2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(十三)如何理清句间结构之举例

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(十三)如何理清句间结构之举例

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(十三) 如何理清句间结构之举例 一般来说，议论文和说明文都需要一些例子来支持作者的论证和说明，这些例子往往与作者的说明和论述有很大的关联，考纲中明确提出考生需要掌握区分论点与论据的能力，因此这也成了考题出处的热点。要牢记一般文章举例处的前后句就是与该例子相关的作者论点，所以在做此类题目的时候就需要追本溯源，寻找观点，才能保证所选答案的正确率。举例标志性词汇：for example, for instance, take ...as an example, such as, like等。‎ ‎[高考典例1]　2018•全国卷Ⅰ•D篇 So what's the solution (解决方案)? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more ondemand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.‎ Q：Which of the following uses the least energy?‎ A．The boxset TV.　　　　　B．The tablet.‎ C．The LCD TV. D．The desktop computer.‎ ‎[分析]　该段中用such as举例说明在平板电脑上观看更多的点播娱乐节目，而不是看电视和台式电脑，可以将能耗降低44%。故选B。‎ ‎[高考典例2]　2017•天津卷•D篇 I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let's take a look at three types of “waits”．‎ The very purest form of waiting is the WatchedPot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take filling up the kitchen sink (洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it's full. During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.‎ Q：While doing a WatchedPot Wait, we tend to ________.‎ A．keep ourselves busy B．get absentminded C．grow anxious D．stay focused ‎[分析]　该段以灌满洗碗池为例，说明在“看着水壶式的等待”中，我们的大脑常会离开我们，到处飘移，这与B项陈述吻合。‎ ‎[高考典例3]　2012•北京卷•C篇 ‎“Stress affects how people learn, ” says Professor Mara Mather.“People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”‎ For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images (影像) with either rewards or punishments.In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water.In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn't gone through the stress.‎ Q：We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ________.‎ A．keep rewards better in their memory B．recall consequences more effortlessly C．make risky decisions more frequently D．learn a subject more effectively ‎[分析]　文章引用了一个观点“People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress”，接着用“For example”举例说明，引出两项研究，即能够承受压力的被施压的参与者更加精确地记住奖励而非惩罚。故选A。‎ ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 30分钟 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A There's so much to see in London, it's hard to know where to start. We've put together some of the city's most famous landmarks and attractions.‎ Explore the city on foot, by bike or by boat and enjoy the fresh air.‎ There is a wealth of useful information available online. For more ideas and suggested itineraries (旅行指南) for the perfect day out try：‎ VisitLondon www.visitlondon.com VisitBritain www.visitbritain.com Visit www.visitbritainshop.com to prebuy tickets for London and UKwide attractions, sightseeing tours, shows, events and more in your local language and currency.‎ Southbank walking tour This selfguided walk along the southern bank of the River Thames explores one of the liveliest areas of central London.‎ How to get there：‎ Travel by bus or tube (地铁) to Waterloo and walk to the Southbank or take the River Bus to Embankment Pier and walk across Hungerford Bridge.‎ At the end of the walk, cross Tower Bridge and return to central London from the north side of the river via (经由) Tower Hill Tube Station on the District or Circle Line, or on a route 15 bus to Aldwych/Somerset House.‎ Southbank Major theatre, concert and arts centre with a lively series of events.‎ Gabriel's Wharf Home to a fascinating mix of independent shops, cafes, bars and restaurants.‎ Oxo Tower Designled boutiques (精品店) and eighth floor riverside dining with impressive views.‎ Global Theatre A reconstruction of Shakespeare's original Global Theatre.‎ Tate Modern and Millennium Bridge A worldfamous collection of modern art.‎ The Clink A museum built on the site of one of England's oldest and most infamous prisons.‎ The Golden Hinde A fullsized model of Sir Francis Drake's ship.‎ Borough Market A mustsee market for any food lover.‎ Southwark Cathedral Located by the River Thames, this is London's oldest cathedral.‎ Tower Bridge One of the world's best recognized bridges.‎ For more routes, visit our online journey planner tfl. gov. uk/journeyplanner.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了伦敦的旅行指南以及伦敦著名的地标和旅游景点。‎ ‎1．Which website provides service for visitors to buy tickets in advance?‎ A．www.visitlondon.com.‎ B．www.visitbritain.com.‎ C．www.visitbritainshop.com.‎ D．tfl.gov.uk/journeyplanner.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。由文中的“Visit www.visitbritainshop.com to prebuy tickets for London and UKwide attractions ...”可知，C项正确。‎ ‎2．In which place can visitors appreciate modern art?‎ A．Oxo Tower.‎ B．Gabriel's Wharf.‎ C．Southwark Cathedral.‎ D．Tate Modern and Millennium Bridge.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。由文中对Tate Modern and Millennium Bridge的介绍“A worldfamous collection of modern art.”可知，游客在这里可以欣赏到现代艺术。‎ ‎3．What do we know about Southbank?‎ A．It's home to many famous artists.‎ B．It has the world's oldest cathedral.‎ C．