【英语】2018届二轮复习非谓语动词考点讲与练（含有解析）学案（18页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习非谓语动词考点讲与练（含有解析）学案（18页word版）

2018 届二轮复习 非谓语动词考点讲与练 考点一 非谓语动词作定语 (一)不定式作定语 1．作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名 词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需有相应的介词。 The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。 但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time，place 或 way 时，不定 式后面的介词习惯上会省去。 He had no place to live. 他没有地方住。 2．用不定式作定语的几种情况： (1)不定式表将来。 ①The car to be bought is for his sister. 要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。 ②(2016·四川高考)For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something to eat! 二十五天来，她从来没离开过孩子，甚至都不去找些吃的。 (2)用来修饰被序数词、形容词最高级或 no，all，any 等限定的中 心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主谓关系。 ①He was the best man to do the job. 他是做这份工作的最佳人选。 ②She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。 (3)有些与名词同形的动词常跟不定式，因而它们用作名词时也常 跟不定式作定语，常见的有：promise，plan，attempt，offer 等。 ①I don't trust his promise to come for a visit. 我不相信他来访的诺言。 (比较：He promised to come for a visit.) ②He said he had no plans to go there. 他说他没有要去那里的计划。 (比较：He didn't plan to go there.) ③He made an attempt to stand up. 他试图站起来。 (比较：He attempted to stand up.) (二)分词作定语 1．作定语的及物动词的分词形式为：v.ing，being＋过去分词和 过去分词。当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时，用 v.ing； 当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用 being ＋过去分词；当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时， 用过去分词。 ①The houses being built are for the teachers. 正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。(被动、正在进行) ②(2016·浙江高考)To return to the problem of water pollution，I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012. 为了再讨论一下水污染的问题，我想让大家看一项 2012 年在澳 大利亚进行的研究。(被动、已经完成) 2．作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：v.ing 和过去分词。v.ing 表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。 boiling water 沸腾的水（表正在进行） boiled water 开水（表完成） falling leaves 正在下落的叶子（表正在进行） fallen leaves 已经落下的叶子（表完成） developing countries 发展中国家（表正在进行） developed countries 发达国家（表完成） (三)动名词作定语 动名词作定语，动名词用来说明被修饰词的用途。 a fishing net 渔网(＝a net for fishing) a swimming pool 游泳池(＝a pool for swimming) (四)to be done，done 和 being done 作定语的区别 to be done 表被动、将来；done 表被动、完成；being done 表被 动、正在进行。 ①Have you read the novel written by Dickens? 你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗？(表被动、完成) ②Listen！The song being sung is very popular with the students. 听！正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。(表被动、正在进行) ③The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important. 明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。(表被动、将来) 考点二 非谓语动词作状语 (一)不定式作状语 1．不定式作目的状语 不定式作目的状语的情况较多，如果强调目的性时，不定式前还 可加 in order 或 so as，构成“in order to do”或“so as to do”结构。“in order to do”结构作目的状语时，可以放在句首也可放在句中；“so as to do” 结构只能放在句中。“in order to do”“so as to do”结构置于句中时，不 能用逗号隔开。 ①Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year(so as/in order)to visit her. 她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京来看她。 ②Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forget it. 鲍勃记下了我的电话号码以免忘记。 ③(2016·四川高考)Every day in our work，we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world. 在我们工作的每一天中，我们都受到那些我们遇到的、做着不平 凡的事情去改善这个世界的人的鼓舞。 2．不定式作结果状语 不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中：so...as to；such...as to；...enough to；only to(常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果)；too...to 等。 I'm not so stupid(a fool)as to write it down. 我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left. 简匆忙赶回来却发现她的母亲已经离开了。(表示“意外或事与愿 违的结果”) I'm too tired to stay up longer. 我太累了，不能再熬夜了。 [注意] only too...to 结构中，too...to...并非是“太……而不能……” 之意。此时，与 too...to...搭配的形容词常见的有 pleased，ready，willing， glad，happy 等。 I'm only too glad to have passed the exam. 考试及格了，我非常高兴。 3．不定式作原因状语 形容词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这 种情绪的原因。用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有：happy，glad，sorry， anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted， pleased 等。 You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday. 你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高兴。 4．在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”结构中，句子的主语 与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质， 这时，需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词 有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant， nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous 等。 