2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（11）

2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（11）

‎ 2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（11） ‎ Passage Eight (The Improving Economic Situation In Greece)      ‎ Greece‎, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from ‘invisible earnings’ to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional #375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.‎ ‎     It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus -- $66 million. Greece has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible parties to obtain parliamentary majorities.‎ ‎     In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here:‎ ‎     “Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”‎ ‎     Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.‎ ‎     Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets ‎ has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome – without the sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.‎ ‎1.The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ‎[A] Greek income and expenditures.‎ The improving economic situation in Greece.‎ ‎[C] The value of tourism.‎ ‎[D] Military expenditures.‎ ‎2.Many peasants earn less than ‎[A] $‎60 a week.‎ ‎$‎2 a week.‎ ‎[C] $‎1 a day.‎ ‎[D] $‎10 a month.‎ ‎3.The Greek Government spends ‎[A] more than 25%of its budget on military terms.‎ More than its collects.‎ ‎[C] A third of a billion dollars in gold.‎ ‎[D] Less than 25% of its budget on military terms.‎ ‎4.According to the passage, Greece has ‎[A] a dictatorship.‎ a monarchy.‎ ‎[C] a single majority party.‎ ‎[D] too much red tape.‎ ‎5.Greece imports annually goods and materials ‎[A] totaling almost $700 million.‎ that balance exports.‎ ‎[C] that are paid by tourists.‎ ‎[D] costing $66 million.‎ Vocabulary ‎1.remittance            汇款（额）‎ ‎2.wash out                  洗掉，取消、告吹、冲掉、筋疲力尽 ‎3.drachma                  古希腊银币   德拉克马（现代希腊货币单位）‎ ‎4.lot                  份额 ‎5.incompatible            水火不相容的，不能共存的 ‎6.coalesce                  （政党）联合，愈合，接合 ‎7.highlight            光线最强处，最重要部分，最精彩场面 ‎8.margin                  （成本和售价的）差额，空白，边缘 ‎9.bog down                  陷于困境，使停顿 ‎10.red tape            官样文章，烦琐和拖拉的公务程序 ‎11.shrewdness            清明，机灵 ‎12.deadlock            僵局，僵持；使陷于僵局 难句译注 ‎1.      Greece, economically is in the black.‎ ‎【参考译文】希腊经济上说是赢利/富裕的 ‎2.      With very little export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from invisible earnings to pay its needed, growing imports.‎ ‎【参考译文】除了农产品，如烟草、棉花和水果之外，希腊没有什么出口货，但它从“无形的收益”中挣不少，足够致富所需的一切――日益增长的进口货。‎ ‎3.      This washes out almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.‎ ‎【参考译文】这笔钱冲掉了进口超过出口近4亿美元的差额。‎ ‎4.      So far most American and other foreign attempts have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.‎ ‎【参考译文】到目前为止由于希腊政府那种繁琐而又拖拉的公务程序和对小事的精明，大多数美国和其他国家的尝试的工作都陷入困境。‎ ‎5.      They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.‎ ‎【参考译文】他们绝望地陷于意见和观点完全分歧的僵局之中。‎ ‎6.      And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris and Rome – without the sky-high prices of traffic chocked streets of either.‎ ‎【参考译文】喷气式飞机的发展使雅典和巴黎、罗马一样很容易到达，却没有那两个城市的交通堵塞的接到的高昂代价。