married in this May. 8. 将来进行时 表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport. 9. 将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。 考点一：常用的时间状语一般用 by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year 以及由 by the time…, before 或 when 等引 导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 18 - By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。 The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 【注意】 1.一般现在时代替一般将来时 When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately 等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去 看他姨妈。 2. 一般现在时代替一般过去时 （1） "书上说"，"报纸上说"等。例如： The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 （2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如： Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins. 拿破仑的军队正在 向前挺进，大战开始了。 3.一般现在时代替现在完成时 （1）有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如 hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember 等。例如： I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 19 - I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。 （2）用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如： It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过 去了。 4.一般现在时代替现在进行时。 在 Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如： There goes the bell. 铃响了。 5.现在进行时代替将来时 （1）表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如： Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗? We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。 （2）渐变动词，如 get, run, grow, become, begin 以及瞬间动词 die 等。例如： He is dying. 他要死了。 6.时态与常用时间状语的搭配: 一般现在时： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday 等。 一般过去时：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 等。 一般将来时： next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等。 现在完成时： for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the few past years, always, recently lately 等。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 20 - 过去完成时：before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once 等。 过去进行时：this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while 等。 将来进行时：soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening。 二、被动语态考查要点 被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语中也有用 get / become + 过去分词 表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或 突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by 短语有时可以省略）。一般用于强调受者，做题时谓语动 词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考， 只是需要注意以下考点。 考点一：使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。 1. 主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。 My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday. An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday. I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday. 2. 主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加 to。 The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long(by the boss) 3. 短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。 The children were taken good care of (by her). 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 21 - Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to. 4. 情态动词和 be going to，be to，be sure to，used to，have to，had better 等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为 be +过去分词。 5. 当句子的谓语为 say，believe，expect，think，know，write，consider，report 等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用 it 作形 式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如： People say he is a smart boy. =It is said that he is a smart boy. =He is said to be a smart boy. People know paper was made in China first. = It is known that paper was made in China first. = Paper was known to be made in China first. 类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that … 考点二：不能用被动语态的几种情况。 1. 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。 2. 表示状态的谓语动词，如：last，hold，benefit，contain，equal，fit，join，mean， cost，look like，consist to 等。 3. 表示归属的动词，如 have，own，belong to 等。 4. 表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish，want，hope，like，love，hate 等。 5. 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 22 - 6. 宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。 7. 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有 sell， write，wash，open，lock 等(此,句中常会有一些表示性质或动作特征的副词. 如:well,badly,easily,hard,difficultly 等)。 考点三：主动形式表被动意义。 1. 当 feel，look，smell，taste，sound 等后面接形容词时；当 cut，read，sell，wear， write 等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。 This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。 These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。 My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。 The door won’t lock.门锁不上。 The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。 2. 当 break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out 等动词表示“发生、关 闭、制定”等意思时。 The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turn off. 3. want, require, need, demand, request 后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。 4. be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。 5. 在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。 This kind of water isn’t fit to drink. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 23 - The girl isn’t easy to get along with. 另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。 考点四：被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。 1.be seated 坐着 He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。 2.be hidden 躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。 3. be lost 迷路 4. be drunk 喝醉 5. be dressed (in sth)穿着… The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. 考点五：被动语态与系表结构的区别 被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如： The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态) The book is well sold.(系表结构) （1）如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时 态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 24 - （2）如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意 到下列情况： ① 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从 句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. ② 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作明显发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从 句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. ③ 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须 用过去将来时，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest. ④ 如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要 用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. ⑤ 如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓 语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句 仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975. （1）宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词 make, see, hear, watch, notice 等之后，不定式的 to 在主动语态里可 要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab. （2）宾补为-ing,-ed 分词，改为被动后不变:如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time. （3）宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，改为被动后不变:如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.