【英语】2019届二轮复习虚拟语气(8页word版)

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【英语】2019届二轮复习虚拟语气(8页word版)

‎2019届二轮复习虚拟语气 ‎ 虚拟语气(the subjunctive mood),又称假设语气,是谓语动词的一种形式, 表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反,在现实中并不存在,或实现的可能性很小。 ‎ 一、动词的语气 语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood) 有三种,分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。 ‎ ‎1.陈述语气 陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问,主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某 些感叹句。 ‎ Where there is a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。 ‎ Can you help me carry the box upstairs 你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗? ‎ How I missed the life in the countryside!我多么想念乡村的生活啊! ‎ ‎2.祈使语气 祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。 ‎ Come this way, please!请这边走。 ‎ Don't make any noise, will you 别吵,行吗? ‎ Do be careful when crossing the street.过马路时一定要小心。 ‎ ‎3.虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设 或推测等。‎ ‎ If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。 ‎ I wish it were spring all the year round.但愿四季如春。 ‎ May good luck be yours!祝你好运! ‎ 二、条件句中的虚拟语气 英语中条件从句有两类,一类是真实条件句,另一类是非真实条件句。如果假 设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句;如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生 的,则是虚拟条件句。 ‎ A.真实条件句 真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈 述语气。 ‎ If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him.如果他八点不来,我们就不等他了。 ‎ If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. 过去发生洪水的话,常有很大的生命和财产损失。 ‎ We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow.如果明天不下雨,我们将去那里。 ‎ I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean.如果你能保持车子干 净,我就让你用我的自行车。 ‎ B.非真实条件句 在含有非真实条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气,其 构成有三种形式: ‎ 与现在事实相反 if 条件句的谓语:were /did 主句的谓:would (could/should/might) + do ‎ 与过去事实相反 if 条件句的谓语:had done 主句的谓:would(could/should/might) + have done 与将来事实相反 if 条件句的谓语:did/were 主句的谓:should do would (could/should/might) + do were to do ‎ 表示与现在事实相反的条件 条件从句用动词的过去式(be 动词用 were),主句用 should ‎(第一人称)或 would(全部人称)+动词原形。可用情态动词 could, might 代替 should, would 表 示情态。 ‎ If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends.明天要是星期天的话, 我就去看望我的朋友。 ‎ If I were you, I should go and try.我要是你,我就去试试。 ‎ If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. 如果幻想能成为马匹,叫花子都有了坐骑 ‎ would go if they treated me like a slave.要是他们把我当奴隶对待,我就走。 ‎ ‎2.表示与过去事实相反的条件 条件从句用动词的过去完成时,主句用 should(第一人称)或 would(全部人 称)+have done,也可用 could, might 代替 should, would。‎ ‎ If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you.如 果昨天我知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了。 ‎ If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping.今天早上要是没下 雨,我就去买东西了。 ‎ The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库,洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损 失。 ‎ ‎3.表示在将来不太可能实现的条件 表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式: ‎ ‎①were/did 条件从句用动词的过去式(be 动词用 were),主句用 should(第一人称)或 would(全部人称)+动词原形。也可用 could, might 代替 should, would。 ‎ If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him.明天如果他在这里的话,我就和 他谈谈。 ‎ If you dropped the glass, it would break.你要是把杯子掉下来,会打碎的。 ‎ If she had time, she could help me.她要是有时间,就会帮我了。 ‎ ‎②should do 条件从句中不管什么人称都用 should do,可表示有偶然实现的可能性。‎ ‎ If it should rain, the crops could be saved.假如下雨,庄稼可能就有救了。 We would trust him if he should be honest.如果他真是诚实的,那我们就相信他。 ‎ ‎③were to do 条件从句用 were + to do。这种形式比较正式,常出现在书面语中,其假设成 份很大,实现的可能性很小。 ‎ If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.要是我做这项工作,我就 会以不同的方式去做。 ‎ If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him 假如校长来了,我们对 他说什么呢? ‎ 对比: 将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比 ‎ If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。 (常用形式) ‎ If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家 里。 (可能性较小) ‎ If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天要下雪的话,我就留 在家里。(可能性最小) ‎ C.省略 if 的条件句 在书面语中,非真实条件句中有 were, had, should 时,可以省略 if,而把 were, had, should 放在主语前,用倒装结构。 ‎ Were it necessary, I might go without delay.如果需要的话,我可以立即去。(= If it were necessary......) ‎ Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.