2018届二轮语法专题复习名词性从句课件(78张)

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2018届二轮语法专题复习名词性从句课件(78张)

2018 届二轮复习 名词性从句 (一) 名词性从句的结构和功能 名词性从句包括 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 。名词性从句主要有四种从句结构:以 that 引导的从句;以 whether/ if 引导的从句,以特殊疑问词引导的从句;以 what 或 wh -ever 等连接代词引导的名词性关系从句。此外, as if/ as though 也可引导表语从句。具体用法见下表: 知识梳理 (二)名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词有: 从属连词、连接代词和连接副词 。 1. 从属连词: that( 本身无意义 ) , whether( 是否 ) , if( 是否 ) 。只起连接作用,在从句中不作任何成分。 2. 连接代词: who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever 等。它们除起连接作用外,还可在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。 3. 连接副词: when( = the time when 什么时候,何时 ) , where( = the place where 什么地方,何地 ) , how( = the way that/in which 怎样,以 …… 方式,如何 ) , why = the reason why 为什么 ) 。它们除起连接作用,还在从句中作状语。 温馨提示 what 与 that 引导名词性从句的区别: 1. what 在名词性从句中可充当主语、宾语和表语 ,意义上相当于 the thing(s ) that ,引导主语从句时,其谓语动词的单复数依句意而定。 e.g. What the lecturer said is very valuable. We wonder what he will do next. 2. that 引导名词性从句不充当任何句子成分 ,只起连接作用,无任何意义。引导主语从句时, 常用 it 作形式主语 ,谓语动词用单数,引导宾语从句时,常被省略。 e.g. That she will refuse the offer seems unlikely. I have found ( that ) all the tickets have been sold out. It is a pity that you missed such a fine talk. (三)主语从句 1. 主语从句的基本用法 1) that 引导的主语从句 既可放在句首,也可放在句尾, that 起连接作用,无词义,在从句中不作成分,一般不能省略 。 e.g. That we are invited to a concert this evening is good news to us. = It is good news to us that we are invited to a concert this evening. 2) whether 引导的主语从句 可放在句首,也可放在句尾 ; if 引导的主语从句只能放 在句尾,前面需要 it 作形式主语 。 whether/ if 起连接作用,“是否”,在从句中不作成分。 e.g. Whether he will go there or not is not clear. It is doubtful whether/ if the work can be completed. 3) wh 类连接词引导的主语从句: wh 类连接词包括 wh 类的连接代词 (who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever 等 ) 和连接副词 (when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however 等 ) 。 what, when 和 wh -ever 类的词有时可不表疑问。 wh 类连接代词在句中既起连接作用,又可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。 wh 类连接副词在句中起连接作用,在从句中可充当时间、地点、原因、方式状语。 2. 主语从句的单复数问题 1) 从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数 。 e.g. That he will come and help us is certain. Who will go to the energy conference is not important. 2) what 引导的从句作主语 ,表示单数概念,谓语动词一般用单数形式;表示复数概念,则谓语动词常用复数。 e.g. What he said is true. What he needs are books. (四) 宾语从句 1. 宾语从句的基本用法: 1) 动词后接宾语从句的用法: e.g. I know that he is friendly and hospitable . Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford . 温馨提示 doubt, doubtful 与 sure 后名词性从句连接词 that, whether, if 的选择 。 ①当 doubt, doubtful 用于 肯定句 时,后面的名词性从句的连接词常用 whether 或 if ;当 doubt, doubtful 用于 否定句或疑问句 时,后面名词性从句的连接词用 that 。 e.g. I doubt whether/ if he is at home. We don’t doubt that they can complete the task ahead of time. It is doubtful whether it is true or not. ②当 be sure 用于 肯定句 时,后面的宾语从句的连接词常用 that ;当 be sure 用于 否定句 时,后面的宾语从句的连接词常用 whether 或 if 。 e.g. We are sure that he is innocent. The old man didn’t seem to be sure whether/ if he had met me. 2) 介词及形容词后接宾语从句的用法: e.g. We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. He was interested in whatever he saw there. He is pleased that he has passed a tough test. 温馨提示 ① 一般情况下介词后只能用 wh 类连接词引导的宾语从句 。 e.g. I am surprised at what he said. ②介词后如果接 that 从句,要先加上 it ,再加 that 从句,即“ 介词+ it + that ...” 结构。 e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you. ③介词 except, but, besides 及 in 后可接 that 从句 。 