2020届二轮复习语法板块名词、代词和冠词课件

2020届二轮复习语法板块名词、代词和冠词课件

考点清单 考点一    名词 一、名词的数 1.名词复数形式的规则变化 一般在名词词尾加-s girl—girls 女孩 book—books 书籍 以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词词尾加-es brush—brushes 刷子 bench—benches 长凳 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,改y为i,再加-es city—cities 城市 lady—ladies 女士 部分以-f、-fe结尾的词,将f或fe改为v,再加-es thief—thieves小偷 wife—wives妻子 其他以-f结尾的词直接加-s gulf—gulfs海湾 cliff—cliffs悬崖 以“元音字母+o”结尾的词,一般加-s radio—radios收音机 zoo—zoos动物园 以“辅音字母+o”结尾的词,一般加-es hero—heroes英雄 potato—potatoes土豆 以-th结尾的名词,加-s bath—baths洗澡 month—months月份 2.名词复数形式的不规则变化 单复数同形 Chinese—Chinese中国人(其他以-ese结尾的表示某国人的名词均类似);Swiss—Swiss瑞士人;deer—deer鹿;means—means手段、方式;sheep— sheep绵羊;spacecraft—spacecraft宇宙飞船;air-craft—aircraft航空器/飞机;series—series一系列;species—species种类/物种 特殊变化的复数形式 analysis—analyses分析;basis—bases基础;child—children小孩;criterion—criteria尺度;foot—feet脚;goose—geese鹅;man—men男人;mouse—mice老鼠;ox—oxen公牛,牛(不分性别的通称);phe-nomenon—phenomena现象;policeman—police-men警察;tooth—teeth牙;woman—women妇女 有些名词有两种复数形式 penny便士—pennies(硬币)/pence(钱数);fish—fish/fishes 【点津】fish有两种复数形式,当表示鱼的条数时,通常单复数同形,但是当 表示鱼的种类时,其复数形式为fishes。 3.通常用单数形式的单词 4.有关名词复数的特别识记 汉译计量单位 yuan 元; li 里; mu 亩; jin 斤 计量单位前有数词或several,many等修饰时 dozen(一)打,十二个;score二十;hundred百;thou-sand千;million百万 有些词,包括一些学科名词,虽然以“s”结尾,但意义上却是单数 news新闻;politics政治;mathematics数学;physics物理注:series是可数名词,单复数同形 有些词,通常用复数形式 compasses圆规;glasses眼镜;parents父母;shoes鞋;slippers拖鞋;trousers裤子;twins双胞胎;amuse-ments娱乐活动;ashes灰烬;brains头脑;congratula-tions祝贺;Good heavens!天哪!jaws嘴;jewels珠宝首饰;mountains山脉;movements活动;take notes记笔记;plastics塑料学;in rags衣衫褴褛;make repairs修理;resources资源;in high spirits情绪高昂;stairs楼梯;take turns轮流;tears眼泪;tens of thousands of好几万;thanks感谢;troops部队 有些名词的单数形式和复数形式表示不同的意思 arm手臂/arms武器;cloth布/clothes衣服;content内 容/contents目录;custom风俗/customs海关;good好 事、好处/goods货物;green绿色/greens蔬菜;look 看/looks外貌;manner方式/manners礼貌;paper纸/ papers论文、报纸、文件;sand沙/sands沙滩;time 时间/times次数、时代;thing东西、事情/things形 势;word单词,消息/words话语;work工作/works工 厂、著作;wood木头/woods树林 题组训练·用所给词的适当形式填空 ①Two 　months     (month)ago,three 　policemen     (policeman),who were all 　heroes     (hero),caught four 　thieves     (thief)because they had stolen some 　potatoes     (potato)and some bamboos from two 　zoos     (zoo),where 500     sheep     (sheep),200 　deer     (deer),100 　oxen     (ox)and 1,000 　geese     (goose)were raised. 二、名词所有格 名词所有格表示所属关系。其构成规则如下: 构成 举例 单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加 “ ' s” the boy ' s schoolbag那个男孩的书包 the children ' s rooms那些孩子们的房间 以s结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加“ ' ” the workers ' struggle工人们的斗争 复合名词中,在最后一个词的词尾加“ ' s” her brother-in-law ' s character她姐夫的性格 复合不定代词后加else,在else后加“ ' s” somebody else ' s possessions别人的财产 1.名词所有格词尾加 ' s的规则 2. 表示各自的所有关系时 , 名词末尾均加 ' s, 如果不是这样 , 仅在最后一词末 尾加 ' s, 即表示他们共同的所有关系。如 : Mr Wang ' s and Mr Zhang ' s bikes are both missing. 王先生和张先生的自行车都丢了。 