It has many scenic spots worth seeing.‎ D．It's wellknown for its countless bridges.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。由文中对Southbank的介绍“Major theatre, concert and arts centre with a lively series of events.”可知，Southbank有很多值得一看的景点。‎ B A few weeks ago a group of scientists produced a report about global warming and the natural world. They wanted to find out if global warming was dangerous for plants and animals. The scientists were surprised by what they found. They saw that during the next 50 years about 25% of land animals and plants will disappear from the earth. More than 1 million plant and animal species will die out by 2050.‎ The head of the research team, Christ Thomas, who is a professor of conservation biology at Leeds University, said the results of their research were frightening. More than 10% of all plants and animals will disappear from the earth. It is too late to save many plants and animals because of the greenhouse gases that are already in the atmosphere. But the scientists say if we control greenhouse gases now, we can save many more plants and animals from disappearing.‎ The scientists studied some areas of the world with very rich biology. These areas were Europe, Australia, Central and South America, and South Africa. Their studies showed that species living in mountainous areas had a better chance of survival because they could move uphill to get cooler. In flat areas, such as deserts, plants and animals would have to move very long distances to get cooler, so they are in great danger of dying out. The scientists found many surprising things. For example, they found that half of the 24 species of butterfly they studied in Australia ‎ would soon disappear.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者通过一组科学家所作的报告推测在不久的将来，温室气体量的增加对动植物物种有毁灭性的影响。由于全球变暖，动植物的生存空间也在发生改变，其数量和种类也在不断减少。作者试图通过分析现状唤起人们对环境保护的意识。‎ ‎4．According to this passage, global warming can be best described as ________ to many plants and animals.‎ A．deadly　　　　　　　　 B．surprising C．disappointing D．frightening 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据文章大意可知，全球变暖带来的是动植物物种的不断减少，这种影响对动植物来说是致命的。‎ ‎5．What's the purpose of the research led by Christ Thomas?‎ A．To protect animals and plants from global warming.‎ B．To call on people to control greenhouse gases.‎ C．To warn us of the dying out of many animals and plants.‎ D．To study the effect of global warming on animals and plants.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。由文章第一段第二句可知这项研究的目的，即研究全球变暖对动植物的影响。‎ ‎6．What can be the best title of this passage?‎ A．Greenhouse effect and global warming B．Extinct animals in the world C．A frightening discovery concerning global warming D．Disappearance of butterflies 解析：选C　标题归纳题。纵观整篇文章可知，作者向人们展示了全球变暖对动植物物种的灭绝性危害。C项能形象地概括整篇内容，故选C。‎ ‎7．We can learn from the passage that ________.‎ A．about 25% of land animals and plants have disappeared from the earth B．in about four decades more than 1 million plants and animal species will die out C．we can do nothing to save the plants and animals D．wildlife in flat areas can't find enough food 解析：选B　细节理解题。通过第一段可知，在未来的50年里，将有大约25%的陆地动植物灭绝，A项时态有误；B项表述正确，in about four decades即大约40年后，即2050年左右；C项错在we can do nothing上；D项文章并未提及。‎ C Half of the world's coral reefs have died in the last 30 years. Now scientists are racing to ensure that the rest survive.‎ The planet's health depends on the survival of coral reefs. They are often described as underwater rainforests. In addition, the reefs serve as barriers that protect coastlines from the full force of powerful storms. Corals are used in medical research on treatment for diseases. They are key to local economies, as well, since the reefs attract tourists, the fishing industry, and other businesses, bringing in billions of dollars of revenue (收入)．‎ Corals are invertebrates, or animals that lack a backbone. They live mostly in tropical waters. The corals release a substance called calcium carbonate, which forms protective skeletons around them. The skeletons grow and take on vivid colors. This is the result of the corals' symbiotic (共生的), or mutually beneficial, relationship, with algae (藻类) that live in their tissues and give ‎ them energy.‎ But corals are particularly sensitive to changes in temperature. A rise of just 1 to 2℃ can force the corals to drive out the algae. Then the corals' skeletons turn white in a process called “bleaching (白化)．” Corals can survive in these higher temperatures only for a few months.‎ The problem for the reefs increased greatly during a recent extended El Niño weather phenomenon. In 2015－2016, the longer El Niño warmed the Pacific near the equator, which led to the most widespread bleaching of coral reefs ever recorded. This bleaching event continues to create problems for the world's reefs.‎ In the Indian Ocean, near the islands of the Maldives, about 73% of the coral reefs suffered bleaching between March and May 2016. Areas in the central Pacific were hit the hardest — about 90% of the reefs were destroyed in the waters of the Republic of Kiribati.