e.g. I know nothing about him except that he lives here. ④常接宾语从句的形容词有 sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied, sorry 等。 e.g. I’m afraid he won’t attend our wedding. 3) that 引导的宾语从句: e.g. We are glad that so many old friends will attend our tea party. The headmaster said that the school reports had been sent off. 温馨提示 在 suggest, demand, order, insist 等动词之后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气 ,“ (should + ) 动词原形”。 e.g. He suggested that we (should) set about doing the work at once. 4) whether/ if 引导的宾语从句: e.g. I’ll try to find out whether/ if the machine is in good condition. 温馨提示 ① whether/ if 引导宾语从句表示 “是否” 的意思时,一般情况下 可互换 。 ② if 引导宾语从句时 可以有否定式,而 whether 从句则没有 。 e.g. I don’t care if he doesn’t come. 5) 特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句: 由 who, what, how, which, whose, where, why 等词引导的宾语从句,可作动词、介词及形容词的宾语。 e.g. I can’t imagine how he did it. We are worrying about what we should do next. I wasn’t certain whose house I was in. 温馨提示 如果疑问词是介词的宾语, 介词可位于从句句首或句末 。 e.g. I didn’t know in which building they lived. = I didn’t know which building they lived in . 2. 宾语从句的时态 1) 主句为现在或将来时态 主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,从句谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。 e.g. She says that she works from Monday to Friday. I know he didn’t tell you that he would come then. He will tell me what happened to him during my absence. 2) 主句为过去时态 主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,从句的谓语动词要用相应的过去时态。 e.g. He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. He asked me if I was reading the book Red and Black when he came in. 3) 表示客观事实或真理 如果从句表示客观事实或真理,不管主句的谓语动词是何时态,从句都要用现在时态。 e.g. The teacher said that the world is made up of matter. (五) 表语从句 1. 表语从句的基本用法 1) 基本结构:主语+系动词+表语从句 ,常用的系动词有 be , seem , remain , look 等。 e.g. My idea is that you should make good use of your time. It seems that he has been to America. 2) as if/ as though 引导的表语从句,系动词通常为 look , seem , sound 等, 从句可以用陈述语气,也可以用虚拟语气 。 e.g. It looks as if it is/ were going to snow. 3) that 和 what 引导的表语从句的区别: that 引导表语从句时,起连接作用,没有实际意义,不作句子成分; what 引导表语从句时,既充当连接代词,又作句子成分。 e.g. Our plan is that we’ll go there once a week. That’s what he said. 4) 由连接副词引导的表语从句 : 连接副词 where , why , when 等引导表语从句,分别在从句中作地点、原因、时间状语。 e.g. That is where the great writer used to live. That is why he didn’t pass the exam. That was when I was thirty. 2 .表语从句需要注意的问题 1) 主语为名词 reason ,表语从句用 that 而不 用 why 引导 。 e.g. The reason why he was absent from the meeting was that he fell ill suddenly. The reason for such a serious accident is that the driver was too careless and drunk. 2) 引导表语从句时,用 whether ,不能用 if 。 e.g. The question is whether he has signed the contract. ( 不能用 if) 3) 表语从句中的虚拟语气: 如果主句的主语是名词 idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement 等时,则 表语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气 ,“ (should + ) 动词原形”。 e.g. My suggestion is that we (should) set out at once. The doctor’s advice is that you (should) rest more and drink more. 4) 使用连接词时的注意事项: 连接代词和连接副词一般都表疑问,但 what, when 和 where 等连接词有两种含义, 一种表示疑问,一种表示陈述 。表陈述时,相当于 the thing that, the time when, the place where, 常意为“ …… 的人 / 事”、“ …… 的时间”、“ …… 的地点”等。 e.g. This is where he once lived. This is what I want to know. That was when he did the experiment. 