2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十一)议论文之总分总结构——观点→论证→结论

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十一)议论文之总分总结构——观点→论证→结论

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十一) 议论文之总分总结构——观点→论证→结论 ‎“总分总”类议论文一般包括提出问题、分析问题和解决问题三大部分，在内容的展开上常表现为“总分总”模式，即：首尾部分为“总”，中间分析问题部分为“分”，中间部分为议论文的难点和重点，其呈现形式可以是分论点并列，也可以是递进式的延伸。不过，不管怎样“分”，都应在“总”的统摄之下，并且为“总”服务。这种结构层次清晰，了解了论点是什么，如何论证的，结论是什么，便掌握了文章大意，题目也会迎刃而解。‎ ‎[高考典例]　2018•全国卷Ⅲ•D篇 ‎[读文解题技法]‎ 总 分 总 ‎[1]Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.‎ ‎[2]I found the preholidays a good time to encourage young children to donate lessused things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)．‎ ‎[3]For weeks, I’ve been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball — simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.‎ ‎[4]We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.‎ ‎1.提出观点(第1段)‎ 本文以反例引领提出观点：live more with less。(可解32题)‎ ‎2.事例论证1(第2段)‎ 假期前鼓励孩子捐赠用不着的物品或卖掉东西把钱放于“学校基金”。(可解33题)‎ ‎3.事例论证2(第3段)‎ 事例论证1为某一次行为，接着作者以问题的形式论证了如何让孩子能够“make it a habit”。(可解34题)‎ ‎4.得出结论(第4段)‎ 在事例1和事例2论证的基础上，顺理成章地得出结论：简单的物品也能激发快乐。(可解35题)‎ ‎[依行文结构，比对定答案]‎ ‎32.What do the words “ ” in paragraph 1 probably mean？‎ A. The more， the better. ‎ B. Enough is enough.‎ C. More money， more worries. ‎ D. Earn more and spend more. ‎ 比对画线词后一句所提出的观点，即可得出答案。‎ ‎33.What made Georgia ？‎ A. Saving up for her holiday.‎ B. Raising money for a poor girl.‎ C. Adding the money to her fund.‎ D. Giving the money to a sick mother.‎ 关键词――→定位事例论证1――→比对波浪线处得出答案。‎ ‎34.Why did the author ？‎ A. To try out an idea. ‎ B. To show a parent’s love.‎ C. To train his attention. ‎ D. To help him start a hobby.‎ 关键词――→定位事例论证2――→比对由波浪线处分析得出答案。‎ ‎35.What can be a suitable for the text？‎ A. Take It or Leave It ‎ B.A Lesson from Kids C. Live More with Less ‎ D. The Pleasure of Giving ‎ 关键词――→定位全文，由观点、论证和结论归纳可得出答案。‎ ‎[答案]　32.A　33.C　34.A　35.C ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Housekeeping Services — They are looking for a responsible, professional, detailoriented, experienced housekeeper to take care of all cleaning details of a local business in Angwin. This person will be needed approximately 2－3 times per week for about 8 hours per day. Please email them for additional information and be ready to provide resume and work history. Driver’s license required and the ability to lift at least 50 pounds. Pay will be D|S20－D|S25 per hour. To contact them, email recruitingangwin@gmail.com.‎ Caregiver Position — Looking for a caregiver to help with a 91yearold woman who lives in Calistoga. She speaks both English and Spanish, but Spanish is her preference. She sleeps quite a bit during the day so there is time to do homework. She cannot be left alone because she is a fall risk. She walks with a walker on her own. Please call 9257858500 if interested.‎ Worship Music Leader — First Presbyterian Church (FPC) in Napa is looking for someone who will select songs and use media for church services on Sundays. Applicants must be able to commit 8－10 hours per week for service and meetings as well as being available every Sunday from 9：00 am to 12：00 pm. The pay is about D|S18 an hour. Detailed job information will be posted on the Payroll Office’s window. If interested, send your cover letter and resume to David Stoker at david@fpcnapa.org.‎ Catering Company — Oak Avenue is a premier catering company in St. Helena searching for passionate people to join their talented team of chefs and service professionals. Hours are flexible and can work around students’ schedules. Parttime positions available for aspiring (有抱负的) chefs, bakers, service helpers, and captains. Please send a brief cover letter and resume to Maritza@oakavenuecatering.com or call 7079639278 for more information.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了几个兼职工作。‎ ‎1．To work as a housekeeper, one needs to ________.‎ A．be qualified to drive B．be a local in Angwin C．work about 8 hours per week D．be able to speak two languages 解析：选A　细节理解题。由Housekeeping Services部分中的“Driver’s license required”可知，该工作要求申请者具有驾驶员资质。‎ ‎2．What do we know about the caregiver position?‎ A．The applicant had better speak Spanish.‎ B．The applicant must speak English very well.‎ C．The applicant cannot do homework while on duty.‎ D．The applicant can leave the woman alone occasionally.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。由Caregiver Position部分中的“She speaks both English and Spanish, but Spanish is her preference.”可知，申请者最好会说西班牙语。‎ ‎3．If you want to become a great baker, which number or email address should you contact?