你要是听了我的 建议,就不会考试不及格了。(= If you had taken my advice......) ‎ Should I have time, I would call on her.要是有时间,我就去看她。(= If I should have time......) ‎ D.错综条件句 虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致,这时主句和从句的 谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。 ‎ If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now.如果你昨天不 看电视,你现在也就不会这么困了。(从句 yesterday 说明过去,主句 now 说明现 在) ‎ If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour.如果他 们今天一早就离开家的话,再过半小时他们就该到了。(从句说明过去,主句说 明将来。) ‎ If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future.如果你此刻犹豫不决, 你将来会吃苦头的。(从句说明现在,主句说明将来) ‎ 注意: 在很多情况下,我们也可以用 was 来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时 的 were。 If were here tomorrow... 也可以说成:If he was here tomorrow... I wish I were a bird. 也可以说成:I wish I was a bird. 但倒装句型中的 were 不可被 was 来替换。 Were I in your position, I would not do it.如果我处在你的位置,我是不会干这件 事的。 ‎ E.含蓄条件句 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子 叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况: ‎ ‎1.条件暗含在短语中 ‎ He would not get such a result without your help.没有你的帮助,他就不会有今天 的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语 without your help 中) ‎ But for you, I could not be recovered so soon.要不是有你,我就不会恢复得这么 快。(条件暗含在 But for you 中) ‎ This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事,如发 生在过去,就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语 happening in the past 中) He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well. 他一定是去 过那儿,否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词 or) ‎ ‎2.条件可根据上下文推理出 It would do you no good.这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是if you should give up the job 如果你放弃这项工作的话) ‎ They could have won. 他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是 if they had been patient 如果他们有耐心的话) ‎ Such mistakes could have been avoided.这种错误完全能避免。(条件可能是 if you had been more careful 如果你更加小心一点的话) ‎ Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped you.为什么你不告诉我?我 会帮助你的。(条件可能是 if you had told me about it 如果你当时告诉我的话) ‎ ‎--- Did you go to see him yesterday 你昨天去看他了吗? ‎ ‎--- I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit.原想去的,但有 人到我家来玩了。(条件是 if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit 如果没 人到我家来玩的话) ‎ ‎3.条件用其他形式来表示 ‎ She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting.她病了,否则的 话就会出席会议了。(条件通过连词 otherwise/or 表示出来 If she had not been ill...) ‎ I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I should have gone together with him.我 让他自己去那里,但也许我应该和他一道去。(连词 but 暗示条件) Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do 假若你站在我的立场上,你会 怎么办?(用 ‎ suppose/supposing/providing 等词表示 if) ‎ To talk with her, you would know she could not hear well.如果你同她交谈,你就 会知道她的听力不好。(动词不定式带有假设的意思,相当于 If you should talk with her...) ‎ Left to himself, he could not have finished the work.要是放任他的话,他是不可能 完成工作的。(动词的-ed 形式表示条件 If he had been left to himself...) ‎ 提示: 在很多情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。 You wouldn't know. 你不会知道。 I would like to go with you. 我愿意和你一起去。 ‎ 三、虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法 虚拟语气除主要用于非真实条件句外,还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、表 语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句之中。 ‎ A.名词性从句中的虚拟语气 主句中的动词、名词、形容词如表示要求、建议、命令或愿望等含义,与其相 关的名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)中的谓语动词 要用虚拟语气。 ‎ ‎1.主语从句中的虚拟语气 主语从句通常用于“It is +形容词名词动词的-ed 形式+ that ...”结构。主语从 句中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的-ed 形式,其谓语动词常用 “should +动词原形”(美国英语常省略 should,只用动词原形)。 ‎ ‎①表示建议或命令 ‎ It is important that we (should) work out a study plan.重要的是我们要制订出一个 学习计划。 ‎ It will be better that we (should) meet some other time.最好我们在另一个时间见 面。 ‎ It is suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English.有人建议每个学生 都要唱一首英文歌曲。‎ ‎ It is demanded that he should leave at once.要求他立刻离开。 ‎ ‎②表示惊讶 ‎ It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings.真奇怪他竟看 不到自己的缺点。 ‎ It is a pity/shame that I should be at school instead of lying here in hospital.真可惜, 我应当在学校而不是躺在医院里。 ‎ It is natural that you should forget it first.你起先记不住是很自然的。 ‎ 必背: 常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词 形容词:important, necessary, urgent, essential, vital, natural, strange, proper 等 动词的-ed 形式:arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded, proposed 等 It is necessary that the program (should) be loaded into the computer.有必要把程 序输入电脑。 ‎ It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time.很奇怪他竟 然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。 ‎ It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.希望一切在今晚前准 备就绪。 ‎ ‎2.宾语从句 虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。 常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形”的动词有: 一个坚持:insist 两个命令:order, command 三个建议:suggest, advise, propose 四个要求:demand, require, ask, desire ‎ ‎①在 suggest(建议), order(命令), propose(建议), insist(坚持要做), command (命令),request(要求),advise(建议)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用 should +动词原形(美国英语常省略 should)。 ‎ The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator.考 官要求学生不要使用计算器。 ‎ The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent.工人们要 求增加百分之十的工资。 ‎ They requested that he (should) sing a song.他们要求他唱一首歌。‎ ‎ 比较: 动词 suggest 和 insist 后面的宾语从句,应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟 语气。 suggest 作“建议”解时,用虚拟语气,作“使想起、暗示”解时,用陈述语 气。 ‎ His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的 决定。(暗示) ‎ He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。(建 议) ‎ insist 作“坚决要求”解时,用虚拟语气,作“坚持认为”解时,用陈述语气。 He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health.他坚持认为做 早操对健康有益。(强调) ‎ He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持每天都要做早 操。(要求) ‎ ‎②在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气,表示不可能实现的愿望。 一般过去时 were/did 表示目前不可能实现的愿望 ‎ I wish I were a bird.但愿我是一只小鸟。 ‎ I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。‎ ‎ 过去完成时 had done 表示过去不可能实现的愿望 ‎ I wish she had taken my advice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。 ‎ I wish that I had seen her yesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。‎ ‎ 过去将来时 would/could do 表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望 ‎ I wish you would stay an hour longer.我希望你再呆一个小时。 ‎ I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。 ‎ 提示: 由于 wish 和 hope 的汉语意思差不多,在使用上往往容易出错。wish 一般表示 “希望”、“但愿”,表示不可能实现的愿望,后接从句时要用虚拟语气;hope 表示“希望”,指可以实现的希望,后接从句时用陈述语气。 The students hope that their football team will win the game.学生们希望他们的足 球队获胜。(可能实现) ‎ I wish I could see him now.我希望现在就能看到他。(不可能实现) ‎ ‎3.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动 词要用“should +动词原形”结构。 ‎ My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的 建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。 ‎ The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only.按照要求 作文必须单面誊写。 ‎ It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year.我的 愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。 ‎ The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable.教育要改革的建 议是合理的。 ‎ 必背: 表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有 advice 建议 demand 要求 desire 愿望 decision 决定 idea 意见 motion 提议 order 命令 proposal 提议 requirement 要求 request 请求 regulation 规章 suggestion 建议 ‎ B.状语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎ ‎①方式状语从句 由as if或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况, 也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。 ‎ 表示与现在事实不相符,用一般过去时 ‎ The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.这位老师对待这位学生就 像自己的亲 生孩子一样。(这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子) ‎ 表示与过去事实不相符,用过去完成时 ‎ I felt as though we had known each other for years.我感觉我们好像认识多年了。 (其实并没有认识多年) ‎ 表示与将来事实不相符,用 would/might/could ‎ It looks as if it might rain.天看上去好像要下雨。(不大可能下雨) ‎ 对比: He looks as if he is young.看样子他好像很年轻。(他就是年轻) He looks as if he were young.看样子他好像很年轻。(实际上他不年轻) ‎ ‎②目的状语从句 ‎ a.由 in case, lest, for fear that 引导的目的状语从句,动词用“should +动词原 形”结构,表示忧虑或目的。 ‎ Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget.请你明天再提醒 我这件事,以免我忘记。 ‎ She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget.她一再强调这一点免得 他忘记。 ‎ We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there should be any misunderstanding. 我们开了一个会,面对面谈了这件事,以免发生任何误会. ‎ b.在 in order that 和 so that 引导的目的状语从句中,往往用 can(could)或 may(might)。 ‎ I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget.我要把你的电 话号码记下来,以免忘记。 ‎ They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time.为了能提前完成工作,他们比往常更加努力。 ‎ We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.我把真实情况告诉你, 使你能自己作出判断。 ‎ ‎③让步状语从句 让步状语从句指事实时,从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将 来的假设情况,从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。 Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope.即使他失败了,仍有一线希望。 ‎ I should say the same thing even if he were here.即使他在这里,我还是要这么说。 ‎ Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part.不管他成功还是 失败,我们还是要做好自己的事。 ‎ However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together.不管雨下得多么大,今 晚我们还是要去那里。 ‎ No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law. 一个人不论其社会地位如何,在法律面前都是平等的。 ‎ C.定语从句中的虚拟语气 在 It is (high) time (that) ...结构中,定语从句的谓语动词用过去式,表示“到某 人该做某事的时间了”。‎ ‎ It is time that the children went to bed.到孩子们睡觉的时间了。 ‎ It is high time that we began the meeting.正是我们开会的时间了。 ‎ 四、其他句型中的虚拟语气 ‎ A.If only...... If only 位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气,动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿 望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望,用 would 或 could 表示将来。 ‎ If only he knew the answer.他要是知道答案就好了。(用过去时表示现在) If only I could speak several foreign languages!我要是能讲几种外语就好了!(用 would/could 表示将来) ‎ If only you had told me the truth before. 要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。(用过 去完成时表示过去) ‎ 注意:if only 和 wish 的用法相同,表示的意愿也基本相同。 ‎ If only it would rain.但愿天能下点儿雨!= How I wish it would rain.‎ ‎ If only I had known her earlier!要是我早点儿认识她就好了!= I wish I had known her earlier. ‎ B.would rather would rather, would prefer, would sooner 等后接从句,表示“宁愿”,动词用过 去时表示当时和将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况。 ‎ I would rather you left today.我宁可你今天走。 ‎ I would prefer he didn't stay here too long.我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。 ‎ I would rather I hadn't seen that film yesterday.我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。 ‎ 提示: would rather 主要有两种用法。 ‎ 后接不带 to 的不定式 ‎ I'd rather play tennis than swim.我宁愿打网球,也不愿游泳。‎ ‎ I'd rather not go to the movies.我宁愿不去看电影。 ‎ Which would you rather have, tea or coffee 你喜欢喝茶,还是咖啡 ‎ ‎2.后接不用连词的 that 从句 I'd rather you went home now.我希望你现在就回家。 I would rather my daughter attended a public school.我希望我的女儿能上公立学 校。 ‎ C.表示愿望的感叹句 在表示祝愿的感叹句中,用动词原形,表示愿望。 ‎ Long live the People's Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁! ‎ May you be happy!祝您快乐! ‎ God bless you!上帝保佑你! ‎ Success attend you!祝你成功! ‎ The Lord save us!愿主救我们! ‎ D.情态动词用于虚拟语气 部分情态动词的过去形式(could, might, should, would),可以用于非真实条件 句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语气。 ‎ 表示想像或猜测 ‎ If I could speak French, I would teach you.如果我会说法语,我就能教你。(我不 会,所以不能教你) ‎ If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled.如果你现在给他打 电话,你就可以把问题解决了。 ‎ There could be something wrong with the tape recorder.这台录音机可能出毛病 了。 ‎ He might have said so.他可能这样说过。 ‎ Could he have done such a foolish thing 他会做这样的傻事吗? ‎ 表示委婉或客气 虚拟语气(could, would, might +动词原形)可使说话者的口气变得委婉客气。 ‎ You could answer this email for me.你可以替我回这个电子邮件。 Could you leave me your telephone number and address 你能将电话号码和地址 留给我吗? ‎ Would you mind opening the window 劳驾把窗子打开,好吗? ‎ You might as well put off the discussion till next week.你们不妨把讨论推迟到下 个星期。 ‎ 比较: would like to do 愿意,想要 would like to have done 本来想 ‎ I would like (to have) a word with you.我想和你谈一谈。(现在想) I would like to have talked with you.我原本想和你谈一谈的。(没有谈成) ‎ 表示惋惜或责备 ‎ Given more time, we could have done better.如果给我们更多时间,我们能够干得 更好些。(我们并没有得到更多的时间) ‎ You could have got up a little earlier!你完全可以早点儿起来!(实际上没有早起) ‎ It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat.昨天很冷,我该穿件厚外套 的。(但我没穿) ‎ This wall shouldn't have been painted blue.这墙不应该漆成蓝色。(但已漆了) ‎ 提示: 当代英语一个显著的变化就是虚拟语气的使用越来越少,许多该用虚拟语气的 地方都用陈述语气代替。‎ ‎ He suggested that I went to the hospital at once.他建议我们立刻去医院。(原应用 should go) ‎ We shall write down the address lest we forget.我们要把地址记下来,以免忘记。 (原应用 should forget) ‎ Imagine you are an astronaut.设想你是个宇航员。(原应用 were)‎
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