句式 意义 例句 That is why +结果 “那就是 …… 的原因” That is why we don’t trust him. That is because +原因 “那是因为 …… ” That is because he often lies. The reason why...is that... “ …… 的原因是 …… ” The reason why we don’t trust him is that he often lies. 3. 比较三个句式 (六) 同位语从句 在主从复合句中作同位语的从句,叫同 位语从句。 表示名词的内容,加以解释 。 同位语从句的基本用法: 1. 能接同位语从句的名词: fact, idea, news, promise, information, message, belief, doubt, hope, opinion, possibility, thought, wish, truth, question, problem, reply, answer, report, suggestion, advice, order, warning 等等。 2. that 引导的同位语从句 e.g. We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals. The problem that they can’t get here early is hard to solve. 温馨提示 同位语从句通常由 that 引导,但根据接同位语的名词不同,也可由 whether, when, who, how, what, why 等引导。 e.g. I have no idea when he will be back. The question who was to blame has never been settled. (七)引导名词性从句只用 whether 不用 if 的情况 1. 引导主语从句置于 句首时 : e.g. Whether he can finish the work on time is not clear. 2. 引导 表语从句 时: e.g. The problem is whether the meeting will be held. 3. 引导 同位语从句 时: e.g. I have no idea whether he is willing to help us. 4. 引导 宾语从句前置 时: e.g. Whether they will join in the Winter Camp I don’t care. 5. 作介词宾语 时: e.g. We aren’t interested in whether he will agree with us or not. 6. 作动词 discuss 的宾语 时: e.g. We are now discussing whether we should group these three companies. 7. 其后 接动词不定式 时: e.g. Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 8. 与 or not 直接连用 时,用 whether ,即 whether or not ,如果 分开时,两者都可以 ,即 whether/ if... or not 。 e.g. I don’t care whether or not he has a holiday. = I don’t care whether/ if he has a holiday or not. (八)同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1. 同位语从句既“ 说明、修饰 ”先行词,又“ 等同 ”于先行词。定语从句“ 修饰、限制 ”先行词,由 “关系词”替代先行词 ,在 从句中充当成分 。 e.g. We are delighted at the news that we are going to spend our summer vacation in Dalian . ( 同位语从句 ) Neither of us showed any interest in the news that John told us yesterday. ( 定语从句 ) 2. that 在从句中的作用 同位语从句中 that 为连接词,只起连接作用,在从句中不作成分,一般也不能省略;定语从句中的 that 为关系代词,在从句中充当句子成分,可作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时常可省略。 e.g. The news ( that ) he told me surprised me. ( 定语从句 ) The news that he gave in surprised me. ( 同位语从句 ) 3. 其他引导词的使用 引导同位语从句的词除连接词 that 外,还可用 whether ,连接代词 who , what 及连接副词 when, where, how, why 等;引导定语从句的词除 that 外,还有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, as 以及关系副词 when, where, why 。 (九) whever 和“ no matter + wh ” whever 既可引导名词性从句,又可引导让步状语从句,而 no matter wh 只能引导让步状语从句 。 e.g. Whatever/ No matter what I said , he wouldn’t listen to me. ( 让步状语从句 ) He would believe whatever/ anything that I said. ( 宾语从句 ) 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。考查要点主要是连接代词和副词的正确使用,主语、谓语的语序,双重连接词以及特殊句型的使用等。其考点主要包括: 考点归纳 1. 名词性从句的连接词。 如:有词义的连接代词 who, whose, whom, what, which; 连接副词 when, where, why, how; 从属连词 that, whether, if, as if; 无词义的 that 在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 2. 名词性从句的语序和时态。 3. it 作形式主语、形式宾语的情况。 如: 1) It + be +形容词+ that 从句 2) It + be +过去分词+ that 从句 3) It + be +名词+ that 从句 4) It +不及物动词 (appear, happen 等 ) + that 从句 4. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气。 如: 1) It is (was) + essential (important, natural…) + that… ; 2) It is (was) suggested (demanded, wished, desired … ) that … 等。 5. what 引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。 如: what = the thing that/ anything that… ; what = the place that… ; what = the time that… ; what = the person that… 等。 