‎ 写作方法与文章大意 ‎     这是一篇以过去和现在对比的手法，论述了希腊经济，主要是旅游业的发展。过去，希腊以无形资产赢得之利润，来消除赤字，还可稍有节余。但贫穷、事业情况严重，政府办事拖拉、繁琐也影响国外的投资，虽然早在1956年就准备扩展旅游业，但意见分歧。现在，情况大变，就旅游一项年收入由3100万增至9000万美元。‎ 答案详解 ‎1.      B 希腊经济形式的改善。文章围绕这一中心而写。文章一开始就提出希腊出口除了农产品之外，没有什么东西，而无形资产如旅游、运输和国外的汇款等可挣得37500万美元。两项加在一起来抵消入超赤字近4亿美元，稍有结余。第三段指出，希腊是自由欧洲最穷的国家，许多农民年收入为60－70美元。失业现象席卷城市乡镇，建立工业基地的自然资源极少。政府的繁琐事务程序，关注琐事等情况使美国和其他国家试图展开工作陷于停滞状态。第四段开始指出1956年起开拓旅游业，不过意见还是分歧。第五断提出今天惊人的变化，美丽的历史古城呈现新貌，就旅游一项收入由3100万增至9000万美元。旅馆面貌大变。‎ A.希腊的收支。C.旅游的价值。D.军事费用。‎ ‎2.      B少于2美元一星期。文章第三段第三句：最佳情况，年收入为60－70美元使大多数农民的份额。所以B项最接近年收入。‎ A.60美元一星期。C.一天一美元。D.一个月10美元。‎ ‎3.      A 百分之25以上用于军事。第二段：虽然四个德拉克马中有一个用于国防，政府最终还稍有结余――6600万美元。‎ B.比收入的还多。C.十亿金子中的三分之一。D.少于百分之25。‎ ‎4.      C单一大党。第二段：希腊的政府不依靠水火不相容的政党之间的合作来取得一会的多数席位，这说明是单一大党。‎ A.独裁、专政。B.君主政体。D.太多的繁琐程序。‎ ‎5.      A总计几乎在7亿美元左右。第一段中提到希腊出口商品价值28500万美元，而进口超出出口4亿美元。两者相加为6亿2千5百万美元，相当于几乎在7亿美元左右。‎ B.和出口平衡。C.由旅游者支付。D.花费6600万美元。‎ Passage Nine (The Program-Federal Government Helps Minority Business)‎ ‎     Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the ‎1960’‎s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises. While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even 15 years after the program was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.‎ ‎     Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting large, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies. In this approach, large corporations participate in the development of successful and stable minority businesses by making use of government-sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Businesses that have potential to become future suppliers of customers of the sponsoring company.‎ ‎     MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for the minority businesses already exist through the sponsoring companies, the minority businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and market fluctuation. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoring corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above the legal minimum of $‎500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed. MESBIC’s are now emerging as increasingly important financing sources for minority enterprises.‎ ‎     Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach investments in minority firms more pragmatically than do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter often still think mainly in terms of the ‘social responsibility approach’ and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less ‎ attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have produced uneasiness among many minority staff members, who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established business considerations. These staff members believe their point of view is closer to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are concerned that, unless a more prudent course if followed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely to re-create the disappointing results of the original SBA approach.‎ ‎1.Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?‎ ‎[A] The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for success than does the original SBA approach.