高考英语考点23 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

高考英语考点23 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1 考点 23 限制性定语从句与非 限制性定语从句 高考频度：★★★★★ 考向一 非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句是对意义已经非常明确的先行词给予补充、说明，删去非限制性定语从句，主句的意 思仍是概念清晰、结构完整的。非限制性定语从句的引导词有 who，whom，which，whose，as，when，where 等，that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，从句之前要用逗号。 先行词指人，则用 who，whose，which 等； 先行词指物，要用 which； 先行词表时间或者地点，并在句中作时间状语或者地点状语时要用 when 或者 where 引导。 一、使用非限制性定语从句的情况： 1. 关系代词指代整个主句时，使用非限制性定语从句。 ☛You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你为我做了许多，对此我很感激。 ☛The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。 ☛A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈 夫,这令我十分恐惧。 2. 当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时，使用非限制性定语从句。 ☛China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中国是我的祖国，正在快速发展。 ☛Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年结婚了，他是明星。 ☛Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要 在那里举行。 3. 当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属（son，daughter 等）时，使用非限制性定语从句。 ☛He has a daughter, who is studying in London. 他有个女儿，现在正在伦敦学习。（只有一个女儿） ☛This is my teacher, who has something to tell you. 这是我的老师，他有一些事情要告诉你。 二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1. 形式不同 2 限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之 间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。 2. 功能不同 限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不 清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。 ☛People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意 义) ☛His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把 从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整) 3. 翻译不同 在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主 句分开。 ☛He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。 ☛I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。 4. 含义不同 比较下面的两个句子： ☛I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个) ☛I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐) 5. 先行词不同 限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可 以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语 从句，而不用限制性定语从句。 ☛Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which 指 drive too fast) ☛He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which 指整个主句) ☛Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词 为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰) ☛Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词 为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰) 6. 关系词不同 3 关系词 that 和 why 可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句 中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。&网 1.(2018·北京卷·单项填空) She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit. A. which B. who C. as D. that 【参考答案】A 2.（2017·新课标卷 I·语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 【参考答案】 which 【答案解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知 which is not good for the health 为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。 3.（2017·新课标卷 II·短文改错）In their spare time, they are interesting（改为 interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. 【参考答案】 which 【答案解析】非限制性定语从句需要用 which 引导，故将 that 改为 which。 3. （2017·新课标卷 III·语法填空）But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. 【参考答案】 who 【答案解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知， 64 has taken part in shows along with top models 是非 限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为 Sarah，指人，要用 who。 4.（2016·全国新课标卷 I·语法填空）But my connection with pandas goes back 64（to） my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter 66（permitted） (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 4 考向二　as，which 引导的定语从句 一、相同点 两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表 语，位于主句之后有时可互换。 ☛The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. 会议被推迟了，这正是我们想要的。 ☛He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner. 他是一名医生，我是从他的举止中知道的。 二、不同点 1. as 可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。 ☛As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 众所周知，鱼离开水无法生存。 ☛Air, as we know, is gas. 正如我们所知，空气是气体。 2. 在非限制性定语从句中，which 后的 be 动词不可省；而 as 后的 be 动词可以省略。 ☛She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告诉我们她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。 ☛The material is elastic, as (was) shown in the figure. 这种材料是有弹性的，正如图中所示。 3. which 在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而 as 作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如 be，seem，become 等，一般不用其他行为动词。 ☛He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看见了那个女孩，这让他很高兴。 ☛He didn’t say anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange. 他在会议上一言未发，这看起来 非常奇怪。 4. as 常用＂正如＂含义，常用的结构有 as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那 样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我们看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported 等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。 ☛As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。 ☛Kate was late for school, as often happened. 凯特上学迟到了，正如常发生的那样。 5. 在非限制性定语从句中，which 可指代主句中的某一个单词，as 不可以。 ☛My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well. 我哥哥喜欢打篮球，他打得非常好。 ☛Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital. 北京，他出生的地方，是我们的首都。 6. ＂介词+关系代词（介宾代物）＂中关系代词只能用 which。 The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches. 那家与我们交易了好几年的旅行社又开了新的分店。 5 ☛Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent. 空气是一种气体的综合体，其中氧气占 了 21%。 7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用 which。 ☛He can write a letter in English, which I can not. 他可以用英语写信，我不能。 ☛Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not. 金属能承受得住用锤子敲打，但是石头 则不能。 8. 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用 which。 ☛He said he had passed the exam, which was untrue. 他说他通过了考试，这是假的。 1.The number of smokers，________is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. A.it B.which C.what D.as 【参考答案】D 【试题解析】分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代的是整个主句的含义，故可排除 A、C 两项。