Tom and John ' s book汤姆和约翰共有的书 Mary and John ' s school is in Haidian District. 玛丽和约翰的学校在海淀区。 3.有些表示时间、自然现象、工作群体、国家、城市、度量衡、价值等 无生命的名词也可用加 ' s的形式来表示其所有关系。如: today ' s newspapers今天的报纸 the country ' s plans国家计划 the earth ' s atmosphere地球的大气层 4.名词的of所有格 名词的of 所有格形式主要与表示无生命的名词一起使用。如: the title of the song这首歌的标题 5.名词的双重所有格 兼用“ ' s”和“of”两种所有格结构的后置修饰语叫作双重所有格。 如 果名词的所有格所修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词如a、two、some、 any、no、few、several等表示部分关系时,要用双重所有格 。如: a friend of the doctor ' s那位医生的一个朋友 some students of the teacher ' s那位老师的一些学生 题组训练·用所给词的适当形式填空 ②The 　girls '      (girl)shoes were covered with mud,so I asked them to take them off before they got into 　Tom ' s     (Tom)car. ③Yesterday I was invited to dinner at the 　Turners '      (Turner)house. 三、名词作定语 (一)一般情况下,作定语的是形容词,但是名词在下列情况下可以作定语: 1.表示类别。如: room number房间号码;a blood type血型;a news reporter新闻记者 2.表示目的、手段、来源、所属等意义。如: a tooth brush牙刷;coffee cups咖啡杯 3.表示时间、地点、称呼等。如: winter clothes冬衣;village people 村民 (二) 名词作定语,往往用单数形式 ,但以下情况例外: man和woman作定语,其单复数形式与所修饰的名词一致:women doctors女 医生;a man servant男保姆。 (三)customs(海关),arms(武器),clothes(服装),sports(运动)等用复数形式作定 语:a customs officer海关官员;the arms production武器生产;a clothes shop服 装店;sports equipment运动器材。 题组训练·完成句子 ④我们学校的大部分老师是女老师。 Most of the teachers in our school are 　women teachers     . ⑤他经营着一家体育运动俱乐部。 He runs a 　sports club     . 四、名词构词法(构成名词的后缀) 英语中构成名词的后缀包括-ence,-ance,-tion,-sion,-ment,-ness, -age, -th,- ure, -dom等。 存在exist—existence　　　 　接受accept—acceptance 生产produce—production　　表达express—expression 发展 develop—development　　盲目blind—blindness 婚姻marry—marriage　　温暖warm—warmth 快乐please—pleasure　　离开depart—departure 暴露expose—exposure　　压力press—pressure 失败fail—failure　　混合mix—mixture 签名sign—signature　　智慧wise—wisdom 详见本书 “附录一 构词法”。 考点二    代词 一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的构成 人称 代词 种类 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 阳性 阴性 中性 人称代 词主格 I we you you he she it they 人称代 词宾格 me us you you him her it them 数 形容词性物主代词 my our your your his her its their 名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his hers theirs 反身代词 my- self our- selves your- self your- selves him- self her- self itself them- selves 二、人称代词的用法 1.人称代词作主语时用主格,作宾语和表语(口语中)时用宾格。如: She gave the book to me.她把这本书给我了。 I bought a present for her. 我给她买了一件礼物。 2.人称代词we,you,they,one可用于泛指一般人。如: We should keep calm in time of great danger. 危急时刻我们应保持冷静。 3.人称代词用于指国家、船只、大地、月亮等。如: China has risen. She is no longer what she used to be.中国强大了,不再是以 前的中国了。 4.多个人称代词并列时的排列顺序 并列单数人称尊重他人时 :you and I;you,he and I;you and he; 并列复数人称 :we and you;we and they;we,you and they; 承认错误或主动承担责任时 ,I 放在前面 :I and he made the mistake. 我和他 出的这个错。 题组训练·用所给词的适当形式填空 ①The teacher told 　her     (she)to come to school earlier tomorrow. ②On my desk is a photo that my father took of 　me     (I)when I was a baby. 三、物主代词的用法 形容词性物主代词只能作定语,如:my book我的书。