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2019届二轮复习定语从句课件(39张)
2019 届二轮复习 定语从句 考 纲 解 读 命 题 分 析 知 识 归 纳 语 法 专 练 2 3 4 1 考 纲 解 读 考点 考纲解读 关系词 关系词之间的用法区别 与其他从句区别 定语从句、状语从句、强调句等相似句型的区别 介词+关系代词 “ 介词+关系代词 ” 结构中介词或关系代词的选用 区别 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 命 题 分 析 全国及各省市的高考英语试卷中,涉及关系代词 (that , which , who , whom , whose , as 等 ) 引导的定语从句、关系副词 (where , when , why 等 ) 引导的定语从句。关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语、时间状语、原因状语等。高考一般考查对各种定语从句的引导词的选择。 知 识 归 纳 一、考点知识归纳 考点一 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1 . 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用;而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中,先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开。 2 . 定语从句中关系词选择的三点依据 (1) 根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性; (2) 根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物; (3) 根据它在从句中所充当的成分 —— 主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。 3 . 非限制性定语从句中关系词的选用 (1) 关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略; (2)who ( 主语 ) , whom( 宾语 ) , which( 主语,宾语 ) 不能用 that 代替,也不能互相替换; (3) “ 介词+ which/whom +从句 ” 结构中,介词不能移到从句的后面; (4)when, where 可用于非限制性定语从句。 4 . 关系代词 that 和 which 的用法 (1) 限制性定语从句中,必须用关系代词 that 的情况: ①当先行词是不定代词 all, much, little, no, few, any, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 时。 ②当先行词前面被 the only, the very( 恰恰,正好 ) 等词修饰时。 ③当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。 ④ 当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。 ⑤当先行词既有人又有物时。 ⑥当主句的主语是疑问词 who 或 which 时。 ⑦有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已用 which ,另外一个宜用 that 。 ⑧当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。 (2) 定语从句中,必须用 which 的情况: ①在非限制性定语从句中,只用 which ,不用 that 。 ②当动词短语中的介词提前时,只用 which ,不用 that 。 提示: 在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如: This is the pen (which/that) I'm looking for. 不可以说: This is the pen for which I'm looking. 我从未听过他讲的这类故事。 (as 作宾语 ) He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。 (as 作表语 ) 提示: such...as... 引导的定语从句与 such...that... 引导的状语从句的区别: He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. ②...such as... such 为代词,意为 “ 这样的人或物 ” , as 在从句中作成分,修饰先行词 such 。如: This book is not such as I expect. 这不是我想要的书。 (as 作宾语 ) (2) 关系代词 as, which 指代整个主句时的区别: ① as 引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中,而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容,而不是主句中的某一个词。 ② 当非限制性定语从句位于主句前面时,只能用 as 。 ③定语从句中动词若为表示知觉的词,如 see, expect, say, know 等时,通常用 as 而不用 which 。如: As we expected, Xiao Ming took the first place in the game. 正如我们预料的,小明在比赛中得了第一名。 ④当非限制性定语从句位于主句后面时, as 和 which 均可使用,它们的区别是: a .当 as 在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词的被动语态。如: be known, be said, be reported, be announced 等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般用 which 作主语。如: She has been absent again, as is expected. 正如预料的,她又缺席了。 Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy. 汤姆进步很快,这使我很高兴。 b .当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用 which 。如: He came here very late, which was unexpected/not expected. 他很晚才来到这里,这很意外。 Mr. Smith usually praises his student Rose in public, which she doesn't like at all. 史密斯老师常当众表扬他的学生罗斯,她根本不喜欢这样。 提示: as 引导的定语从句与 it 作形式主语的主语从句和以 what 引导的主语从句的区别。试比较: ① As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. ②It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. ③What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 考点二 “ 介词+关系代词 ” 引导的定语从句 “ 介词+关系代词 ” 引导的定语从句是高考中考查定语从句的热点之一。这类试题主要考查考生能否准确判断并选择恰当的介词来完成题目的能力。 1 . “ 介词+关系代词 ” 引导定语从句时,关系代词只能用 which( 指物 ) 或 whom ( 指人 ) ,即:介词+ which/whom 。 2 .当介词不提至关系代词前面时,可以用 that /who/ whom 作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往可以省略。如: This is the hero (that /who/ whom) we are proud of. 这是我们引以为豪的英雄。 This is the pen (that/which) I wrote the letter with. 这是我写信用的钢笔。 3 . “ 复合介词短语+关系代词 ” 引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。如: He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一座大房子里,房子前面矗立着一棵又高又大的树。 4 . “ 介词+关系代词 ” 考查的重点在于 “ 用不用介词 ” 和 “ 用什么介词 ” 。因此在答题时考生必须注意解题思路。考生可采用 “ 先行词还原法 ” ,将先行词还原到从句中来确定正确的介词。具体做法是: (1) 把先行词放在从句中,从句子的意思来判断用不用介词和用什么介词。 (2) 注意从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配。 