6. whoever, whatever, whichever 引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。 重点考查连接词 that, what 的用法; 特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句; wh -ever 引导的名词性从句。 (2013· 北京 ) _____ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer. A. That   B. What   C. Who   D. Which 解析: 使这本书不同寻常的是作者富有创造性想象力。 what 引导主语从句 , 作主语。 that 引导主语从句时 , 不作句子成分 ; who 指人 ; which 引导主语从句 , 哪一个 , 哪一些。 真题自测 2. (2013· 天津 ) ____ I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents. That B. Which C. Whether D. What 解析: 我想告诉你的是我对父母深沉的爱和敬意。此处是一个主语从句 , 从句中 tell 缺宾语。 that 引导主语从句不作成分不翻译 ; which 哪一个 ; whether 是否 , 引导名词性从句不作成分。 3. (2013· 四川 ) _____ you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company. A. When B. How C. What D. That 解析: 你在会议上所说的描述了公司的美好未来。 A 在名词性从句中作状语 ; B 作状语 ; C 项可作主语、宾语或表语 ; D 只起引导作用 , 不作句子成分。分析句子结构可知在主语从句中缺少宾语。 4. (2013· 江西 ) ____ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it. A. Whoever B. Whatever C. Whichever D. Wherever 解析: 无论你们中哪一个打破了窗户都必须赔偿。 A “无论谁” ; B “无论什么” ; C “无论哪一个” ; D “无论在哪里”。只有 whichever 后面可以接代词 one 。 5. (2013· 陕西 ) It remains to be seen ____ the newly formed committee’s policy can be put into practice. that B. which C. what D. whether 解析: 新成立的委员会的政策是否能落实还需拭目以待。 it 是形式主语 , 后面是一个主语从句。 6. (2013· 新课标全国卷 Ⅰ) Police have found ____ appears to be the lost ancient statue. which B. where C. how D. what 解析: 警察发现了疑似失窃的古老雕像。 found 后是宾语从句 , 从句中无主语 , A 、 D 两项是连接代词 , 能在名词性从句中作主语 , B 、 C 两项是连接副词 , 不能在名词性从句中作主语。 which 表示“哪一个” , 有范围限制 ; what 表示“ …… 一切事” , 表示泛指。 7. (2013· 安徽 ) From space, the earth looks blue. This is ____ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. why B. how C. because D. whether 解析: 从太空上看 , 地球看起来是蓝色的。这是因为它表面大约 71% 都被水覆盖着。 because 引导表语从句 , 表原因。 why 表结果 ; how 表方式 ; whether “是否”。 热点考向 1 主语从句  1. 主要考点 : 1) that 引导主语从句时 , 常用 it 作形式主语 , 常见的句型 : ①It+ be+ 形容词 + that 从句 ② It+ be+ 名词 ( 短语 )+ that 从句 ③ It+ be+ 过去分词 (said/told/reported/decided 等 )+ that 从句 ④ It+ 特殊动词 (seems/ appears/ happens/ matters)+ that 从句 热点预测 2) what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别 : what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分 , 如主语、宾语、表语 , 而 that 引导从句 , 不充当成分。 e.g. What you said yesterday is right. (what 引导主语从句 , 作 said 的宾语 ) That English is important is an undoubted fact. (that 引导主语从句 , 不作任何成分 , 但不可省略 ) 3) 主语从句若含有“是否” 意义 , 其引导词只能用 whether , 不能用 if 。 e.g. Whether he will be able to come tomorrow remains a question. 2. 突破技巧 : 1) 掌握形式主语的句式及变化,根据句意选取合适连接词 , 除 that 在句子中没有意义 , 但不能省略外 , 其他连接词均在句中有意义。 2) what, that, which, whether 连接主语从句的区别。 热点考向 2 宾语从句  1. 主要考点 : 1) 动词 find, feel, think, consider, take ( 认为 ), make, believe, guess, suppose, assume 等后面有宾语补足语时 , 且宾语是从句时 , 需用 it 作形式宾语而将 that 引导的宾语从句后置。 2) 宾语从句的语序为陈述语序 ; 主句谓语动词用一般现在时 , 从句谓语动词可以用各种时态 ; 主句谓语动词用一般过去时 , 从句需用过去的相应时态 , 但从句若表示客观真理、规律 , 用一般现在时。 e.g. He said that he had been to the space station. 3) 由 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句 , 要保持陈述句语序。此外 , whether 与 if 在作“是否”讲时 , 一般可以换用 , 但在 下列情况下一般只能用 whether, 不用 if 。 ①引导的 从句作介词宾语 时。 e.g. Everything depends on whether we have enough money. ② 从句中有 or 或 whether or not 连用 时。 e.g. I wonder whether or not he will come. Tell me whether or not I should invite Nick. ③后接动词不定式时。 e.g. Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 2. 