名词性物主代词常用 来代替前面已提及的名词,在句子中作表语、主语、宾语或与 of 连用。 如: This dictionary is mine.这本词典是我的。(表语) Our room is on the first floor and theirs(is)on the second. 我们的房间在二楼 , 他们的 ( 房间 ) 在三楼。 ( 定语 ; 主语 ) 题组训练·用物主代词填空 ③—Tom, 　my     (I)bike is broken. Would you please lend 　yours     (you)to me? —Sorry, 　mine     (I)has been taken by Jack. You can ask him if you like. ④This is our room,and 　yours     (you)is just across the hall. 四、反身代词的用法 1.反身代词在句中一般用作 宾语、表语、同位语 ,表示“自己”的意思。 如: He can look after himself.他能照顾自己。(宾语) I am not quite myself these days.我近来身体不大舒服。(表语) I myself did all the work.我亲自做了所有的工作。(同位语) 2.含有反身代词的词组: by oneself独自　call oneself自称　devote oneself to奉献给 dress oneself自己穿衣服　enjoy oneself自娱 excuse oneself自我辩解　for oneself为自己 help oneself to随便吃 make oneself understood让别人懂自己的意思 of oneself自动地　please oneself自便 seat oneself=sit down/be seated坐下 speak to oneself自言自语 teach oneself自学　to oneself 独享的 题组训练·用反身代词填空 ⑤Mrs Wang 　herself     made the skirt for her daughter. ⑥It is not his fault.I cut 　myself     with a knife. ⑦We should be independent of our parents.We should depend on 　ourselves     . 五、it的用法 1.代词it用作人称代词,代替前文提到过的事物本身(同类同物),不带任何修 饰语。如: My pen is missing.I can ' t find it anywhere.我的钢笔丢了,我到处都找不 到。 2.当打电话或不清楚说话的对象的性别时,it也可用于指人。如: —Who is that speaking? —It ' s Jenny speaking. ——是谁? ——我是珍妮。 3.it用来代替指示代词this,that。如: —What ' s this? —It ' s a flag. ——这是什么? ——是一面旗帜。 4. it表示时间、天气、距离等 。如: It ' s time for lunch.该吃午饭了。 It becomes cooler these days. 这几天天气变得凉爽了。 It is 20 kilometers from here to the school. 学校离这里有20公里。 5.it用作形式主语或宾语,代替由不定式(或不定式复合结构)、动名词或从 句表示的真正的主语或宾语。如: It is difficult for a boy to finish it in an hour. 让一个男孩子在一小时内完成它是很难的。 He feels it his duty to help others. 他觉得帮助别人是他的职责。 6. it也可作模糊宾语 。如: I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. 我讨厌人们含着满口食物讲话。 7.it用于强调结构中来强调句子的某一成分(通常是主语、宾语或状语),常 用强调结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who...”。 It was Li Ping that I saw in the street this morning. 今天早晨我在街上看到的 是李平。 8.常见的以it开头的句型: (1)It is+第 …… 次+that sb. have/has done sth.,此时that从句要用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I ' ve come here. 这是我第一次来这儿。 (2)It is/has been+一段时间+since+一般过去时 It is/has been ten years since I began to learn English.我已经学习英语十年了。 (3)It+be+一段时间+before+主语+谓语. It won ' t be long before you regret what you ' ve done.不久你就会为你所做的事情而悔恨。 (4)It seems/looks as if/though... It looks as if it ' s going to rain. 看上去天好像要下雨了。 (5)It+be+not until...that+主语+谓语. It was not until last night that he finally made up his mind.直到昨天晚上他才 下定决心。 题组训练·完成句子 ⑧我认为我们开这个会是必要的。 I think 　it     is necessary 　that     we have the meeting. ⑨众所周知,在世界上中国人口最多。 　It is well known that     China has the largest population in the world. ⑩那是她第一次看到她的父亲。 It was the first time that she 　had seen her father     . 单句填空   Was 　it     because Jack came late for school that Mr. Smith got angry?   