This question is easy to answer. 这个问题容易回答。 This book is difficult to understand. 这本书很难理解。 (二)分词作状语 1．分词作状语时其形式的选择 形式 意义 v.ing (doing) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句子谓语 动词动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生 having＋v.ed (having done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动 词动作发生 v.ed (done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成 being＋v.ed (being done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且与谓语动 词动作同时发生 having been＋v.ed (having been done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且先于谓语 动词动作发生 2.分词作状语的句法功能 分词作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方 式、伴随状况等。为了强调，还可与 while，when，once，if，unless 等连词连用。 ①When offered help， one often says“Thank you”or“It's kind of you”．(时间)当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“Thank you”或“It's kind of you”。 ②Separated from other continents for millions of years，Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world.(原因)和其他大陆分离了数百万年，澳大利亚有许多在世界上 任何别的国家都找不到的动植物。 ③Generally speaking，if taken according to the directions，the drug has no side effect.(条件) 一般来说，如果按照说明服用，这种药没有副作用。 ④He glanced over at her，noting that though she was tiny，she seemed very well.(结果)他不经意地看了一下她，注意到她虽然很纤弱， 但看起来非常健康。 ⑤(2016·天津高考)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，making air conditioning unnecessary. 凉爽的风穿过卧室的窗户，使空调不再是必要的。 ⑥Having been told many times ， he still repeated the same mistake.(让步) 虽然被告诉过好多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。 ⑦The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.(伴随) 老师进了实验室，后面跟着一些学生。 (三)独立成分作状语 有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响， 称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking 一般来说；frankly speaking 坦 白 地 说 ； judging from/by... 根 据 …… 来 判 断 ； considering.../taking...into consideration 考虑到……；to tell you the truth 说实话；compared to/with 与……相比。 ①Judging from his accent，he is from Hong Kong. 从口音判断，他是香港人。 ②Considering your health，you'd better have a rest. 考虑到你的健康，你最好休息一下。 ③To tell you the truth，I am a little tired. 说实话，我有点累。 (四)独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但 有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为 独立主格结构(The Nominative Absolute Construction)。 独立主格结构的特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语 不同，它独立存在。②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后 面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。③独立主格结构一般 有逗号与句子分开。 独立主格结构的构成：①名词/代词＋分词；②名词/代词＋不定 式；③with/without＋名词/代词＋分词/不定式。 ①The test finished(＝When the test was finished)，we began our holiday. 考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。 ②The president assassinated( ＝ Because the president was assassinated)，the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被暗杀了，全国上下沉浸在悲痛之中。 ③Weather permitting(＝If weather permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 ④I stood before her with my heart beating fast. 我站在她面前，心脏跳得很快。 考点三 非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语等 1．非谓语动词作宾语 非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和不定式： (1)只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语：suggest，imagine，mind， admit，practice，allow，advise，risk，keep，keep on，avoid，escape， enjoy，consider，excuse，finish，miss，insist on，look forward to，feel like，get down to，object to 等。 I admit breaking the window. (2016·北京高考)New experiences often mean taking some risks，so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well. 新的经历经常意味着冒险，所以大脑也提高了你对风险的承受力。 (2)只能跟不定式作宾语的动词：wish，hope，decide，refuse， promise，pretend，manage，plan，fail，choose，would like 等。 If I fail to appear by 7 o'clock，I will not be coming at all. (3)既可用动名词作宾语、又可跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语： remember，forget，regret，stop，go on，need，start，begin，try 等。 forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事（此事未做） forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（此事已做过 或已发生） stop to do sth.停止、中断（某件事），目的是去 做另一件事 stop doing sth.停止正在做或经常做的事 remember to do sth.记住去做某事（未做） remember doing sth.记得做过某事（已做） regret to do sth.对要做的事感到遗憾（常跟 say， tell，inform 等） regret doing sth.对做过的事后悔 try to do sth.努力做某事 try doing sth.