‎ There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some MESBIC’s.‎ ‎[C] After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun to expand at a steady rate.‎ ‎[D] Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally successful federal programs on which to rely.‎ ‎2.According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differ s from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s ‎ ‎[A] seek federal contracts to provide market for minority businesses.‎ Encourage minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses.‎ ‎[C] Attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority business sector.‎ ‎[D] Rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses.‎ ‎3.Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage?‎ ‎[A] The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.‎ Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.‎ ‎[C] The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted.‎ ‎[D] Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development.‎ ‎4.The author refers to the ‘financial and operating problems’ encountered by MESBIC’s primarily ‎ in order to ‎[A] broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations of funding MESBIC’s through sponsoring companies.‎ call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to function effectively.‎ ‎[C] show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only $500,000 of government-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC’s.‎ ‎[D] Compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum funding.‎ ‎5.It can be inferred from the passage that the attitude of some MESBIC staff member toward the investments preferred by some MESBIC directors can be best described as ‎[A] disappointing.‎ Indifferent.‎ ‎[C] Shocked.‎ ‎[D] Defensive.‎ Vocabulary ‎1.implement                  执行，履行 ‎2.growth-oriented                  增长潜力的，有发展性的 ‎3.intermediary company            中介公司，中间公司 ‎4.venture capital                  风险资本 ‎5.entrepreneur                  企业家，创业者 ‎6.fluctuation                  波动，涨落，起伏 ‎7.pragmatically                  实用地 难句译注 ‎1.      Even 15 years after the program was implemented minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.‎ ‎【参考译文】甚至在这个计划执行后15年，少数民族工业的收入还不到全国总收入的2％。‎ ‎2.      Recently federal policy makers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the supporting large, growth oriented minority firms through intermediary ‎ companies.‎ ‎【参考译文】最近，联邦决策者采取一项措施，旨在加速少数民族工商业的发展，他们不再直接帮助小型的少数民族企业，而是转向通过中间公司来支持规模较大、有发展潜力的少数民族公司。‎ ‎3.      By making use of government-sponsored venture capital.‎ 利用政府资助的风险资本。‎ ‎4.      The MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to minority businesses that have potential to become future suppliers or customers of the sponsoring company.‎ ‎【参考译文】然后再由MESBIC向那些少数民族企业提供资金、进行指导。这些企业是有成为赞助公司的未来供应商或客户的潜力的。‎ ‎5.      MESBIC – minority enterprise small business investment company ‎ 少数民族小型企业投资公司。‎ ‎6.      MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available.‎ ‎【参考译文】MESBIC的建立基于这种信念：为已建公司提供方便，使它更容易获得相关的管理技术更具体的工作经验以及大笔资金要比简单地给予一般管理经验和小笔资金更能使它们获得机会去建立稳固的商业基础。‎ ‎7.      The latter often still think mainly in terms of the ‘social responsibility approach’ and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant.‎ ‎【参考译文】后者――高级经理们――在有大多数情况下，仍然常常从“社会责任的角度”来考虑问题，因此，他们似乎更倾向于选择那些比正常投资标准更具风险性，而不太引人注目的项目。‎ 写作方法与文章大意 ‎     文章主要采用因果以及对比的写作方法。先点出SBA计划――联邦政府对少数民族去也的赞助（）的失败及其原因。‎ ‎   ‎ ‎  为此，联邦决策者改变方法，通过中介公司，建立MESBIC。由它来帮助少数民族企业――使其获得相应的管理技术、具体工作经验和大量资金，甚至潜在的市场――取得了成功。‎ ‎     可内部存在问题，MESBIC的职工和领导者之间的意见分歧，职工的投资观点更切实际，而领导者仍从“社会责任的角度”来考虑问题，若不改变，有可能重蹈SBA之覆辙。‎ 答案详解 ‎1.      A 运用MESBIC来帮助少数民族企业似乎比原来SBA的方法更具成功的可能性。文章一开始就点名SBA（小型企业管理局）向少数民族企业提供联邦保证贷款，政府资助管理和技术方面的帮助，结果令人失望。组建成的少数民族新企业由于管理上缺乏经验、地点不佳、资金短缺而导致失败的情况很多。其他见难句译注1、2、3。总之在MESBIC支持下：为它的潜在市场提供大量资金等，使它们在地点和市场流通方面风险小的多，从而带来足够的收入和保持所需的管理质量。这一切都说明MESBIC比SBA的成功可能性大。‎ B.MESBIC中的领导者和职工方面在观点上有着至关重要的分歧。C.经历了早期管理和市场问题后，少数民族企业已开始稳步发展。D.希望组建新公司的少数民族企业家已有好几个成功的联邦计划可依靠。‎ ‎2.      D 依靠打工四向少数民族企业投资。见第二段第二句：大公司利用政府资助的风险资本参与成功而又稳固的少数民族企业的发展。参与的大公司用这笔资金建立了“少数民族小型企业投资公司”（MESBIC）‎ A.寻求为少数民族企业提供市场联邦合同。B.鼓励少数民族企业为其他少数民族企业提供市场。C.试图在少数民族部门保持特定的增长率。‎ ‎3.      C 预期加入SBA项目中的公司的失败率比实际失败率低得多。文内没有直接点出，而是从（见第一题注释）SBA帮助的企业失败率很高――令人失望，从而推断C项结论。‎ A.给企业贷款最高期限为15年。B.商业贷款对企业来说远笔管理和技术帮助重要。D.鼓励接受贷款企业重新寻找利于企业发展的地区。‎ ‎4.      B 为的是引人注意这一实际情况：MESBIC必须取得足够的资金才能有效地运转。这在第三段最后一句：在经历了早期财政和运行问题后，赞助公司给MESBIC注入的资金远远超过了50万美元的法定最低限额，以获得足够的收入并保持所需的管理质量。MESBIC现在正成为日益重要的少数民族企业的资金来源。这说明没有足够的资金是难以有效运转的。‎ A.扩大讨论范围以包括通过赞助公司投资MESBIC的合理性。C.表明赞助公司愿意在原来的MESBIC只投资50万政府资助的风险资本。D.对比SBA和MESBIC最低投资限额。‎ ‎5.      A ‎ 失望。文章最后一段MESBIC的职工――一般是拉美和黑人专业人员在少数民族公司的投资上比MEBSIC的领导者更切实际。这些高级经理从社会责任角度看问题，会选择更具风险性，不太吸引人的项目。观点分歧使许多少数民族职工感到不安，他们认为应以公司的业务爆出来评价少数民族企业家及其企业。者充分说明MEBSIC的职工对领导所青睐的投资项目不满意和失望。‎ B.漠不关心。C.震惊。D.持保留态度。‎ Passage Ten (The Importance of Independent Thinking)‎ No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to   follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, of chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. One the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up fro‎9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.‎ She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them ‎ into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.‎ ‎     ‎ ‎1.The best title for this passage is ‎ ‎[A] The Age of Reason            The need for Independent Thinking ‎[C] The Value of Reason           [D] Stirring People’s Minds ‎2.According to the author, it is always advisable to ‎ ‎[A] have opinions which cannot be refuted.‎ adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclination.‎ ‎[C] be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees,‎ ‎[D] suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches.‎ ‎3.According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find ‎[A] acceptance of truth                controversy over principles  ‎ ‎[C] inordinate enthusiasm            [D]   a dread of heterodox speculation ‎ ‎4.According to the author, the person who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may be described in all of the following ways EXCEPT as ‎[A] enslaved by tradition                less than fully rational ‎[C] determinded on controversy        [D]   having a closed mind ‎5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements ‎[A] A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.