It 　was     (be)only after he had read the papers 　that     Mr. Gross real ized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.   It was not until I came here 　that     I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.   　It     was raining hard when we arrived. 六、相互代词one another,each other的用法 相互代词表示相互关系,它所指代的名词或代词必须是两个或者两个以上, 在句中可作宾语、定语(与 ' s一起)等。 We should learn from each other and help each other. 我们应当互相学习、互 相帮助。 For years the two sisters looked after one another/each other.多年来两姐妹互 相照顾。 七、指示代词this,that,these,those的用法 this/these一般指时空上较近的人或物(近指),that/those常指时空上较远的 人或物(远指),在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。如: This building was built last year;that one was built many years ago. 这座建筑物是去年建的,那座是很多年前建的。 代词 指代 例句 it 指代前面提到的同一个事物 I can ' t find my bike.I don ' t know where I have put it.我找不到我的自行车。我不知道把它放在哪里了。(it 指代“my bike”) 八、it,one,ones,the one,the ones/those(指示代词)和that(指示代词)的区别 one a/an+单数名词 We have various summer camps for your holidays.You can choose one based on your own interests.我们为您的假期提供了各种各样的夏令营。您可以根据自己的爱好选择一种。(one代替“a summer camp”) ones 零冠词+复数名词 Mr. Zhang gave me many valu-able presents, ones that I had never seen.张先生给了我很多珍贵的礼物,都是一些我从来没见过的(礼物)。(ones代替“pre-sents”) the one the+单数名词 The book on the desk is better than the one under the desk.桌上的那本书比桌下的那本书好。 (the one代替“the book”,此处也可以使用that) the ones/ those the+复数名词 The books on the desk are better than the ones/those under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的那些书好。(the ones/those代替“the books”) that 1.the+单数名词2.不可数名词(尤其是有后置定语时) Little joy can equal that of a sur-prising ending when you read stories.几乎没有什么乐趣能比得上在阅读故事时读到一个出乎意料的结局时的乐趣。(that 代替“the joy”) I think the weather in Hangzhou is much better than that in Bei-jing.我觉得杭州的天气比北京的好多了。(that代替“the weather”) 题组训练·用适当的代词填空   I ' m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than     that     in the city.   Helping others is a habit, 　one     you can learn even at an early age.   The bike sold in the shop is much better than 　the one/that     you bought last month.   He likes reading cartoon stories, but 　the ones/those     sold in the book store are not what he wants.   He donated many books, 　ones     he thought might be used by someone else. 九、不定代词的用法 不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词,在句中可以作主 语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语等。不定代词主要有:all,each,every,both, either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,no以及 some,any,no,every和-thing,-one,-body等构成的复合不定代词。如: There are trees on both sides of the street.街道两旁都有树。(定语) Both of us are teachers.我们俩都是教师。(主语) We both are students.我们俩都是学生。(同位语) That ' s all for today.今天就到这儿。(表语) Here are two pens.You may take either of them.这里有两支笔,你可以随便拿 一支。(宾语) 　　词义 指代　     都 任何一个 都不 两个人或物 both either neither 三个或三个以上的人或物;不可数名词 all any none 1.both,all,either,any,neither,none的区别 2.none, no one和nothing的区别 none 1.