‎ A．9257858500.‎ B．7079639278.‎ C．david@fpcnapa.org.‎ D．recruitingangwin@gmail.com.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。由Catering Company部分中的“Parttime positions available for aspiring (有抱负的) chefs, bakers ...”及“call 7079639278”可知答案选B。‎ B ‎(2019•石家庄质量检测)After shopping for deals in stores on “Black Friday”， or online on “Cyber Monday”， Americans and people worldwide are preparing for newly popular “Giving Tuesday”. Starting in 2012, now the global event that is celebrated annually on the Tuesday after Thanksgiving is the brainchild of 92nd Street Y, a cultural center in New York City and the United Nations Foundation.‎ As the name indicates，“Giving Tuesday” is meant to restart the charitable season and therefore observed by raising funds for local nonprofits and schools, organizing food and clothing drives, and conducting random acts of kindness. In 2015，700,000 people from 71 countries came together to donate D|S116.7 million in cash. An additional D|S1.08 million was spent on gifts.‎ While the easiest way to participate is by donating to your favorite charity, this day can be celebrated in many other ways too. You can give back by volunteering at your local shelter or food bank, or even by donating blood. If all else fails, a purchase from the growing number of organizations that give a portion of their sales to charity will do the trick.‎ But perhaps the best way to celebrate the day is by helping those nearest and dearest to you. Assist a family member with a simple chore like folding laundry, cooking dinner, or even reading ‎ to a younger sibling. No matter what you do, be sure to share your good deed on social media and inspire others to celebrate “Giving Tuesday” as well!‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了Giving Tuesday(“给予星期二”)这项慈善活动的初衷和做法，号召人们通过做各种力所能及的活动来献爱心。‎ ‎4．Which of the following has the shortest history?‎ A．Cyber Monday.　　　　 　B．Giving Tuesday.‎ C．Black Friday. D．Thanksgiving Day.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，Giving Tuesday出现在Black Friday和Cyber Monday之后；再根据第一段第二句可知，Giving Tuesday是2012年才出现的，而Thanksgiving Day(感恩节)的历史非常悠久。故答案选B。‎ ‎5．What’s the main purpose of “Giving Tuesday”？‎ A．To persuade more people to shop online.‎ B．To make Thanksgiving Day enjoyable.‎ C．To encourage more people to do charity.‎ D．To get voluntary work better known.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词purpose定位到文章的第二段。根据第二段第一句可知，这项活动是为了重启慈善季，募集资金、食物、衣服等帮助有需要的人们。故答案选C。 ‎ ‎6．Why does the author advise sharing good deeds on social media?‎ A．To donate money to local schools.‎ B．To keep a record of one’s experience.‎ C．To help people make new friends.‎ D．To make “Giving Tuesday” more popular.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词sharing定位到文章的最后一段。根据最后一段最后一句可知，作者主张把做的好事共享到社交媒体上，是为了鼓励其他人来参与“给予星期二”活动。故答案选D。‎ ‎7．Which section of a website does the text probably come from?‎ A．Business. B．Lifestyle.‎ C．Education. D．Culture.‎ 解析：选D　文章出处题。文章着重介绍了一项慈善活动Giving Tuesday，这不属于生意、生活方式及教育，而属于文化风俗类，故答案选D。‎ C ‎(2019•成都诊断)Food blogs, celebrities, and nutritionists all advocate the benefits of eating organic (有机的) fruits and vegetables. But a new study published in Science Advances paints a more complex picture. While organic produce is likely slightly healthier to eat and, in some ways, more sustainable to grow, there are also downsides.‎ Organic fruits and vegetables typically cost more than conventional ones. To get a certificate as organic, farmers must meet specific criteria, including growing produce without the use of genetic engineering and chemical inputs. Without these methods, the growing process typically requires more labor, time, and money, a cost that is passed down to consumers.‎ It’s true that in many ways, organic farming is more sustainable than conventional farming. But when it comes to environmental concerns such as greenhouse gas output and water loss, the comparison gets complex. Organic farms produce less greenhouse gas output per acre. However, because they are barred from using genetic engineering, pesticides (杀虫剂), and other methods ‎ that increase efficiency (效率), organic farms also produce an estimated 19% to 25% less yield than conventional farms. While there isn’t a whole lot of research on the topic, the few studies that do exist suggest greenhouse gas output and water loss might actually be higher on organic farms, on a per unit basis, says study author Verena Seufert.