2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十六)说明文之人物类——抓说明方法，巧用行文结构解题

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十六)说明文之人物类——抓说明方法，巧用行文结构解题

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十六) 说明文之人物类——抓说明方法，巧用行文结构解题 人物类说明文往往突出人物的重要贡献或历史地位，这一点往往从文章的主题句中体现出来。在说明人物的过程中会使用各种说明方法，这些方法对理解全文有着很大帮助，也是高考命题的切入点。另外，文章的行文结构也至关重要，依据行文结构可预知文章大意，对解题大有益处。‎ ‎[抓人物说明方法，理行文结构]‎ ‎[高考典例]　2018•浙江卷•A篇 ‎[读文解题技法]‎ 对比：‎ 出生前 去世后 影响 In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century — most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719 — but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steampowered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy (识字) rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.” Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad.‎ In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim — were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon (名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.→比喻 How did Dickens get to the top？For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901；today a casual reader might be able to name a halfdozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how ‎ ‎1.略读全文知行文结构 本文的三个并列结构为：‎ ‎(1)狄更斯出生前英国小说的现状。‎ ‎(2)狄更斯去世后人们对他的评价。‎ ‎(3)狄更斯对英国文学的影响。‎ ‎2.跳读全文标说明方法 ‎(1)对比 通过狄更斯出生前及去世后英国小说的现状对比，说明他在英国文学中的重要性。‎ ‎(2)比喻 第二段最后一句为比喻句，把他从英国文学的名人堂移除就跟卢浮宫廉价出售《蒙娜丽莎》的感觉一样。‎ ‎3.速读查找文章主题句 速读文章，可知最后一段最后一句为主题句。‎ he made himself a lasting one.→主题句 ‎[利用方法巧解题]‎ ‎21．Which of the following best describes ？‎ A．They were difficult to understand. B．They were popular among the rich.‎ C．They were seen as nearly worthless. D．They were written mostly by women.‎ ‎22．Dickens is in the text to stress________.‎ A．his reputation in France B．his interest in modern art C．his success in publication D．his importance in literature ‎23．What is the author’s in writing the text?‎ A．To remember a great writer. B．To introduce an English novel.‎ C．To encourage studies on culture. D．To promote values of the Victorian age.‎ ‎21．18世纪英国小说――→定位狄更斯出生前的现状，分析第一段最后一句得出答案。‎ ‎22．和《蒙娜丽莎》对比――→定位第二段中的“比喻”句，即可推知答案。‎ ‎23．写文目的――→定位第三段中的“主题句”，即可推知答案。‎ ‎[答案]　21.C　22.D　23.A ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 Watching what you eat can be easier said than done, but a recent study shows it might not just be about what’s on your plate — it could be about how quickly it disappears.‎ Japanese researchers followed 1,083 adults for five years, splitting them into three categories based on how quickly they ate: slow, normal, and fast. They also answered a questionnaire at the beginning of the study, sharing their diet, physical activity, and medical history. In the beginning, none of the volunteers had metabolic syndrome(新陈代谢综合征) — meaning at least three risk factors — which can lead to health problems like heart conditions and diabetes.‎ When the participants reported back five years later, 84 had been diagnosed (诊断) with metabolic syndrome — and their eating speed was a major predictor, according to the results in the journal Circulation. The fast eaters were 89 percent more likely to have metabolic syndrome than slow and normal eaters.Just 2.3 percent of slow eaters received the diagnosis, compared to 11.6 percent of fast eaters. But that’s not all. Fast eaters also saw more weight gain, larger waistlines, and higher blood sugar levels than slow eaters.‎ The researchers say gobbling makes it easier not to take notice of fullness before your body has a chance to signal you to stop.“So when people eat fast they are more likely to overeat，” said Takayuki Yamaji, MD, study author and cardiologist at Hiroshima University in Japan in a statement.‎ Previous research backs up the weight benefits of slow eating, too. One study of New Zealand women found fast eaters have higher bodymass indexes (指数), and a Chinese study found that both healthy and fat men ate less when told to chew 40 times instead of 15 times before swallowing. Initial research even suggests chewing your food longer could burn more calories — up to about 1,000 extra every month.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1．What are the participants divided by?‎ A．Medical history.　　　　 　B．Health condition.‎ C．Physical activity. D．Eating speed.