后可接of短语 2.none作主语时,谓语动词可用复数形式,也可用单数形式 3.none主要回答how many引出的问题 None of us are/is late for the meeting.我们当中没有一个人开会迟到。 —How many of you went to see the film?你们有多少人去看了电影? —None.没有一个人去。 no one 1.在句中单独作主语、宾语等 2.no one作主语时,谓语动词用单数 3.no one主要回答who引出的问题 No one is late for the meeting.没有人开会迟到。 —Who went to see the film last night?昨晚有谁去看了电影? —No one.谁也没有去。 nothing 1.在句中单独作主语、宾语等 2.作主语时,谓语动词用单数 3.主要回答what引出的问题 —What is on the desk? —Nothing. ——什么在桌子上? ——没有什么。 题组训练·单句填空   　No one     can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn ' t love it.   Swimming is my favorite sport. There is 　nothing     like swimming as a means of keeping fit.   —Wow!You ' ve got so many clothes. —But 　none     of them are in fashion now.   I couldn ' t just stand by and do 　nothing     . 3.few,a few,little,a little的区别 few 指代或修饰可数名词 表示否定意义 a few 指代或修饰可数名词 表示肯定意义 little 指代或修饰不可数名词 表示否定意义 a little 指代或修饰不可数名词 表示肯定意义 题组训练·用few,little,a few,a little完成下列句子   　Few     (很少)people can live to be 100 years old.   You have done very 　little     (很少)for me.   Come in and have 　a little     (一点儿)whisky.   She has written many books but I ' ve only read 　a few     (少数). 4.one,another,the other,some,others,the others的区别 一个/一些 另外一个/一些 剩余的一个/一些 单数 one another the other 复数 some others the others 【 点津 】 (1)the other 后通常加可数名词 ( 单数或复数 ), 一般不能加不可数名词 ; 短语 the rest of( 剩余的 ) 后既可以加可数名词 ( 单数或复数 ), 也可以加不可数名 词;else只能放在复合不定代词或特殊疑问词后。 —What did you do last weekend? —Oh, nothing else. ——上周末你做什么了? ——哦,没做什么。 (2)体会下列句子中不定代词的用法 ①I have two books:one is English,and the other one is French. 我有两本书。一本是英语书,一本是法语书。 ②He will stay here for   days. 他在这里还要待上3天。 ③There are many books on the table:some are English;   are French. 桌子上有很多书。一些是英语书,剩下的是法语书。 ④He ' ll be in a wheelchair for the rest of his life. 他的余生将在轮椅上度过。 ⑤Would you please make it   ? 你能改天吗? ⑥I saw him in London the other day/week/month(=a few days/weeks/months ago).我几天/周/个月前在伦敦见过他。 ⑦He has no other close friends like John. 他没有别的像约翰那样亲密的朋友了。 ⑧If this dictionary is not yours,who else ' s can it be? 如果这本词典不是你的,会是谁的呢? 题组训练·用another,the other,either,neither填空   We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun,so let ' s have 　another     one this month.   He raised one arm and then 　the other     .   He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found 　either     of them again.   The research group produced two reports based on the survey,but 　neither     contained any useful suggestions. 5.不定代词的全部否定和部分否定 all, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及“every+名词”都表示全部 肯定; no one, none, nobody, nothing, not...any以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定; 当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中时,不管not在它们之 前还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。此外 ,not 与总括性副词如 everywhere, always, wholly, altogether 等连用时也表示部分否定。如 : Not all of them smoke.=All of them don ' t smoke. 