as 引导非限制性定语从句时，表示＂如同，正如＂，符合题干意思，故选 D 项。 2.（2017 学年上海外国语大学附属外国语学校期中）He has made as much progress ______________ is enough for him to be admitted to Fudan University. A.as B.that C.what D.which 【参考答案】A 题组一 过关练习 I．单项填空 1. You must learn to read people, ___________ will be necessary if you work in a team. A. who B. that C. which D. what 6 2.In ancient Egypt, green represented hope and spring, ___________ is the time of year ____________ things in nature start to grow after a long winter. A. when；which B. what；when C. which；when D. which；that 3. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, ___________ uses it differently. A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them 4. It is the third time that she has won the race, __________ has surprised us all. A. that B. where C. which D. what 5. When it comes to the majority of the latest technologies in the next 20 years, __________ has greater potential than the technology being developed in these young people’s company, __________ in my eyes will lead to a revolution. A. nothing；which B. none；where C. nothing；where D. none；which 6. The award-winning book was written by a teenager, ______________ was, indeed, beyond all expectations. A.as B.which C.what D.that 7. A lot of language learning, ______________ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. A.as B.it C.which D.this 8. ______________ is known to us all, failure usually results from laziness while diligence can result in success. A.What B.Which C.As D.When II．语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 7 The UK’s 65 plus age group is the 1 (fast) growing crowd within our population, and likely to reach one in four people 2 2040. So the number of ‘Silver surfers’ simply has to rise. ONS statistics (统计结果) also show that almost 25% of adults aged 65 plus now use social networking sites, but with a third of this age group 3 (live) on their own. These sites are becoming 4 (increase) important for the elderly to look for ways to stay connected to society, 5 has a great positive affect on feelings of isolation(孤独) and depression. This same age group is the most likely to live apart from others and often easier to feel 6 (lone). A released study showed that as many as 1.2 million elderly people in England 7 (experience) loneliness. Social media such as Facebook and Skype go a long way to deal with this issue by offering instant interaction (互动) with 8 (love) ones at the click of mouse. Skype can bring grandchildren, who live on the 9 side of the planet, through the Internet into their front room and into their lives. This age group 10 (trap) by ill health, with 60% of them suffering long-term conditions, so discovering ways to remain in good health as long as possible is a wise choice. Technology has the ability to do this. 题组二体验真题 1.(2017·天津)My eldest son, ________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment. A. that B. whose C. his D. who 2.（2016·天津）We will put off the picnic in the park until next week， ______the weather may be better. A. that B. where C. which D. when 3.（2015·湖南）It is a truly delightful place， ______looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. A.as B. where C. that D. which 4.（2015·天津）The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere______ his employees enjoy their work. A. where B. which 8 C. when D. who 5.（2015·四川）The books on the desk， ______covers are shiny， are prizes for us. A. which B. what C. whose D. that 题组一 过关练习 I．单项填空 2. C 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在古埃及，绿色代表着希望和春天，是万物在一个很长的冬天后开始 生长的时间。第一个空是一个非限制性定语从句，第二个空是一个 when 引导的时间状语从句，所以 选 C。 3. B 【解析】句意：英语是由几个不同的文化共享的一种语言，每种文化使用的方式都不同。如果空格前 加 and 则构成并列句，D 正确，但此处逗号后没有 and，判断是非限制性定语从句，从句的谓语动词 是 uses，所以主语应该是单数，故选 B。 4. C 【解析】句意：这是她第三次赢得这个比赛，这让我们都大吃一惊。which 可以代替前面整个句子的 意思，其他不能，故选 C。&网 6. B 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：这本获奖的书出自一个青少年之手，这件事确实出乎大家的 意料。此处应用 which 来指代主句的内容。as 可引导非限制性定语从句，但是应译为＂正如＂，与 后面出乎意料的表述不符。 7. A 【解析】考查句子结构和 as，which 引导的非限制性定语从句的区别。______________ has been discovered 是非限制性定语从句，先行词 a lot of language learning 是主句的主语，is happening 是主句 的谓语部分，B、D 两选项不能引导定语从句，which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放到主句后面。 9 故选 A。 8. C 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：正如我们都知道的，失败是因为懒惰，而成功则由于勤奋。分析句子 结构可知，as＂正如……＂，在此引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句。what 不能引导定语从句； which 引导定语从句，指代整个主句，不能置于主句前；when 引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语。 故选 C。 II．语法填空 【文章大意】在英国，65 和 65 岁以上的人口在快速增加。但网络为他们提供了与外界及亲人保持联系 的机会，同时也大大缓解了他们的孤独感。网络科技有能力使他们更健康长寿。 1. fastest 【解析】考查最高级。在我们的人口中(within our population)有多个年龄段的人。这就暗示了比较范围。 2. by 【解析】考查介词。人口变化是循序渐进的事情，人口的变化应以现在到某一时间节点为判断依据，因此 此处使用“by 2040 到 2040 年为止”不能使用 in。 3. living 【解析】考查非谓语动词。 with 后的结构是 n+ doing(表达 n 与 do 是主谓关系) / done(表达 n 与 do 是动宾 关系) / to do(表达 do 是将要发生的动作)等。此处属于第一种情况。 4. increasingly 【解析】考查词性转化。此处考查副词(increasingly)修饰形容词(important)越来越重要。 5. which 6. lonely 【解析】考查固定搭配。feel lonely(感到孤独)是固定搭配。 7. experience 【解析】考查时态。 虽然主句的谓语动词用的是一般过去时态(showed 因为研究已完成), 但从句表达的是 现实状况所以使用一般现在时态(experience)。例如：Yesterday, the teacher told his students The USA is an 10 advanced country. 8. loved 【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处 love 充当 ones(指代人)的定语，ones 与 love 是动宾关系，因此使用过去分 词。loved ones(心爱的人、亲人) 。 9. other 【解析】考查不定代词。地球有两边(南半球、北半球或者东半球、西半球)，此处使用 the other 指代已知的 两之中的另一个。 10. is trapped 【解析】考查时态、语态。从句子结构和句意来看，必须使用被动语态。此处 the age group 看做一个整体 因此使用 is trapped(被疾病所困扰)。 题组二体验真题 1.B　 【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处缺少非限制性定语从句的引导词，且与其后名词有所属 关系，故应用 whose 引导。句意：我大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作让他全世界到处跑。 2.D 【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，先行词为 next week，且关系词在定 语从句中作时间状语，故用 when。 3.D 4.A 【解析】句意：公司老板正在尽力营造一个员工们可以在其中快乐工作的轻松的氛围。空处替代先行词 atmosphere，且在定语从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词。 5.C 【解析】考查定语从句。句意:桌上的书是给我们的奖品，这些书的封面是光亮的。定语从句的先行词为 books， 它与定语从句的主语是所属关系，所以用关系代词 whose 引导定语从句。