突破技巧 : 1) 把握句意 , 选取合适的连接词、时态、语序 ; 2) 注意 whether 与 if 的互换和区别。 热点考向 3 表语从句  1. 考查内容 : 1) 表语从句常跟在这些系动词后 , 如 be, look, remain, seem 等。 e.g. That is just what I want. 2) 除常用的连接代词、副词外 , as if/ though, because, why 等也可以引导宾语从句。 e.g. It looks as if it’s going to rain. 3) 引导 表语从句的 that 不能省略 ; if 不能用于 引导表语从句 。 e.g. The reason is that he got up late. 2. 突破技巧 : 1) 理解句意 , 把握语境 , 扣准连接词在句中的含义 ; 2) 掌握系动词后的表语从句辨析 that, because, if, whether 。 热点考向 4 同位语从句  1. 考查内容 : 1) 同位语从句中的名词: 在复合句中 , 同位语从句说明其前面名词的具体内容 , 同位语从句通常由 that 引导 (that 不能省略 ) 。可用于同位语从句的名词有 advice, demand, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth, wish, word 等。 e.g. The news that the Shenzhou -Ⅹspaceship set off successfully is exciting. I have no idea when he will come back home. The th ought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 2) 同位语从句与定语从句的区别: 在限制性定语从句中 , 关系代词 that 充当主语或宾语 , 有实际意义 , 作宾语时 , 可省略。 同位语从句中的 that 是连词 , 不充当句子成分 , 没有任何意义 , 但不可省略 。 e.g. The news (that) we heard on the radio was not true. ( 定语从句 ) The news that our football team won the match was encouraging. ( 同位语从句 ) 2. 突破技巧 : 1) 熟记同位语从句的常用名词 ; 2) 分析句子成分 , 防止句式变化 ; 3) 采取“意义法”区别同位语从句与定语从句。 1. ____ he did has been still a secret to us all till now. A. That     B. What     C. When    D. Where 解析: 他所做的一切 , 迄今为止对我们来说仍然是个秘密。此处 did 没有宾语 , 故用 what 引导主语从句 , “所做的 ……” 。 巩固练习 2. ____ is known to us all is that the Diaoyu Tao has belonged to China since ancient times. (2013· 四川模拟 ) A. It B. What C. As D. That 解析: “ is known to us all” 是句子的主语 , 空格处缺少的是从句的连接词 , 同时该连接词还在从句中作主语 , 因此只能选择 what 。 3. It’s very clear ____ we should protect our skin from harmful direct exposure to the sun. A. which B. 不填 C. what D. that 解析: 很显然我们应该保护皮肤避免直接暴露在阳光下而受伤害。此处为形式主语用法 , 真正主语为后面的从句 , 从句意思完整。 4. ____ so many people disappeared suddenly in that area still remains a mystery. A. That B. What C. Why D. Where 解析: 为什么这么多人在那个区域突然消失仍然是个谜。根据语境“这么多人在那个区域突然消失”推知“为什么消失” , 联系 a mystery 可知此处连接主语从句的连接副词用 why 。 5. The parents can’t explain _____ makes their children so fascinated with their teacher’s lessons. (2013· 贵阳模拟 ) A. that what it is B. what it is that C. what is it that D. that what is it 解析: 父母不能解释是什么使得他们的孩子对老师的课如此着迷。“是什么 ……”, 句式为强调句式 , 对句子的主语 what 进行强调并且 what 置于从句前面 , 宾语从句用陈述句。 6. The Browns held ____ they called ‘family day’ once a year. (2013· 重庆模拟 ) A. that B. what C. which D. when 解析: 布朗一家每年都会举办一次他们称作的家庭聚会。 held 的从句为宾语从句 , 并且从句缺少宾语 , 故用连接词 what 引导。 7. There was still some doubt ____ Jimmy really committed a foul in the match. (2013· 凉山模拟 ) A. / B. whether C. how D. that 解析: Jimmy 在比赛中是否真的犯规 , 仍然有疑问。 doubt 用在肯定句中时 , 其后通常用 whether 引导名词性从句。 8. We decide our favorite basketball stars according to their on-court performance and this is ____ Kobe Bryant has such a large fan base. A. because B. how C. why D. where 解析: 我们根据他们在篮球场上的表现来决定我们喜爱的篮球明星。这就是科比 · 布莱恩特有如此多的球迷的根本原因。引导表语从句表“原因” , 用连接词 why 。 9. It would seem to be a general truth ____ nothing is as straightforward as it at first seems. (2013· 成都模拟 ) A. that B. when C. what D. if 解析: 似乎这是真的 , 没有什么像刚开始那样坦率。根据 truth“ 真相”与后面的从句为同位语并且句子意思完整。 10. News got around quickly ____ a gunman went on a shooting rampage at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado. (2013· 大连模拟 ) A. which B. what C. that D. when 解析: 消息很快传开 , 一名持枪暴徒在科罗拉多州的奥罗拉的一家电影院进行疯狂扫射。根据“消息”的内容为后面从句意思 , 故后面从句为 news 的同位语 , 用 that 引导。
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