他们当中不是所有的人都抽烟。 All of the boys are clever,but none of them can work out this problem.这些男 孩都很聪明,但他们当中没有一个能解出这道题。 Such a thing can ' t be found everywhere.这种事并非到处可见。 题组训练·完成句子   并不是所有的学生都想去看电影。 　Not all the students     want to see the film.   没有一个学生去电影院。 　None of the students     went to the cinema.   我们俩都喜欢这部电影。 We 　both     like the film. 考点三    冠词 一、冠词的分类和用法 冠词分为定冠词the(辅音前面读[ðə],元音前读[ði])、不定冠词a/an(辅音前用a,元音前用an)和零冠词(即不用冠词)。(注:“辅音、元音”指读音,不指字母) 冠词 名词 例句 泛指 a/an表示一个 可数单数 A horse is enough to do the job.一匹马就足够做这项工作了。 a/an表示一类 可数单数 A horse is often used here.马匹经常在这里被使用。 T he表示一类 可数单数 The horse is very useful here.马在这里非常有用。 零冠词表示一类 可数复数 Horses are useful ani-mals.马是有用的动物。 零冠词表示一类 不可数 Water is very important to humans.水对人类非常重要。 特指 the 不可数 The paper made in the factory is very good. 这家工厂做的纸非常好。 可数单数 The pen he gave me is very good. 他给我的钢笔非常好。 可数复数 The books bought yes-terday are worth read- ing.昨天买的书值得读。 题组训练·用合适的冠词填空 ①I found 　a     beautiful bike in our yard yesterday. 　The     bike was 　a     gift from my father for my birthday. 二、不定冠词a/an的用法 不定冠词a/an用来泛指事物,具体用法如下: 1.用于单数可数名词前表示“某一个/类人或物”。如: Can you finish your work in a day? 你能在一天内完成这项工作吗? This poem was written by a boy.这首诗是一个男孩写的。 2.用于说明事物的同一性质、特征、程度或大小,相当于the same。如: They are nearly of an age.他们差不多大。 The two shirts are of a size.两件衬衣尺寸相同。 3.与quite和many连用,表示“许多”。如: quite a few days=many days;many a day=many days 4. 不定冠词与专有名词连用 , 修饰姓名时 , 表示“有一个 , 某一个” , 相当于 “ a certain”; 修饰地名时 , 指某时期或某个样子的某地 ; 也可用来修饰月 份、星期。如 : A Mr Chen came to see you this morning. 一位陈先生今天上午来看你。 You will find a new Hangzhou in a few years. 几年后 , 你就会看到一个新杭州。 5.用于固定词组中。如: a few有几个　a little有一点　a lot of许多 a collection of一批 …… 　a long time很长时间 a matter of... …… 的问题　a number of许多 a waste of... …… 的浪费　after a while一会儿后 all of a sudden突然　as a matter of fact实际上 as a result结果　at a distance离一段距离 at a loss困惑;不知所措　get a lift/ride搭便车 for a while暂时;一时　go on a diet节食 have a cold得了感冒　have a bath洗澡 have a gift for有 …… 的天赋　have a word with与 …… 谈话 have a good time玩得高兴 have a population of有 …… 人口 have an area of有 …… 的面积 in a minute/while立刻;马上　in a word总之;一句话 in a hurry匆忙地　in a sense在某种意义上 in a moment立刻　keep an eye on照看 make a living谋生　make a promise许诺　many a time很多次 once upon a time很久以前　put an end to结束 set an example to为 …… 树立榜样 take a seat就座　teach sb. a lesson教训某人 turn a deaf ear to不愿听　once in a while偶尔 take a chance/risk冒险;碰运气 题组训练·冠词填空 ②I earn 10 dollars 　an     hour as 　a     supermarket cashier on Saturdays. ③The teacher asked us to write 　an     800-word-long composition. ④Christmas is 　a     special holiday when the whole family are supposed to get together. ⑤They are twins,so they are of 　an     age. ⑥I don ' t want to have words with you.I prefer to have 　a     word with you. ⑦The power supply was cut off.All of 　a     sudden,the lights went out. ⑧China has 　a     far larger population than Canada. ⑨The quality of the ambulance service is 　a     matter of life and death. ⑩What he did put 　an     end to their twenty-year-long friendship. 