【英语】2018届二轮复习：时态和语态学案（18页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习：时态和语态学案（18页）

‎2018届二轮复习 时态和语态 时态 时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语中动词有16种时态，但是常见的只有十种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时和现在完成时。‎ 现以动词work为例，将16中时态列表如下：‎ 一般式 进行式 完成式 完成进行式 现 在 时 work works am working is working are working have worked has worked have been working hasbeen working 过 去 时 worked was working were working had worked had been working 将 来 时 shall work will work shall be working will be working shall have worked will have worked shall have been working will have been working 过 去 将 来 时 should work would work should be working would be working should have worked would have worked should have been working would have been working 十种常见动词时态的用法 一. 一般现在时的用法 ‎1. 表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常和often，usually，every day等时间状语连用。如He goes to work every day. (经常性动作) ‎ He speaks English very well. (现在的状态)‎ ‎2. 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等。如Mr. Liu hates fish and never eats any.‎ ‎ She has great concern for others.‎ ‎3. 表示客观事实或普遍真理。如The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.‎ ‎4.‎ ‎ 在条件、时间和让步状语从句用一般现在时表将来，主句用将来时。‎ 如When she arrives, I’ll let you know.‎ ‎ If you come back this afternoon, we’ll see the film together.‎ ‎5. 表示已安排妥当的将来的计划、动作或状态，用一般现在时，但常用于go，come，leave，arrive，start，begin，return等少数动词。‎ ‎ 如The train from Harbin arrives at 5:30 this afternoon.‎ ‎6. 表示状态和感觉的动词，如be，like，hate，think，remember，find，sound等常用一般现在时。如I like English very much. The story sounds very interesting.‎ ‎7. 书报的标题、小说情节介绍等常用一般现在时。‎ 如The little boy goes up to the policeman and says, “ There’s a car accident over there.”‎ 二. 一般过去时的用法 ‎1. 主要表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常常给出过去的点时间，如three days ago，the other day。如She regretted telling Jane about her own affairs.‎ ‎ Doctor Chen married very late.‎ ‎2. 表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作，特别是由would / used to表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去时。如I used to ‎ smoke. During the vacation I would swim in the sea.‎ ‎ 易错误区：用used to表示过去常常干某事，现在不再干了，可用于指状况，也可用于指习惯；用would表示一个过去的习惯性动作，常用来强调动作的反复。‎ ‎ 如During the vacation, we would go skating in winter.‎ He used to be a quiet boy. (不能用would)‎ ‎ 温馨提示：used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“be / get used to + 名词（动名词）”表示“习惯于……”。如I am used to the climate here.‎ ‎3. 描述几个相继发生过的动作：表示过去特定时间内一次完成的具有先后顺序的几个动作时，常用过去时，此时一般不出现表示过去的时间状语，需要通过情景断定。‎ ‎ 如I got up early, washed my face, had a quick breakfast and hurried to school.‎ ‎4. 追述逝去的人或事，常用过去时。‎ ‎ 如The book was written by Mr. Liang Shiqiu.‎ ‎ Lei Feng set a good example to the people throughout the world.‎ ‎5. 在复合句中，当描述过去将来的事情时，条件状语从句、时间状语从句和让步状语从句用一般过去时，主句用过去将来时。‎ ‎ 如She said she would give me a gift when she came again.‎ ‎ She said she would come if I promised to wait for her.‎ ‎6. 用在表示虚拟语气的句型中。It is time that sb did sth“是时候……了；早该……了”；‎ would (had) rather sb did sth“宁愿某人做某事”。‎ 如It is time you went to bed. I’d rather you came tomorrow.‎ ‎ ‎ 三. 一般将来时的用法 ‎1. 表示将来某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常常给出将来的时间，如tomorrow，tomorrow morning，next Monday，next year等。‎ ‎ 如They will leave for Hong Kong tomorrow. We won’t be free tonight.‎ ‎2. 除“shall，will + 动词原形”构成一般将来时外，还有以下形式构成将来时：‎ “be going to + 动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。‎ 如I think it is going to rain. We are going to do some reading this evening.‎ “be to + 动词原形”，表示计划、命令、可能、注定要发生的事。‎ 如They are to meet at the gate of the school. The boy is to go to school tomorrow.‎ “be about to + 动词原形”，表示即将、正要（=be on the point of）。不能与时间状语连用，但可以和when引导的从句连用。We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit her now.‎ 某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start等的一般现在时和现在进行时也可表示将来。