提示: 由于平时做多了 “ 介词+关系代词 ” 引导定语从句的题目,一些考生的头脑中就形成了思维定式:一看到介词就马上想到用 which/whom 。其实,有时候介词后面是宾语从句而不是定语从句。如: She walked up to where he stood. 她走到他站着的地方。 (where 引导的从句作介词 to 的宾语 ) 考点三 关系代词 whose 引导的定语从句 在近几年的高考中, whose 引导的定语从句也成了一个考查热点。 whose 是一个表示所属关系的词,在定语从句中作定语,相当于 my, his, her, its, their 等修饰人或物。 of which 可以代替 whose 指物,词序一般是 “ the +名词+ of which ” 或 “ of which + the +名词 ” 。 of whom 可以代替 whose 指人,词序是 “ the +名词+ of whom ” 。如: Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in. = Nobody wants the house the roof of which ( 或 of which the roof) has fallen in. 没有人想要那座屋顶掉落了的房子。 This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country. = This is the scientist the name of whom is known all over the country. 这就是那位全国知名的科学家。 考点四 关系副词引导的定语从句 1 . 关系代词和关系副词的比较 引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外,它们还有一个重要的作用,那是它们分别在定语从句中作成分。具体地说,关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语,而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此在选择关系词时,最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分。若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,那么必须用关系代词;若从句不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,那么必须用关系副词。如: This is the place which we visited last week. 这是我们上周参观的那个地方。 This is the place where we went last week. 这是我们上周去的那个地方。 2 . 常用的关系副词有 when, where, why 其中 when =表时间的介词 ( 如 in, at, during 等 ) + which ; where =表地点的介词 ( 如 in, at, over 等 ) + which ; why = for + which 。如: This is the house where( = in which)I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 3 . 关系副词 where 的考查新趋向 高考试题上对于 where 的考查趋于复杂,从先行词为明显的 “ 地点 ” 转为 “ 地点的模糊化 ” 。事实上,对于 where 这个词,考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人 / 物的 situation ,或某事所发展的 stage ,或表达某事某个方面时都可用 where 这个关系副词。如: They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了彼此必须分手的地步。 4 . 先行词 time 后关系词的选用 先行词是 time 时,若 time 作 “ 次数 ” 讲,应用关系代词 that 引导定语从句, that 可省略;若 time 作 “ 一段时间 ” 讲,应用关系副词 when 或介词 “ at/during + which ” 引导定语从句。如: This is the second time(that) the President has visited the country. 这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。 This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones and no TV sets. 这是在一个没有录音机、没有电话也没有电视的时候。 [ 典题示例 ] His sister has become a lawyer, ________ she wanted to be. 剖析: which 先行词与从句之间有逗号,是非限制性定语从句。此处 a lawyer 代表一种职业而非一个人,所以用 which 引导定语从句。 考点五 定语从句其他 1 . 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,不可省略 2 . 定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致 (1) 当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时,那么定语从句中谓语动词在人称、数的方面,应该与先行词保持一致。如: Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon. 请那些年龄在四十几岁的人于今天下午进行体检。 (2) 当关系代词 as 与 which 作主语,引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主句内容时,从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如: As is known to all, he is the best student in our class. 众所周知,他是我们班最好的学生。 3 . 定语从句与并列句的识别 定语从句与主句之间要有 “ 逗号 ” 分隔,并且不能加入 and , but, so 等连词。并列句一般由 and, but, so 等词连接,或中间用 “ 分号 ” 隔开。如: He paid the boy $20 for washing the windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. ( 定语从句 ) He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, and most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. ( 并列句 ) He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows; most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.( 并列句 ) 二、方法技巧总结 方法一:巧妙排除 that 1 .从形式上看,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别点就只有一个 “ 逗号 ” ,只要先行词与定语从句之间用逗号隔开,那么就是非限制性定语从句,这样就可以排除关系代词 that ,除 that 之外,其他的 as, which, whose 以及 when , where 都可引导非限制性定语从句。 2 .介词+ that 这个搭配是错误的,可从选项中排除掉。 方法二:看从句缺什么成分 选用哪一个关系词,主要看从句中缺什么成分。只要原句中缺少主、宾、表,就排除 when, where, why 以及 “ 介词+ which ” 结构,缺定语就用 whose ;同样的道理,只要原句中缺状语,就先排除关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which, as 。 [ 典题示例 ] If a shop has chairs ________ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. 剖析: where 从句的主语 women ,宾语 their men ,先行词与定语从句连接起来为: Women can park their men on the chairs . ( 作地点状语 ) ,所以选用 where 。 方法三:巧用固定结构 只要四个选项中有 as ,这时就可考虑关于 as 的固定结构, such...as... , the same...as, as is known, as is expected... ,但还要注意看从句是否缺主语、表语或宾语,如果不缺这三种句子成分,则不用 as 。 [ 典题示例 ] Those houses are sold at such a low price ________ people expected. 剖析: as 原句中有 such 而且从句缺宾语,所以用 as 。查看更多