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“splitting them into three categories based on how quickly they ate: slow, normal, and fast”可知，按照参与者吃饭的速度，研究者将他们分为吃得慢、正常、快三个类别。‎ ‎2．Which may be the result of the study?‎ A．Fast eaters are 4 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome.‎ B．Normal and slow eaters don’t have metabolic illness.‎ C．89% of fast eaters have higher blood pressure.‎ D．Slow eaters are healthier than fast eaters.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Fast eaters also saw more weight gain, larger waistlines, and higher blood sugar levels than slow eaters.”可知，比起吃得慢的人，吃得快的人体重增加更多、腰围更大、血糖水平也更高，反向推知，吃得慢的人比吃得快的人更健康。‎ ‎3．What does the underlined word “gobbling ” in Paragraph 4 mean?‎ A．Tasting slowly. B．Digesting quickly.‎ C．Eating greedily. D．Cooking carefully.‎ 解析：选C　词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“when people eat fast they are more likely to overeat”可知，吃得快可能会让人吃得过多。所以这个词的意思应是“狼吞虎咽地吃”，故选C项。‎ ‎4．What does the last paragraph tell us?‎ A．The importance of eating speed.‎ B．The advantage of eating slowly.‎ C．The result of a Chinese study.‎ D．Fast eating and overeating.‎ 解析：选B　段落大意题。根据文章最后一段的中心句“Previous research backs up the weight benefits of slow eating, too.”及下文内容可知，本段主要讲吃得慢的好处。‎ Ⅱ.完形填空 ‎(2019•合肥市高三质检)When we were kids, we didn’t think of success or failure in the way we think now. At that time we dived straight into__1__.‎ In high school, I developed a preference for art.__2__， I studied really hard about other things，__3__ for a successful career in information science. __4__ everybody was supporting me in continuing on the “path of success”， I felt really __5__ inside. Deep down I knew, I’m not this person everybody thinks I am — my heart was__6__for something more meaningful. I wanted to do __7__.‎ My final year at college was also a __8__. I didn’t manage to __9__ in time with my generation. Then I tried animation, design, and even music __10__for a while, so different from the career that I was always __11__ to do.Needless to say, such “creative” __12__ brought me much satisfaction, but I was running out of money. I was stuck in a __13__ — finding a job or finishing my degree, __14__ I made good progress at neither of them. I realized that just a strong __15__will not bring me across the river. I had to do the work with my own hands.‎ One day, a former high school teacher met me on the street. He was __16__ to hear I, one of his top students, wasn’t doing well. He then __17__ me to find my first job as a game developer. After starting work, my life started to improve.‎ ‎__18__， I can see my goals and dreams have remarkably __19__ over the years. I often remind myself that although some dreams may__20__， you can always have your passion reborn again.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过叙述自己在成长过程中的学习经历告诉我们：虽然有些梦想可能会消失，但通过努力你仍可以让你的激情再生。‎ ‎1．A.safety　　　　　　　 　B．adventures C．agreement D．conflicts 解析：选B　根据上文“When we were kids, we didn’t think of success or failure in the way we think now.”及下文中“我”的经历可知，那时我们直接投身于冒险(adventures)中。‎ ‎2．A.Instead B．Otherwise C．Thus D．However 解析：选D　根据空前的“In high school, I developed a preference for art.”及空后的“I studied really hard about other things”可知，前后之间形成转折关系。however “然而”符合语境。‎ ‎3．A.competing B．calling C．aiming D．accounting 解析：选C　根据空前的“I studied really hard about other things”可知，此处是指“我”的目标(aiming)是在信息科学领域取得成功。‎ ‎4．A.Although B．Since C．As D．If 解析：选A　根据下文内容可知，此处指虽然(Although)大家都支持“我”继续走这种“成功之路”，但“我”内心感觉非常空虚的(empty)。‎ ‎5．A.confident B．angry C．peaceful D．empty 解析：选D　参见上题解析。‎ ‎6．A.beating B．bleeding C．aching D．answering 解析：选C　根据上文并结合下文“I wanted to do __7__.”可知，“我”并不是大家想象的那样，“我”内心渴望(aching)着更有意义的东西。‎ ‎7．A.science B．art C．sports D．business 解析：选B　根据上文“In high school, I developed a preference for art.”及下文内容可知，此处为原词复现，即“我”想去学习艺术(art)。‎ ‎8．A.success B．mess C．relief D．panic 解析：选B　根据下文“I didn’t manage to __9__ in time with my generation.”可知，此处表示“我”大学的最后一年也是一团糟(mess)。‎ ‎9．A.apply B．balance C．graduate D．drop 解析：选C　根据下文中的“I was stuck ...finding a job or finishing my degree”可知，“我”没能及时和“我”同届的人一起毕业(graduate)。‎ ‎10．A.randomly B．wisely C．secretly D．suddenly 解析：选A　根据下文“so different from the career that I was always __11__ to do”可知，此处指然后“我”试着学习动画制作、设计，甚至随意地(randomly)学习了一段时间的音乐，‎ 和“我”一直想要从事的职业如此不同。