三、定冠词the的用法 1.用于可数名词单数前代表一类人或物。如: The rose is my favorite flower.玫瑰是我最喜爱的花。 2.表示特定的、双方皆知或上文已提到的人或物。如: He bought a book yesterday.The book is on the desk.昨天他买了一本书,书在 桌子上。 3.表示世界上独一无二的事物。如: the sun 太阳 ;the moon 月亮 ;the world 世界 ;the sky 天空 ;the earth 地球 4. 用在序数词、形容词最高级以及特定比较的比较级前。如 : the first unit 第一单元 ;the largest room 最大的房间 He is the taller of the two children in his family. 他是家中两个孩子中高的那个。 5.用在由普通名词构成的国家、政治组织、报纸、杂志、大建筑物、朝 代等专有名词前。如: the People ' s Republic of China中华人民共和国;the United Nations联合国 6.用在某些地理名词(江、河、海、山脉、群岛等)前。如: the Atlantic Ocean大西洋;the Yangtze River长江 7.用在某些形容词前代表一类人(谓语用复数)。如: the poor穷人;the young青年人;the old老年人;the wounded伤员;the blind盲人 8.姓的复数前加the,表示一家人或夫妇二人。如: The Greens are at table.格林一家正在吃饭。 9.西方乐器名称前常加the。如: play the piano/violin/guitar演奏钢琴/小提琴/吉他 10.表示“在某世纪的某个年代”。如: The building was built in the 1880s.这幢楼建于十九世纪八十年代。 11.用在发明物的单数名词前。如: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.亚历山大·格拉汉姆· 贝尔在1876年发明了电话。 12. “动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某部位”中的the不能用形容词性物主代词 代替 。如: hit him on the head砸在他头上 13.用在表示计量单位的名词前。如: I have hired the car by the hour.我已按小时租车。 Eggs are sold by the dozen.鸡蛋论打卖。 14.有些固定搭配中必须用定冠词。如: at the age of在 …… 岁时 at the beginning of在 …… 之初 at the end of在 …… 结尾;到 …… 尽头 at the head of在 …… 的最前头 at the mercy of任由 …… 摆布或控制 by the way顺便说一句　for the time being暂时 for the sake of因 …… 的缘故;为了 …… 起见 go to the cinema去看电影 in the way 挡道　in the countryside在乡下 in the distance在远处　in the end终于 in the eyes of就 …… 而论　in the middle of在 …… 中部 in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上 in the name of以 …… 的名义;代表　on the contrary相反 on the other hand另一方面 on the spot 在现场　on the whole大体上 the other day 几天前　to tell the truth说实话 四、零冠词 在不少情况下,名词前不加冠词,可以称作零冠词。 1. 称呼语,独一无二的职位、衔级名词作同位语、补语或表语时,前面不用 冠词 。如: Mr Smith was elected chairman.史密斯先生被选为主席。 Aunt Mary玛丽姨妈;Professor Zhang张教授 2.复数名词前不用冠词,泛指一类人或事物的全体。如: Cows live on grass.牛以草为食。 They are teachers,not students.他们是老师,不是学生。 People in the south like rice.南方人喜欢吃米饭。 3. 单个专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词表示泛指时一般不用冠词 。如: Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。 China is a large country.中国是一个大国。 注意:抽象名词或物质名词被限定,表示特指时要用定冠词the。如: The milk in the bottle has gone bad.瓶子里的牛奶变质了。 4. 当名词被指示代词 (this 、 that 、 these 、 those) 、形容词性物主代词 (my 、 his 等 ) 、不定代词 (some 、 any 、 no 、 every) 以及名词所有格修饰时 , 不用冠 词。如 : Wang Ping ' s mother is a doctor.王平的妈妈是位医生。 Every student must obey the rule.每位学生必须服从规则。 5.as引导的让步状语从句中,名词用在句首时不用冠词。如: Child as he is,he can finish the work.虽然他是个孩子,但是他可以完成这份 工作。 6.turn后的名词作表语时不用冠词。如: She turned teacher after graduation. 毕业后她成了一位老师。 He turned writer when he was 30 years old. 他三十岁的时候成了作家。 7. 表示泛指概念的一日三餐、节假日、球类运动、棋类、 游戏、季节、 月份、学科、疾病、颜色、感官名称前不用冠词 。