尝试做某事 mean to do 打算，意图 mean doing 意味着 go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情） go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情） Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed. I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspaper. (4)it 作形式宾语，代替真正作宾语的动词不定式或动名词 I think it important to learn English well. 2．非谓语动词作宾补 (1)“五看二听一感觉”的感官动词(see，watch，observe，notice， look at，hear，listen to，feel)等后面的宾语补足语常见的有三种非谓 语动词形式(do/doing/done)。do 表主动和完成(被动句中 to 还原)，doing 表主动或正在进行，done 表被动或完成。 The missing boy was last seen playing near the river. (2)热点动词 let，make，have，get，leave，keep，find 后接非谓 语动词形式作补足语。 Paul doesn't have to be made to learn.He always works hard. (3)固定短语，如 advise/allow/encourage/request/warn sb.to do sth. 等。 The patient was warned not to eat oily food. (4)with 复合结构常用形式： with sb./sth.doing（表主动且进行，或表特征） sth.done（表被动且完成，或表状态） sth.to do（表示将来） John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished， he gladly accepted it. With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly elected president is having a hard time. With the little boy leading the way，we had no difficulty finding the village. [易错警示] ①注意作补足语的三种非谓语动词形式 to do，doing， done 之间的区别，把握动作是主动、被动还是进行。 ②具体分析作宾语补足语的动词与逻辑主语即句子宾语之间的 逻辑关系，再结合动作发生的时间(未发生、正在发生或已经发生)来 选择合适的形式。 3．非谓语动词作主语、表语或其他 (1)非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和不定式。 ①动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作，不定式作主 语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。 ②it 作形式主语，代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见 句型有：It is/was no use/good＋doing sth.；It is/was not any use/good＋ doing sth.；It is/was of little use/good＋doing sth.；It is/was useless doing； It's a waste of time doing sth.等。 (2)非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不 定式。注意现在分词作表语意为“令人感到……的”，而过去分词作表 语意为“本身感到……的”。 The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night. (3)固定句式 do/have/其他动词＋sth.＋but(to)do sth.中的不定式用 法，此结构要遵循前有实义动词 do，but 后则无 to，反之则有 to 的原 则。 He did nothing but save the child without hesitation. 典题演练 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1 ． (2017· 汕 头 二 模 )When I was a young boy ， I loved (climb)trees. 2．(2017·泰安一模)They cheered for (regain)the tenth at last all together. 3．(2017·东营一模)A 13year study of early childhood development made by Harvard University has shown that，by the age of three，most children have the big potential (understand)about 1000 words. 4．(2017·凉山州二次诊断)When a child grows up，he can no longer expect others (pay)for his food，clothes and many other things. 5．(2017·山西重点中学协作体二模)She forced us to grow up into (educate) and honest people. 6．(2017·西安中学质检)There is no easy way to success in language learning.A good memory is a great help ， but it is not enough only (memorize)rules from a grammar book. 7．(2017·江西红色七校一联)One day a young man was walking along the road when he heard a cry.It seemed (come)from underneath a bridge. 8．(2017·海淀一模)She works in a theatre， (follow)in her father's footsteps. 9．(2017·青岛一模)In fact，I had heard nothing，possibly because of the noise I made while (slide)down the rock. 10．(2017·潍坊一模) (take)according to the instructions， the medicine will work for your headache. 【答案】 1．climbing [句意：小时候，我喜欢爬树。love 后可加动名词 作宾语。] 2．regaining [介词后需用动名词作宾语，故答案为 regaining。] 3．to understand [句意：哈佛大学为期 13 年对儿童早期发展 的研究表明：到 3 岁时，大多数孩子有很大潜力，能弄懂大约 1000 个单词。名词 potential 后需用不定式作定语。] 4．to pay [句意：当孩子长大时，他不能再指望其他人为他的 食物、衣服和其他很多东西付钱了。expect 后需用不定式作宾补，故 答案为 to pay。] 5．educated [句意：她迫使我们成为学历高且诚实的人。被修 饰词 people 与 educate 为逻辑上的被动关系，且设空处表示完成，故 用过去分词 educated 作定语。] 6．to memorize [句意：在语言学习方面没有容易的成功之路。 好的记忆力会很有帮助，但是仅仅背诵语法书中的规则是不够的。不 定式作真正的主语。] 7．to be coming [句意：一天，一个年轻人正沿着道路行走， 这时他听到了一阵哭声。那哭声似乎来自桥下。seem 后需用不定式 形式作表语，设空处表示正在进行，故用 to be coming。] 8．following [句意：她步父亲的后尘，在戏院工作。主语 she 与 follow 之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词 following 作状语。] 9．sliding [句意：事实上，我没听到任何声音，也许是因为我 从岩石上滑下来时发出的声音。主语 I 与 slide 之间为逻辑上的主动 关系，故需 v.ing 形式作状语，故答案为 sliding。] 10．Taken [句意：按说明吃药，这药会对你的头疼有效。本题 考查非谓语动词作条件状语。take 与主语 the medicine 之间为逻辑上 的被动关系，故答案为 taken。] Ⅱ.单句改错 1．(2017·邯郸一模)Watch the flag rising in the brilliant sun，we were quite excited and proud of our motherland. 2．(2017·焦作一模)Seeing them are working so hard on such a cold morning，I was moved and made up my mind to do something for them. 3． (2017· 湖 南 四大 名 校 联考 )Have classes in such a beautiful environment，we feel very happy. 4．(2017·黄冈质检)I was worrying and decided to take her to a hospital. 5．(2017·江西八所盟校联考)Because we had not eaten ice cream for a long time，we got very exciting. 