‎ ‎ 如The meeting starts at five o’clock. He is leaving tomorrow.‎ “be on the point of doing”表示将来。‎ ‎ on the point of doing意为“正处在……的关键时刻；正要做……”‎ ‎ 如We shouldn’t quit. We are on the point of making it.‎ 四. 过去将来时的用法 ‎1. 一般不独立使用，常用于宾语从句或间接引语中，表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。Last week he promised that he would come, but he hasn’t arrived until now.‎ ‎2. 过去将来时的其他表达方式与一般将来时一样，只是有关动词要改为过去时形式。‎ ‎ 如They were going to have a meeting to discuss the matter.‎ 五. 现在进行时的用法 ‎1. 表示此时此刻正在发生的动作。如I’m doing math problems now.‎ ‎2. 表示现阶段正在发生的动作。如We are doing our best to build our harmonious society.‎ ‎3. 表示情况的暂时性。如I don’t really work here. I am just helping until the secretary arrives.‎ ‎4. 与always，forever，constantly，continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行。如He is always helping others.‎ ‎5. 表示按计划、安排近期发生的动作（只限于come，go，leave，arrive，start，move，sail，fly，travel，stay等）。如A foreigner is coming to visit our school.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：不宜用进行时的动词： 感觉类：look，smell，feel，sound，taste，see，hear等。 情感类：like，love，prefer，admire，hate，fear等。 心态类：wish，hope，expect，want，need，believe，think，understand，agree，know，remember，forget等。‎ ‎ 所有类：have，contain，own，hold，belong to等。 认知类：understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember等。‎ 六. 过去进行时的用法 ‎1. 表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正在进行的动作，由“was（were）+‎ ‎ 现在分词”构成。‎ ‎ 如He was playing table tennis at four this afternoon.‎ ‎2. 表示过去将要发生的动作：仅限于用come，go，start，leave，stay，arrive等动词。‎ ‎ 如He told me (today) he was leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.‎ ‎ She asked me whether I was starting ‎ ‎3．描述故事的背景：It was winter. The north wind was blowing hard and a heavy snow was falling. A poor girl ….‎ 七. 将来进行时的用法 ‎ 将来进行时用来表示在将来的某一时刻或某段时间内正在发生的动作，或按计划在未来将要进行的动作。如This time next week she will be working in that company.‎ ‎ We shall be having a business talk with Mr. Brown in a minute.‎ 八. 现在完成时的用法 ‎1. 现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在的影响或结果，不和表示过去的时间状语连用，但可和表示过去意义的副词如already,yet，just，ever，never，before等连用 ‎ “-----Have you had your lunch yet?” “-----Yes, I have, I’ve just had ‎ it”‎ ‎2. 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或so far，now，today，this week等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。‎ ‎ 如I have studied English for 5 years. He has studied English since 1996.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：give，see，come，arrive，leave，begin，start，finish，join，become，borrow，lend，die，end等点时间动词可以用于完成时，但（在肯定句中）不能与表示一段时间的for、since短语连用，因为否定的点时间动词可以看作是一种可延续的状态。‎ ‎3. 现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。‎ ‎ 如I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.‎ ‎4．Have been to 去过…(已回) have gone to 去…了(未回): ‎ 如He has gone to Guangzhou. He has been to Guangzhou.‎ 九. 过去完成时的用法 ‎1. 表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。这个过去的时刻常用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。如By ‎ (=Up to) last weekend we hadn’t got any information.‎ ‎ When he appeared, we had waited for 30 minutes.‎ ‎2. 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或继续持续下去。如I had not heard of him for some time before I met him.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：表示愿望、打算一类的词，如hope，expect，mean，intend，want，think，suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。‎ 如I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. (但未能如愿)‎ ‎ I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.‎ 十. 现在完成进行时的用法 ‎ 现在完成进行时由“have（has）+ been + 现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如work，study，live，teach等用现在完成进行时与现在完成时意思差不多。如I have worked here for three years. I have been working here for three years.‎ ‎ 但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。