【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解不良习惯及正确方法指导学案（9页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解不良习惯及正确方法指导学案（9页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 阅读理解不良习惯及正确方法指导 一阅读理解不良习惯 ‎1.音读 许多朋友都有出声阅读的习惯。出声阅读的主要弊病就是使阅读速度和效率受说话速度的限制。因为，正常默读速度几乎要比出声朗读的速度快两倍以上。 另外，出声阅读往往以不同的形式表现出来，有时看见的仅仅是无声地动动嘴唇，有时甚至连嘴唇也不动，只是舌、喉在活动。嘴唇的活动无疑会影响眼睛的扫视速度，"一个有效率的读者能够只要看到印刷符号，就直接获得意思，而不经过声音阶段。"因此，要克服这种不良的阅读习惯，就要训练自己养成通过视觉器官直接感知文字符号的视读能力。 2.心读 心读是一种很难观察到的阅读习惯。心读时，人体的任何部位，不论嘴、头或声带都没有动，只存在一种说话的内在形式：学生在内心里始终自言自语，清晰地发出并听着每个字音。这种毛病亦是一种很坏的阅读习惯，它直接影响到阅读的速度和效率，并且矫正起来又比较困难。采用强制自己深入理解文章内容的同时，又强制自己加快阅读速度的方法一般能逐渐克服这种坏习惯。 3.指读 指读是指用手指、铅笔或尺子等指着一个个词进行阅读的习惯。这种指读的单纯机械运用不仅会减慢阅读速度，而且还会把我们的注意力引向错误的方向。一个高效率的阅读者不会注意单词的位置，也不会在每个单词上平均花费时间，而是把注意力集中在作者要阐明的思想内容上。指读的习惯实际上妨碍了眼睛运动并限制了大脑的快速活动能力。因此，必须克服这种不良的阅读习惯，逐渐养成用脑瞬间反映文字信息的能力。 4.复视 复视指的是读完一个句子或段落后回过头去重复阅读。阅读能力差的朋友往往过分依赖于复视以养成一种习惯。改变这种不良习惯的办法就是让自己阅读大量难度适宜的读物，这样就不会因遇到生词或不太懂的短语、句子或段落而回过头来再看，以至养成复视的习惯。 5.头的摆动 阅读时头部下意识地左右摆动是阅读的另一坏习惯。在阅读过程中，有些人往往尽量使自己的鼻尖对准他正在读的每一个字。这样，当他顺着一行字往下读时，他就会轻微地摆动头部，而当他通过头来看下一行时，他就会很快转回去以便使鼻尖再对准书页的左边。这种头的摆动，学生往往意识不到，而正是这种不必要的动作往往对阅读速度产生影响。因此，必须克服这种毛病，养成阅读时只移动视线的习惯。 其他不良的习惯，诸如阅读时，有的注意力不集中，"思想开小差";有的用尺子比着，‎ ‎ 一行一行地向下移;有的一面阅读一面玩弄钢笔、尺子、钥匙等物，不时地发出响声;有的 爱抖动双腿;有的过多地进行语法分析;有的还停下来查词典等等。‎ 二 阅读理解正确训练方法 ‎1. 快速泛读(fast extensive reading) 平时要养成快速泛读的习惯。这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的书籍，要求读得快，理解和掌握书中的主要内容就可以了。要确定一个明确的读书定额，定额要结合自己的实际，切实可行，可多可少。例如每天读20页，一个学期以18周计算，就可以读21本中等厚度的书(每本书约120页)。 2. 计时阅读 (timed reading) 课余要养成计时阅读的习惯。计时阅读每次进行5～10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳、精力分散，反而乏味。阅读时先记下“起读时间”(starting time)，阅读完毕，记下“止读时间”(finishing time)，即可计算出本次阅读速度。随手记下，长期坚持，必定收到明显效果。 3. 略读 (skimming) 略读又称跳读(reading and skipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。所谓略读，是指以尽可能快的速度阅读，如同从飞机上鸟瞰(bird's eye view )地面上的明显标志一样，迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。换句话说，略读是要求读者有选择地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节，以求抓住文章的大概，从而加快阅读速度。据统计，训练有素的略读者(skimmer)的阅读速度可以达到每分钟3000到4000个词。 阅读时，先把文章粗略地浏览一下，看看文章中是否有自己工作和学习需要的或自己感兴趣的资料和信息，然后确定这篇文章是否值得细读。在查找资料时，如果没有充分时间，而又不需要高度理解时，就可以运用略读技巧。“不需要高度理解”并非指略读时理解水平可以很低，而是说略低于一般阅读速度所取得的理解水平是允许的。 一般阅读的目标是在保持一般阅读速度的条件下，获得尽可能高的理解水平，通常达到70%或80%。略读时，理解水平略低一些是预料之中的事，平均理解率达50%或60%就可以了。 略读有下列四个特点： (1)以极快的速度阅读大量材料，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。 (2)可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。 (3)理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。 (4)根据文章的难易程度和达到的目的，不断灵活地调整阅读速度。 略读可以运用下列技巧： (1)要利用印刷细节(typegraphical ‎ details)，如书或文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对书和文章进行预测略读(preview skimming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式)，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。 (2)以一般阅读速度(200～250wpm)，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的文章风格、口吻或语气等。 (3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。 (4)注意转折词和序列词。转折词如however, moreover, in addition等;序列词firstly, secondly等。 (5)若无需要，不必阅读细节。 4.寻读 (Scanning) 寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。熟练的读者善于运用寻读获得具体信息，以提高阅读效率。 寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分则略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用这种方法，读者就能在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的印刷材料，找到所需要的信息。例如，在车站寻找某次列车或汽车的运行时刻，在机场寻找某次班机的飞行时刻，在图书馆查找书刊的目录，在文 献中查找某一日期、名字、数字或号码等，都可以运用这种方法。 作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，寻读既要求速度，又要求寻读的准确性。