‎ Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection,‎ ‎[C] The  refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one’s own teachers.‎ ‎[D] excessive controversy prevents clear thinking,‎ Vocabulary ‎1.  stature               高度，境界，状况 ‎2.  heterodox            不合乎公认的标准的，异端的，异教的 ‎3.  tacit                 心照不宣 ‎4.  refute                反驳 ‎5.  adversary             对立面，对手，敌人 ‎6.  plausible             善于花言巧语的/辞令的，似乎有理的/有可能的 ‎7.  doctrine              教义，学说 ‎8.  profess               表示，明言，承认，自称，信奉 难句译注 ‎1.      True gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, then by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think.‎ ‎[参考译文]  真理甚至从一个经过恰当研究和准备进行独立思考的人的错误中获得更多的东西，而从那些只是因为不予思考却持有正确的观点中获得的少（一种经过恰当的研究和准备进行独立思考的人犯的错误，另一种人是不予思考的却持有正确的观点，真理从前者错误中获得的东西比从后者的正确观点中获得的要多）。‎ ‎2.   mental slavery     思想禁锢，精神受奴役状态 ‎3.       Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to     kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.‎ ‎[结构简析]  这是一句以Never否定词开头的倒装句，正常的句序应把never放在句中，形成：the mind of people was never stirred up from its foundations ‎ ‎[参考译文]‎ ‎  当辩论比开重大课题，重大到足以燃起/激起人们激/热情的课题时，那么一个民族的思想绝不会从天赋的情感和原始的基础上升华，甚至使最普通智力的人上升到优点庄严的思想家水平上。‎ ‎4.      The rational position for her would be suspension of judgement, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination.‎ ‎[参考译文]  对她来说理智的立场是停止判断，而且除非她满足于这一点，否则，她不是为权威人物的观点所左右，后者就像世界上芸芸众生一样，倒向她感觉最倾向的一边。‎ ‎5.      That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into teal contact with her own mind.‎ ‎[结构简析]  do justice to 公平对待，适当处理。 Bring……into contact with 　使和……接触／联系。‎ ‎[参考译文]   这不是对正确观点评价的方法，也不能使自己的思想真正接触到论点的实质。‎ ‎6.      She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty.‎ ‎[结构简析]   most plausible and persuasive form 很善于辞令和有说服力形式。　　possess oneself of  获得，据有，把……占为己有。　　them=arguments。　else　　否则的话。‎ ‎7.      Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.‎ ‎[结构简析]    throw oneself into…position   设身处地，使自己处于……位置／地点。‎ 写作方法与文章大意 这是一篇由一般到具体，重要采用正反对比，推理的写作方法的文章，逻辑性强，正反论证，句子结构复杂冗长，分两段给出内容，第一段重点在：伟大的思想家的首要责任是奠定遵循自己智力所得出的结论。由此引起思想家和思想活跃的人民同时代环境的关系。只有思想后月的时期，才有伟大的思想家和活跃的人民，因为他们可以讨论重大主题，而在思想禁锢时期，只能产生个别伟大思想家。第二段具体的论证了独立思考涉及两方面，既如自己一方种种，也得知对手的一方种种（内容，推理，论点），才能真正获得真理。‎ 答案详解 ‎１.      B 独立思考的必要性。见难句译注１。这里说明进行独立思考的人即使犯错误，真理也能从中获得东西，而那些懒于思考人，即使持有正确的观点，真理也难以获得东西。第一段还点明思想禁锢时期，即不能进行独立思考时期，难以讨论重大议题，产生不了活跃的人民，绝不会出现像辉煌的文艺复兴那种时期（见第二题注）。第二段也是围绕独立思考而写，只是从具体点着眼：人只知自己，不知对方无法获得真理，只有独立思考两方，才能不为权威所左右，不会跟着自己感觉走，最终知道自己的真正主张。‎ A. 理性时代。　　C.　驳斥的价值。　　D.  激发人民的思想。‎ ‎２.      C 熟悉有利于自己不同意／反对观点的论点。这是作者在第二段讲述的重要论点。他认为一个人只知自己一方，推理极好，无人能反驳，却不知对方的推理，也不能够予以反驳的话，他就无权选择两方的任一论点，其理智位置是停止判断。否则她就会（像世界上芸芸众生那样）不是为权威所“引导”，就是跟着感觉（的倾向）走。其二，作者提出：光听自己的老师讲述对立面的论点，以及他们所提出的反驳论点。只是不够的，必须倾听那些人（他们真正相信对立的观点）的论点，并为此积极热情，竭尽全力辩护，才能使自己的思想和独立论点接触，公正的作出公正的判断。‎ A. 具有不能驳斥的观点。　　B. 采取个人感觉最倾向的观点。 D. 停止有利于教条主义研究的异端思考。‎ ‎３.      B 辩论原则问题。答案在第一段：在思想禁锢的气氛中，过去，现在可能会产生个别的思想家，但绝不会有思想活跃的人民，在那里有一种心照不宣的惯律：原则决不能讨论——认为占据人类心灵的最重大问题的讨论应封闭，我们不能期望看到一般高级的思想活动。这种思想活动曾使历史上某些时期光辉灿烂。而文艺复兴就是思想活动的顶峰时期，必然会讨论原则问题，所以选B 。 ‎ A.      接受真理，周经过讨论才能接受真理。　C. 过度的热情。  D. 害怕异端思考。‎ ‎４.      C.　在辩论上，坚定不移。这是一道推断题，一般讲：持有未经检验的正统信仰的人不会独立思考，更不会怀疑他所信仰的东西。‎ A.      为传统所奴役。　B. 不怎么理智。　D. 头脑闭塞。这种人必然受传统思想控制，不理智更不愿接受外界新鲜事物。‎ ‎５.      B. 在思想方面取得成就的时期就是进行非正统反思的时期。见３题注释。‎ A.  一个真正的思想家不犯错误。　C. 一个人的老师最能提供所接受思想观点的反驳。　D. 过度的辩论会制止清晰的思考。‎