如 I have written a letter. (已写完) ‎ I have been writing a letter. (还在写)‎ ‎ 温馨提示：表示短暂动作的动词，如finish，marry，get up，come，go等不能用这种时态。‎ 语态 语态指主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语的形式用被动语态。‎ 一. 构成：“助动词be + 过去分词”‎ ‎ 助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，其变化与时态中的变化一致，另外它也可以构成否定或疑问式。‎ ‎ 以动词give为例，将被动语态的各种构成形式列表如下：‎ 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一 般 式 am given is given are given was given were given shall be given will be given should be given would be given 进 行 am being given is being was being given were being 无 无 式 ‎ given are being given ‎ given 完 成 式 has been given have been given had been given shall have been given will have been given should have been given would hace been given ‎ 温馨提示：被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。‎ 二. 常见各种时态的被动语态及其他形式的被动语态 ‎1. 一般现在时（am / is / are + done）‎ ‎ 如You are wanted on the phone. The Great Wall of China is known to the world.‎ ‎2. 一般过去时（was / were + done）‎ ‎ 如The city was liberated in 1948. I was asked to do this work.‎ ‎3. 一般将来时（will be done）‎ ‎ 如They will be invited to my birthday party. The matter will be discussed next week.‎ ‎4. 现在进行时（am / is / are + being done）‎ ‎ 如The car is being repaired. The question is being discussed at the meeting.‎ ‎5. 现在完成时（have / has been done）‎ ‎ 如The building was already been built. This story has been translated into many languages.‎ ‎6. 过去将来时（would be done）‎ ‎ 如He said that the trees would be planted.‎ ‎7. 过去进行时（was / were being done）‎ ‎ 如The wall was being painted then.‎ ‎8. 过去完成时（had been done）‎ ‎ 如The work had been finished before dark.‎ ‎9. 带情态动词的被动语态（can be done）‎ ‎ 如The car must not be parked here. Can it be finished in three hours?‎ ‎10. 带不定式的被动语态 ‎ 如The murderer was sure to be punished. The flowers want to be watered.‎ 三. 较为特殊的被动语态结构 ‎1. 感官动词和使役动词的被动语态 ‎ （be + seen / heard / noticed / found / watched / observed / let / had / made + to do …）‎ ‎ 如The thief was seen to cross the river by the police.‎ ‎ The girl was heard to play the violin in the next room.‎ ‎2. 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，常把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留不动。如We always keep our dormitory clean.→Our dormitory is always kept clean.‎ ‎ 同样带双宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，常把主动结构中的直接宾语或间接宾语改为主语，而另一成分保留不动。如They gave the child many books. →The child was given many books. →Many books were given to the child.‎ 温馨提示：一般常在间接宾语前用介词to的动词。如bring，give，hand，lend，offer，pass，pay，promise，sell，show，take，teach，tell等。‎ 如My bike was lent to her. The cup with mixture was showed to the class.‎ 一般间接宾语前用介词for的动词。如build，buy，cook，cut，choose，do，fetch，find，fix，get，keep，make，order，paint，play，sing等。‎ 如A new skirt was made for me. The meat was cooked for us.‎ 有些既不用to也不用for，根据动词与介词的搭配关系确定。‎ 如He asked me a question. →A question was asked of me.‎ ‎3. 短语动词的被动语态 ‎ 短语动词变为被动语态时，主要是把主要动词变为被动形式。‎ ‎ 如The plan will be given up. Bad habits have been done away with.‎ ‎ 温馨提示： 用于这类被动结构的短语动词后面的介词或副词不能省略，用于此类被动结构的短语动词主要有：‎ ‎ A. 不及物动词 + 介词，如agree to，ask for，laugh at，operate on，listen to，look after，think of，talk about等。如The patient is being operated on.‎ ‎ B. 及物动词 + 副词，如bring about，carry out，find out，give up，hand in，make out，pass on，point out，put away，put off，think over，turn down，work out，turn out等。‎ ‎ 如His request was turned down.‎ ‎ 还有一种短语动词由“动词 + 名词 + 介词”构成，变被动语态有两种形式。如下：‎ ‎ We take good care of the books. →The books are taken good care ‎ of. ‎ ‎ 用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of，make use of，pay attention to，set fire to，take care of，take hold of，take notice of，keep an eye on等。‎ ‎4. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。