如: Did you have breakfast? 你吃早饭了吗? Economics is different from politics.经济学不同于政治学。 Granny died of cancer two years ago.奶奶两年前死于癌症。 He likes football.他喜欢足球。 Smell is one of the five senses.嗅觉是五种感觉之一。 White is a beautiful colour.白色是美丽的颜色。 注意:①被限制性定语修饰时,可加定冠词;被描述性定语修饰时,可用不定 冠词。如: in the May of 2003在2003年的5月;in a cold winter在一个寒冷的冬天 ②餐名不用冠词,但具体指某顿饭时要用the,表示类别时要用a。如: The breakfast I ordered still hasn ' t arrived.我要的早餐还没有送来。 That was a very nice supper.那是一顿非常好的晚餐。 8.play(玩)后面接球类、棋类等娱乐活动名词时,一般不加冠词。如: play chess/football下棋/踢足球 9.国名前一般不加冠词。如: in Australia在澳大利亚;in China在中国 注意:但以短语组成的国名及以-s结尾的国名(常常表示由多个岛屿或部分 构成)前必须加the。如:the U. S. A. 美国;the People ' s Republic of China中 华人民共和国;the Philippines 菲律宾;the Netherlands荷兰(用作单数或复数 均可,等于Holland)。如指特定时期的情况,也需加定冠词。如:How differ- ent the impression produced by the China of today is! 10. 泛指乘坐交通工具时,交通工具前不用冠词 。如: by train/plane/boat/bike/bus/taxi乘火车/飞机/船/自行车/公共汽车/出租车 注意:特指某一具体交通工具时,需加冠词,但介词可能发生变化:in a space- ship乘宇宙飞船;by the 8:30 train乘八点半的火车 11.注意电影、电视、戏剧、广播前冠词的用法。如: watch TV看电视;see a film看电影;listen to the radio听收音机;go to the cin- ema/movies去看电影 12.基数词与序数词前冠词的用法。 Lesson Five=the fifth lesson第五课;Class Three=the third class三班;World War II=the Second World War第二次世界大战;speak English=speak the English language讲英语;Part One=the first part第一部分 13.不用冠词的固定词组。 after class/school下课后/放学后;at breakfast早餐时;at home在家;at night/ midnight/daybreak/noon/dawn在晚上/在午夜/在天亮时/在中午/在黎明时;at length终于,详细地;at stake有风险;at work忙着;catch fire着火;day and night 日日夜夜;day by day一天天;face to face面对面;for example例如;from door to door逐门逐户;from morning till night从早到晚;from side to side左右来回 (摇摆);from time to time不时地;hand in hand手拉手;husband and wife夫妇; father and son父子;in sight视线所及;out of sight超出视线范围;in time及时; on time准时;in detail详细地;in English用英语(表达);in public公开地;shoul- der to shoulder肩并肩地;step by step逐步地;side by side并排/并肩地 无冠词 有冠词 无冠词 有冠词 无冠词 有冠词 by day 在白天 by the day 按天计算 in red 穿红色衣服 in the red 欠债,亏损 in front of 在 …… 前面 in the front of 在 …… 的前部 in charge of 负责,管理 in the charge of 在 …… 的管理 下 in prison 坐牢 in the prison 在那个监狱里 面 (不一定坐牢) on earth 究竟 on the earth 在地球上 in class 在上课 in the class 在这个班里 in office 在执政 in the office 在办公室 out of question 毫无疑问 out of the ques- tion 不可能 五、冠词的活用 1.相同词语中使用冠词与不使用冠词的差别: 2. 抽象名词的具体化 有些名词是抽象名词,如favor, pleasure, must, knowledge等,不可以有复数 形式,但是可以具体化,前面加不定冠词可表示“一个,一次 …… ” : It is a great pleasure to us.对我们来说这真是一件开心的事情。 题组训练·判断下列空格处是否要填冠词,如果要用冠词,用何种冠词   Laszlo Biro invented 　the     ballpoint pen.   The biggest whale is 　the     blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long—the height of 　a     9-story building.   He went to some place in 　不填     France.   Meat is sold by 　不填     weight.   His heart was beating wildly with 　不填     fear.  They went to climb the Great Wall on 　a     cold winter morning.  Would you mind turning down 　the     radio a little? The baby is sleeping.  We got paid by 　the     month.