具体地说，寻读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。因此，可以把整段整段的文字直接映入大脑，不必字字句句过目。视线在印刷材料上掠过时，一旦发现有关的内容，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘下，既保证寻读的速度，又做到准确无误，所以寻读技巧也很有实用价值。 寻读与略读不同。略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知，而寻读则是读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。例如，寻读电话号码簿，读者知道受话人的姓名，还知道电话号码簿是按姓的字母顺序排列的。这样，在寻找Jackson的电话时，就可以利用书页上方的标识词，再按姓的字母顺序很快翻到以J开头的书页，从而找到Jackson名下的电话页码。 为了有效地进行寻读，读者应运用下列技巧。 (1)利用材料的编排形式。资料多半是按字母顺序排列的。如词典、索引、邮政编码簿、电话号码簿以及其它参考资料簿等。当然并非所有资料都是按字母顺序排列的。例如，电视节目是按日期和时间排列的。历史资料是按年代排列的，报纸上的体育版面是按比赛类别(足球、排球、网球)排列等等。不管资料来源怎样，它都是按照某种逻辑方法排列的。例如，要知道某事是何时发生的，要查日期;某事是谁做的，要查人名等。 ‎ ‎(2)利用章节标题和说明。寻读之后，首先看看文章标题或章节标题，确定文章是否包含自己所需要的材料，或者哪一部分包含哪些材料，这样可以直接翻到那个部分，进行寻找。 (3)抓提示词。读者找到包含所需信息的章节，准备寻读。这时，要留心与那个具体信息有关的提示词。例如，在报纸体育运动版上寻找某田径运动员的某项运动成绩，他的国名是提示词。在百科全书上寻找纽约市的人名，翻到New York City那一章后，population, census, inhabitants 等词就是提示词，找到提示词，就可以采用一般阅读速度，获得所需要的信息。‎ 三典题训练 A ‎(2017·合肥市高三第一次质检)Are you interested in visiting historical swimming pools? If you are, here are some pools that you shouldn’t miss in America.‎ McCarren Park Pool During the summer of 1936, the Works Progress Administration opened eleven huge pools in New York City. One was the McCarren Park Pool, designed by Aymar EmburyⅡ. A 2012 restoration project brought the longclosed Brooklyn facility into the 21st century while keeping the original brick bathhouse building and grand entry arch(拱门)．‎ Berkeley City Club Pool Open to members and hotel guests of Berkeley City Club in Berkeley, California, this Julia Morgandesigned pool dates from 1930. It looks like a pool in a fairy tale. There is an observation deck (瞭望台) for those who just want to enjoy the architecture without actually swimming.‎ Roman Pool Part of Hearst Castle, the indoor Roman Pool is a masterpiece filled with natural light and amazing artworks by artist Camille Solon. Julia Morgan built the pool under a tennis court and designed it in an artistic style. The water’s gleaming surface reflects the room’s curved marble ladders, lamps and marble statues.‎ Neptune Pool The Neptune Pool is also one of the main attractions of Hearst Castle. Julia Morgan designed it. It has an amazing oceanview setting. For more on the Neptune Pool and the castle, visit the Hearst Castle website.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。作者向我们介绍了美国四个历史悠久的游泳池。‎ ‎1．What can we know about the McCarren Park Pool?‎ A．It was opened in the early 1930s.‎ B．It isn’t open to the public today.‎ C．It was restored by Aymar EmburyⅡ.‎ D．The original brick bathhouse building still exists.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段的“A 2012 restoration project brought the longclosed Brooklyn facility into the 21st century while keeping the original brick bathhouse building”可知应选D。‎ ‎2．What can we do at the Roman Pool?‎ A．Having an ocean view through the windows.‎ B．Enjoying views on an observation deck.‎ C．Enjoying artworks by Camille Solon.‎ D．Staying at Berkeley City Club.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第四段的“Part of Hearst Castle, the indoor Roman Pool is a masterpiece filled with natural light and amazing artworks by artist Camille Solon.”可知应选C。‎ ‎3．The text is meant to ________.‎ A．introduce the Hearst Castle website B．introduce some historical swimming pools C．recommend some major attractions in the U．S.‎ D．tell readers about some pools designed by Julia Morgan 解析：选B　写作意图题。根据文章内容可知，作者主要介绍了一些美国历史悠久的游泳池，故选B。