‎ ‎ 如It is said that… “据说……”；It is reported that … “据报导……”；It is supposed that …“据推测……”；It is hoped that …“希望……”；It is well known that …“众所周知……”； It is generally considered that …“普遍认为……”；It is suggested that …“有人建议……” ‎ ‎ 如It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.‎ ‎ It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.‎ 四. 主动形式表示被动意义 ‎1. 表示事物状态特征的连系动词，look，sound，feel，smell，taste，appear，seem，go，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，grow，keep + 形容词 / 名词构成系表结构。‎ ‎ 如The roses smell sweet. Cotton feels soft. Your words don’t sound right.‎ ‎2. 表示主语的某种属性特征 的动词，如read，write，act，iron，cut，draw，drive，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，shut，dry，eat，drink。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语(副词)。如The book sells well. Your composition reads well.‎ ‎3. 表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。如Work began at 7 o’clock this morning.‎ ‎4. 介词in，on，under, beyond等 + 名词构成介词短语表被动意义。‎ ‎ 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有：under control“受控制”；under treatment“在治疗中”；under repair“在修理中”；under discussion“在讨论中”；under construction“在施工中”；beyond beief“令人难以置信”；beyond one’s reach“鞭长莫及”；beyond one’s control“无法控制”；beyond our hope“我们始料不及”；for sale“出售”；for rent“出租”；‎ ‎ in print“在印刷中”；in sight“在视野范围内”；on sale“出售”；on show“展出”；on trial；“受审”；out of control“控制不了”；out of sight“超出视线之外”；out of one’s reach“够不着”；out of fashion“不流行”。‎ ‎ 如The building is under construction (= is being constructed).‎ ‎ The rumor is beyond belief (= can’t be believed).‎ ‎6. 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit，have，wish，cost，agree，with，arrive at / in，shake hands with，succeed in，suffer from，happen to，take part in，walk into，belong to等。如This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard.‎ ‎7. 动名词主动形式表示被动意义 通常是事物（也可以是人）作want，need，require等动词的主语时，表示事物（或人）客观上需要……，用动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义。‎ ‎ 如These flowers want / require / need watering.‎ ‎ 这种用法的动名词改用不定式用被动形式。These flowers want to be watered.‎ worth后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如This book is worth reading.‎ ‎8. 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语如果是句中主语或宾语时，或与被修饰的名词是动宾关系时就用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如I have a lot of work to do.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：在there b e句型中修饰主语的不定式，用主动形式或被动形式都可以，只是在口语中多用主动形式。但在nothing，anything和something之后，使用两种语态表示的意思有所不同。如There is nothing to do.(没有事可做) ‎ There is nothing to be done.(没有办法)‎ 在某些形容词，如easy，difficult，light，heavy，fit，good，safe，comfortable，dangerous，pleasant等，后作状语用的不定式与句中主语构成动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动意义。‎ ‎ 如My telephone number is hard to remember. That man is difficult to deal with.‎ 不定式to let，to seek，to blame等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。‎ ‎ 如Nobody was to blame for the accident. The car is to let.‎ 在“疑问句 + 不定式”结构中，不定式动作与疑问词之间存在动宾关系，可用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如Who do you think can tell us what to do?‎ ‎ 温馨提示：英语中也存在被动形式表示主动意义的情况，如be seated，be hidden，be lost，be drunk，be dressed，be devoted，be determined，be compared等表状态。‎ ‎ 如He is seated on a bench. (He seats himself on a bench.)‎ ‎ Tom was lost in the woods.‎ 六. “get + 过去分词（p.p.）”结构的用法 ‎ get可用作连系动词和过去分词连用构成被动结构，主要用来表示状态或结果,且其后不用“by + 执行者”，本结构。常见以下几种情况：‎ ‎1. 表示突然、偶然、意外发生的事。如The boy got hurt on his way home from school.‎ ‎2. 表示反身行为而非被动行为。如You have to get dressed before 7 o’clock.‎ ‎3. 表示说话者强调的动作。如Mike and Rose arranged to get married.‎ 七. 被动语态与系表结构的区别 ‎ 被动语态表示动作，；而系表结构则表示主语的特征或所处的状态。‎ ‎1. 大多数用by短语的句子是被动语态；若用其他固定搭配的介词，往往是系表结构。‎ ‎ 比较：She was frightened by his ghost story. She was frightened of snakes.‎ ‎2. 系表结构多用于一般现在时和一般过去时，而被动语态则可用于更多时态。‎ ‎ 比较：The experimemt is being done. The vase is broken.‎ ‎5. ‎ 某些表示“使引起……感情”等意义的过去分词与be连用，某些表示运动、变化、终止等意义的不及物动词的过去分词与be连用时是系表结构。‎ 如He was worried about his son’s safety. I’m finished with the book.‎