‎ ‎11．A.reminded B．allowed C．ordered D．meant 解析：选D　参见上题解析。be meant to do sth.“意欲做某事”，符合语境。‎ ‎12．A.breakthroughs B．designs C．routines D．exchanges 解析：选A　根据上文“Then I tried ...for a while”和下文“brought me much satisfaction”可知，这些“创新性的”突破(breakthroughs)给“我”带来了很大的满足。‎ ‎13．A.solution B．dilemma C．negotiation D．compromise 解析：选B　根据上文“but I was running out of money”和下文“finding a job or finishing my degree”可知，“我”陷入了进退两难的境地(dilemma)。‎ ‎14．A.and B．or C．so D．but 解析：选D　根据空后的“I made good progress at neither of them”可知，此处指但(but)“我”在这两方面都没有取得很大的进步。‎ ‎15．A.desire B．relationship C．influence D．commitment 解析：选A　根据下文“I had to do the work with my own hands.”可知，“我”需要亲手去做工作，仅有强烈的欲望(desire)是不能克服困难的。‎ ‎16．A.amused B．proud C．sad D．annoyed 解析：选C　根据空后的“I, one of his top students, wasn’t doing well”可知，作为老师最好的学生之一，没有取得好的成就，所以此处表示老师对“我”感到伤心(sad)。‎ ‎17．A.helped B．invited C．promised D．forced 解析：选A　根据语境可知，此处指老师帮(helped)“我”找到了第一份工作。‎ ‎18．A.Setting off B．Looking back C．Backing out D．Holding on 解析：选B　根据空后的“I can see my goals and dreams have remarkably __19__ over the years”可知，此处指作者回顾过去(Looking back)。‎ ‎19．A.settled B．reduced C．changed D．advanced 解析：选C　回顾过去，这些年来，“我”的目标和梦想变化(changed)显著。‎ ‎20．A.step down B．come true C．turn up D．die out 解析：选D　根据空后的“you can always have your passion reborn again”可知，“我”经常提醒自己，虽然有些梦想可能会消失(die out)，但激情总能再生。‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 ‎(2019•成都诊断)If you speak to a local about your stay in Chengdu, they’ll probably ask if you’ve tried hot pot. Everyone __1__ (live) here seems to love it, and trying it should be a __2__ (fix) part of everyone’s culinary tour of Sichuan.‎ Hot pot restaurants can __3__ (find) on pretty much every street in Chengdu, but the quality and taste can vary hugely.‎ When you do go for hot pot, you will often be asked to make a __4__ (choose) of broth in which you cook your raw ingredients (食材). If you’re __5__ (adventure) and up for a challenge, the traditional oily spicy broth might be just the thing you’re after. But __6__ you haven’t yet fully adapted to the local taste, you’d better choose a nonspicy broth, or __7__ (go) for a less spicy option. Bear __8__ mind that some broths like the tomato, mushroom or northern style will not be on offer at every restaurant.‎ Half spicy and half clear broth is __9__ (ready) available at most restaurants; these pots either come divided down the middle like a giant yin and yang, or with __10__ separate smaller pot of clear broth in the middle. If you can’t bear too much chili and oil, but want to have a try, ask for yuanyangguo.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要介绍了成都的特色饮食——火锅。‎ ‎1．living　考查非谓语动词。live和句子谓语seems之间没有连词，故空处应用非谓语动词，且动词live和句子主语Everyone之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。‎ ‎2．fixed　考查非谓语动词。空处在句中作定语修饰part，又因动词fix和其逻辑主语之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。‎ ‎3．be found　考查动词语态。动词find和句子主语Hot pot restaurants之间是被动关系，故应用被动语态。‎ ‎4．choice　考查名词。根据空前的a和空后的of可知空处应填名词的单数形式。‎ ‎5．adventurous　考查形容词。根据空前的you’re 可知，此处应用形容词adventurous作表语。‎ ‎6．if/when　考查连词。根据语境可知，空处可用if引导条件状语从句，表示对情况的假设；也可用when来引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时”。‎ ‎7．go　考查动词。根据连词or可知，此处go和动词choose是并列关系，故用动词原形形式。had better do sth.“最好做某事”。‎ ‎8．in　考查介词。bear (sth.) in mind意为“记住某事”，为固定搭配，故用介词in。‎ ‎9．readily　考查副词。空处修饰形容词应用副词，故填readily，在句中作状语。‎ ‎10．a　考查冠词。pot是可数名词，且此处表示泛指，又因separate的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。‎ Ⅳ.短文改错 Kids exercise all the time without even think of it. Just being active, like when you run around at outside or play basketball at school, is type of exercise. Playing sports, dancing and doing pushups also counts as exercise. These helped you build your strength. By using your muscles to do powerful things, you can make them strong than before. For teens and adult, this kind of workout can make muscles bigger, either. When you exercise, you’re building a strong body what will be able to move around and do all the stuff you need to do. Try to do more physically exercise every day and your body will thank you later.‎ 答案：第一句：think→thinking 第二句：去掉第一个at; type前加a 第三句：counts→count 第四句：helped→help 第五句：strong→stronger 第六句：adult→adults; either→too 第七句：what→that/which 第八句：physically→physical