‎ In addition, while organic produce is likely more nutritious than conventional fruits and vegetables, there’s not a lot of evidence to support the claim that these often slight differences influence consumer health. The same is true for the pesticide remainder. In developed countries, where pesticide use is tightly regulated, there’s no scientific consensus on how these often slight differences influence human health.‎ Still, Seufert stresses that if you can afford to eat organic produce, you should do so. Organic farms provide safer work environments for workers, plus they support great biodiversity. The real takeaway from her study is not that organic produce is bad but that the practice needs more studies to increase the yield without lowering sustainability.‎ But if you can’t afford to buy organic produce, don’t stress too much, particularly from a nutritional perspective.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章就有机农产品的优缺点进行了评价。‎ ‎8．What does the underlined word “downsides” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean?‎ A．Dangers. B．Drawbacks.‎ C．Benefits. D．Differences.‎ 解析：选B　词义猜测题。根据第一段画线词所在句可知，虽然有机农产品可能稍微健康些，但在某些方面，也有其缺点。再结合语境和下文陈述的有机农产品的缺点可以判断，画线词应指有机农产品不好的一面，B项意为“缺点”，故B项正确。‎ ‎9．Which key factor makes it hard to compare organic farming with conventional farming when it comes to environmental concerns?‎ A．The yield. B．The price.‎ C．The water loss. D．The labor.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，当涉及诸如温室气体排放和水资源损失等环境问题时，比较传统农业和有机农业就困难了；且根据第三段的其他内容可知，虽然有机农业与传统农业相比更可持续，但因为不能使用基因工程技术、杀虫剂及其他提高效率的方法，有机农业的产量相对低，故产量是使得两者之间的比较变得困难的重要因素，故A项正确。‎ ‎10．Which of the following will the author most probably agree with?‎ A．Farmers’ work environment should be improved.‎ B．Organic produce should be made more efficiently.‎ C．It isn’t wise for consumers to buy organic products.‎ D．The pesticide remainder do no harm to people’s health.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第三段第四句可知，由于禁止使用基因工程技术和杀虫剂等，有机农场的产量估计会比传统农场的产量低19%至25%。据此可以判断，应当提高有机农业的生产效率，故B项正确。倒数第二段的最后一句亦是提示。‎ ‎11．In the author’s opinion, why should we support organic produce?‎ A．It’s environmentally friendly.‎ B．It’s more nutritious.‎ C．It helps keep the variety of plants.‎ D．It’s safer for consumers.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段第二句“Organic farms provide safer work environments for workers, plus they support great biodiversity.”可知，有机农场为工人提供更安全的工作环境，而且有机农场有助于保持生物多样性。据此可以判断，我们应当提倡有机农产品的原因之一是能保持生物的多样性，故C项正确。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 ‎(2019•成都市毕业班摸底测试)Everyone dreams. If you’ve ever tried to figure out the meaning of a strange dream, you’re not alone. Humans have been trying to make sense of dreams since recorded history. __1__ Here are some of the findings.‎ ‎__2__ People with great creativity are more likely to dream about unusual settings and about blocks in the natural world, such as a log or a rock they can’t get around. ‎ You’ve got a heart problem. People who have frequent nightmares may be significantly more likely to suffer from an irregular heartbeat or chest pain. If you have those problems, it’s more difficult for you to breathe at night. __3__‎ You’re avoiding something. Do you dream about being followed by a stranger, a monster, or a giant tidal wave? This could indicate that you’re afraid to deal with something in your daily life.__4__‎ You’ll have a good result in a test. Students whose performance improved were those who had dreamed about the maze (迷宫) during the sleep. __5__ This improves learning and problemsolving skills.‎ Despite the fact that technology has vastly expanded our understanding of dreaming, much of what occurs when we’re asleep remains as it has always been: a mystery.‎ A．How creative you are.‎ B．Dreaming may strengthen memories.‎ C．What kind of problem solver you are.‎ D．What can our dreams tell about ourselves?‎ E．How can we understand better about ourselves?‎ F．That explains why you cannot have a sound sleep.‎ G．Ask yourself what issue or emotion you’re faced with.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了关于梦的几项研究结果。‎ ‎1．选D　根据空后的“Here are some of the findings.”及下文介绍的通过做梦分析自身的内容可知，D项“我们的梦能告诉关于我们自己的什么？”符合语境。‎ ‎2．选A　根据空处所在的位置及文章的结构可知，空处为该段的主题句；结合空后的内容可知，有创造力的人更有可能梦到不寻常的场景和自然界中的障碍，比如他们无法避开的原木或石头。据此可知，该段主要说明了梦能反映人们的创造力，故A项正确。‎ ‎3．选F　根据前一句“If you have those problems, it’s more difficult for you to breathe at night.”可知，如果你有这些问题，晚上呼吸就会更困难。据此可知，F项“这就解释了你为什么不能睡好觉”承接上文，符合语境。‎ ‎4．选G　根据前一句“This could indicate that you’re afraid to deal with something in your daily life.”可知，这可能表明你害怕在日常生活中处理一些事情。故G项“问问你自己，你面临的问题或情绪是什么”符合语境。‎ ‎5．选B　根据空处后一句“This improves learning and problemsolving skills.”可知，这提高了学习和解决问题的技能。据此可知，B项“做梦可以增强人的记忆力”符合语境。‎