‎ B ‎(2017·江西重点中学盟校第一次联考)Based on new analysis, we are rapidly approaching major climate change and the effects on society and the environment could be quite severe. Geographers predict that within the next eighty years, current world climate zones could shift and some could completely disappear. Polar regions will get colder while tropical regions will get even hotter, forcing animals to migrate (迁徙) north.‎ Climate changes like these could lead to the spread of diseases. Tropical storms and hurricanes will not only increase but may also become more intense. If the changes come too quickly, animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.‎ According to Science Daily, a new study predicts that by the year 2100, many of today’s familiar climates will be replaced by climates unknown in today’s world. It is urgent that we reduce the risks of these farreaching consequences for the whole world. The planet itself has been showing signs of change. In 2004, a serious tsunami created by a major earthquake killed thousands in Sumatra and in 2008, thousands died in China because of another severe earthquake. Egypt was hit in 2009 with a major earthquake and Haiti was devastated in 2010 by yet another massive earthquake.‎ ‎ Within just the last few months, new reports from around the world have been coming in and most agree that our climate situation is much worse than previously thought. At this point, it doesn’t matter what is causing it, but rather,‎ ‎ what can be done about it. What’s more, our world is getting more and more unstable every year. There is war and threat of war everywhere. Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.‎ However, other planets are experiencing global warming as well as our own and some scientists believe there may be some connection between this. No one knows anything for sure at this point because there is simply not enough data.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了未来气候的变化对人和动物的生存环境的影响。‎ ‎4．What is the major function of Paragraph 1?‎ A．To arouse the readers’ concern.‎ B．To introduce the theme of the whole passage.‎ C．To summarize the whole passage.‎ D．To state how climate changes.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第一段第一句可知，最新研究数据表明，即将到来的世界气候的巨大变化将严重影响社会和环境。而接下来的几段则是围绕气候变化对社会和环境具体的影响而展开的，由此可推知，第一段主要是介绍文章的主题。故选B项。‎ ‎5．What is the author’s purpose in using the examples of earthquakes?‎ A．To show major changes will take place on the planet.‎ B．To remind people to prevent future earthquakes.‎ C．To show the damage earthquakes caused.‎ D．To tell us more earthquakes will happen in the future.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“The planet itself has been showing signs of change.”‎ 可知，列举最近地球上所发生的地震是为了说明地球已有发生重大变化的迹象。故选A项。‎ ‎6．Which of the following is NOT true of climate changes’ effects?‎ A．Animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.‎ B．It could lead to the spread of diseases.‎ C．Current world climate zones could shift and completely disappear.‎ D．Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，地理学家预计在未来的八十年中，现在的世界气候带可能会改变，有的可能会完全消失，C项中说世界气候带可能会变化并会完全消失，与文中描述不符，故C项表述错误。‎ ‎7．What can be inferred from the passage?‎ A．Animals and plants won’t die out as long as climate changes slowly. ‎ B．There’s enough data for us to predict the future of climate change.‎ C．The world is getting more unstable because of animal migration.‎ D．The earth is not the only planet that is experiencing climate change.