‎ And the problem is not just global warming. The reefs have also been affected by pollution, coastal development, and overfishing.‎ Scientists remain hopeful that it's not too late to save the reefs, and some are moving ahead on experiments to accomplish that goal. Ruth Gates, director of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, said, “It's high time that we should start thinking outside the box. It's sort of a nowin game if we do nothing.”‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。珊瑚礁受到污染、过量捕捞、白化等威胁，在最近的30年里，世界上有一半的珊瑚礁已然死亡，保护珊瑚礁，迫在眉睫。‎ ‎8．What's the focus of Paragraph 2?‎ A．The vital role of coral reefs.‎ B．The seriousness of pollution.‎ C．The importance of ocean species.‎ D．The difficulties of protecting reefs.‎ 解析：选A　段落大意题。由第二段中的“underwater rainforests”，“ serve as barriers that protect coastlines”和“medical research on treatment for diseases”以及“key to local economies”可知，作者在这段强调了珊瑚礁的重要作用。‎ ‎9．What is the character of corals?‎ A．They are fishfriendly.‎ B．They are tropical species.‎ C．They depend on algae to survive.‎ D．They can reflect different colors.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。由第三段中的“This is the result of the corals' symbiotic (共生的), or mutually beneficial, relationship, with algae (藻类) that live in their tissues and give them energy.”可知，珊瑚与藻类共生互利，藻类生活在珊瑚的组织里，并为其提供能量。‎ ‎10．What is the result of the recent El Niño?‎ A．Coral reefs are extinct in Kiribati.‎ B．The Indian Ocean suffered the most.‎ C．Most of the world's reefs fell victim to it.‎ D．It caused recordbreaking coral bleaching.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。由第五段中的“led to the most widespread bleaching of coral reefs ever recorded”和第六段的描述可知，厄尔尼诺现象使得靠近赤道的太平洋海域温度升高，这导致了有史以来最大范围的珊瑚白化。‎ ‎11．What do Ruth Gates' words imply?‎ A．Reefs need to be saved urgently.‎ B．Saving reefs is a winwin game.‎ C．It is a challenging job to save reefs.‎ D．Reefsaving efforts have turned out to be fruitless.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。由最后一段中的“It's high time that we should start thinking outside the box. It's sort of a nowin game if we do nothing.”可知，Ruth Gates认为，拯救珊瑚礁，迫在眉睫。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 Pollution Pollution happens when the environment is dirtied, by waste, chemicals, and other harmful substances (物质). Pollution is a problem all over the world. But it is especially bad in large cities with a lot of industries and cars. __1__‎ Wildfires, volcanoes, and industrial chemicals cause some air pollution. But most air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels (矿物燃料). These include coal, oil, and natural gas.The burning of fossil fuels may release harmful gases. Air pollution may cause such diseases as cancer and asthma. It also leads to polluted rain that can harm living things. __2__ Finally, air pollution damages the ozone layer (臭氧层), which is important because it protects Earth against harmful rays from the sun.‎ Causes of water pollution are easy to see. People dump (倾倒) garbage and dirty water into rivers, lakes and oceans. Factories or cities sometimes release poisonous chemicals, and other wastes into water. These chemicals may make the groundwater unfit to drink. __3__‎ Littering, or throwing garbage on the ground, is a form of land pollution. Litter can destroy the habitats of plants and animals. The buildup of dangerous chemicals in the ground is another form of land pollution. The chemicals may come from farms or factories. __4__ They may even harm people who eat the polluted plants and animals.‎ Many governments, environmental groups, and ordinary people are working to control pollution. Governments have passed laws to keep people from releasing dangerous chemicals into the environment. __5__ Instead they are getting power from the sun, wind, water, and other energy sources that produce less pollution. Many communities use recycling to reduce pollution.‎ A．Farmers use chemicals to help crops grow.‎ B．This type of pollution may be seen in big cities.‎ C．They also can harm fish and other forms of life.‎ D．These chemicals can spread to plants and animals.‎ E．In addition, air pollution may be a cause of global warming.‎ F．There are three main forms of pollution: air, water, and land.‎ G．Some companies and people are trying to use fewer fossil fuels.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了环境污染的三种主要形式和控制污染的措施。‎ ‎1．选F　由第二至四段分别对air pollution, water pollution和land pollution的介绍可知，设空处指：污染主要有三种形式：空气污染、水污染和土地污染。‎ ‎2．选E　由该空前的“Air pollution may cause such diseases”和“It also leads to polluted rain”以及该空后的“Finally, air pollution damages the ozone layer”可知，设空处讲的也是大气污染的影响，E项内容“此外，空气污染也可能是全球变暖的原因”符合此处语境。‎ ‎3．选C　本段主要讲述水污染的原因及影响，由该空前的“These chemicals may make the groundwater unfit to drink.”可知，C项内容“这些化学物质还会危害鱼和其他生物”符合语 境。‎ ‎4．选D　由该空前对污染土地的化学物质的描述以及该空后的“They may even harm people who eat the polluted plants and animals.”可知，这些化学物质会蔓延到植物和动物身上，甚至会危害人类。‎ ‎5．选G　本段主要讲述控制污染的措施，由该空后的“Instead they are getting power from the sun ...”可知，G项内容“一些公司以及有些人正在努力减少矿物燃料的使用”符合此处语境。‎