6．(2017·资阳一次诊断)Seeing from the top of the hill，the city was extremely beautiful. 7．(2017·全国名校联盟百校大联考)On our way home，we couldn't help to talking about what we had experienced. 8．(2017·长春质检)Thank you for spending time read my letter. 9．(2017·温州联考)It was a great pleasure to have such a devoting friend. 10．(2017·曲沃中学阶段考试)I'm 18 years old and have a good command of English，especially in terms of English speech competition hold in our school. 【答案】 1．Watch→Watching [句意：在明媚的阳光下观看升旗仪式， 我们十分激动并为我们的祖国感到骄傲。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。 主语 we 与 watch 之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用 watching 作状语。] 2．去掉 are [句意：看到他们在如此寒冷的早晨努力工作，我 很感动并下定决心为他们做点事情。see 后需直接加现在分词作宾补， 故将 are 去掉。] 3．Have→Having [句意：在如此美丽的环境里上课，我们感到 非常高兴。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。have 与主语 we 之间为逻辑 上的主动关系，故用 having 作状语。] 4．worrying→worried [句意：我很担心，决定把她送到一家医 院。本题考查非谓语动词。worrying 令人担心的；worried 感到担心 的。] 5．exciting→excited [句意：因为很长时间没有吃过冰激凌了， 所以我们都非常激动。本题考查非谓语动词。exciting 令人激动的； excited 感到激动的。] 6．Seeing→Seen [句意：从山顶上看，这座城市极其美丽。本 题考查非谓语动词作状语。主语 the city 与 see 为逻辑上的被动关系， 故用过去分词形式作状语。] 7．去掉 to [can't help doing sth.为固定句型，意为：情不自禁地 做某事。] 8．read→reading [句意：感谢您花时间读我写的信。spend time(in)doing sth.为固定用法，故将 read 改为 reading。] 9．devoting→devoted [a devoted friend 一个忠实的朋友。] 10．hold→held [competition 与 hold 之间为逻辑上的被动关系， 故需用过去分词作定语。] 高考题型综合练 Ⅰ.语法填空 There is a growing debate about the most 1 (effect)way for students to study. 2 (tradition)studying alone was thought to be the best way 3 (ensure)good exam results.When studying alone you can focus your mind better 4 when you are with others.Students who prefer to study alone often say that when they study with their classmates they waste a lot of time because 5 discussion is often about nonstudy 6 (topic)such as television or holidays. In the last few years ， however ， more and more students 7 (start)studying in groups.There are several reasons 8 many students prefer this method.First，they find that studying is more fun as they can share the experience 9 others rather than staying in their rooms.In groups，they can use the knowledge of their classmates' to help improve their own knowledge.Finally by 10 (discuss)the topic they are able to both understand and remember it better. 【语篇解读】 学习方式有差异，是独立学习好还是合作学习更 优？虽然独立学习有很多好处，但是在过去几年，越来越多的学生开 始进行小组学习。 1．effective [考查形容词的用法。空前为“the most”，空后为名 词 way，此处应填形容词，故填 effective。] 2．Traditionally [考查词性转换。traditionally 为评述性副词， 修饰其后的整个句子。] 3．to ensure [考查非谓语动词。way 后常用不定式作后置定语。] 4．than [考查连词 than 的用法。由前后文的语意逻辑以及空格 前的 better 可知，此处应用连词 than。] 5．the/their [考查冠词或代词。此处特指他们的讨论，故用定 冠词 the，此处也可以填形容词性物主代词 their。] 6．topics [考查名词的单复数。由空后的“such as television or holidays”可知此处的话题不止一个，故应用 topic 的复数形式。] 7．have started [考查动词的时态。时间状语“In the last few years” 表明此处应用现在完成时。] 8．why [考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处 所在句作定语修饰先行词 reasons，引导词在从句中作状语，表原因， 故应用 why。] 9．with [考查介词。share...with 是固定表达，意为“与……分 享”。] 10．discussing [考查非谓语动词。介词后应用动词ing 形式作 宾语。此处“by＋doing”用作方式状语，表示“通过做……”。] 【导学 号：11470171】 Ⅱ.短文改错 Last weekend ， I help my grandparents with their trip to the Beidaihe.At Saturday morning，together with my grandparents，I searched the Internet for the train schedule，the weather in Beidaihe，and some hotel informations.In the afternoon ， I went to the train station and managed to buying two tickets for my grandparents although there was a long queue.After dinner ， I packed the things where my grandparents needed into the suitcase，such as clothes，glasses，a umbrella，and a map.The next morning，I went to the station see them off.Waved goodbye to them on the platform，I felt happily for them and wished them a safe journey. 【答案】 Last weekend ， I help helped my grandparents with their trip to ﹨the Beidaihe. At On Saturday morning ， together with my grandparents ， I searched the Internet for the train schedule，the weather in Beidaihe，and some hotel informations information .In the afternoon，I went to the train station and managed to buying buy two tickets for my grandparents although there was a long queue. After dinner ， I packed the things where that/which my grandparents needed into the suitcase，such as clothes，glasses， a an umbrella，and a map.The next morning，I went to the station ∧to see them off. Waved Waving goodbye to them on the platform，I felt happily happy for them and wished them a safe journey.