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，地球并不是唯一一个在经历气候变化的星球。故选D项。‎ C ‎(2017·山西省重点中学协作体高考适应性考试)‎ Born in the State of New York on May 14th, 1984, Mark Zuckerberg was an instant success. In his high school years, he was considered one of top students in the classics, before moving into the arts, sciences, and literature, again picking up high marks and receiving academic praise. It earned him admission to Harvard University.‎ As a rebellious yet relatively quiet student, he created a website called Facemash in the university — an instantly controversial website that encouraged students to rate each other based on appearance.‎ The site was controversial for several reasons. The first was its illegal use of photographs, which the university and students took issue with. The second was its controversial nature — not every student like being ranked based on their appearance. The third was its huge resource use — while it was hosted on Harvard servers, it was the most popular page in the university’s entire network.‎ Zuckerberg was soon forced to shut the site down, but its popularity and controversy had made him consider its future potential. He soon turned the simple site into a personal one for Harvard students, encouraging them to network with their peers at the college. It was then, together with his two friends, that they launched “The Facebook”， which immediately spread to other colleges and grew into a public service that anyone could access in the United States, whether to network with friends and family, or to play games.‎ The company has been criticized frequently, nevertheless, Zuckerberg has remained true to his initial vision — to create a website that the entire world can use to communicate openly and easily with one another and to keep the user experience clean and pure. The end result is one of the world’s biggest online businesses.‎ Although its true value is debatable, it’s safe to say that Facebook, and its creator Mark Zuckerberg, are two of the twentyfirst century’s most influential, controversial, and potentially powerful figures.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Facebook创始人Mark Zuckerberg在大学期间创建Facemash网站遭遇挫折，但后来走向成功的故事。‎ ‎8．When Mark Zuckerberg was a student, he ________.‎ A．was often praised by teachers for the website he created B．had good academic performance C．alone created a website called Facebook D．encouraged students to set up business like him 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，他学生时期在学术方面表现得很优秀。故B项正确。‎ ‎9．The reason why Zuckerberg shut the site down was probably that ________.‎ A．his website was not popular B．he was doubted for the way he used photographs C．he needed time to reconsider his choice D．he stole resource on Harvard server 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，原因可能是大家因他使用照片的方式而对其产生质疑。故B项正确。‎ ‎10．Which words can best describe Zuckerberg?‎ A．Easygoing and smart. 　B．Quiet and shy.‎ C．Talented and outgoing. D．Rebellious and creative.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段可知，他很叛逆；根据他创建了网站可知，他也具有创造性。故D项正确。‎ ‎11．The best title of the passage should be “________”．‎ A．Mark Zuckerberg and His Facebook B．The Foundation of Facebook C．A Talent from Harvard University D．The Development of Facebook 解析：选A　标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了Mark Zuckerberg在上学期间的突出表现以及他创建网站的过程。A项“Mark Zuckerberg和他的Facebook”概括了文章大意，适合做标题。故A项正确。‎