2012届高考英语语法精品学案：专题五 介词

2012届高考英语语法精品学案：专题五 介词

‎ ‎ 介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一。使用频率相当高，用法多而杂，一个介词可能有多种不同的用法；一个相近的意思又可以用不同的介词表达。所以在一轮的备考中必须逐一掌握每个高频介词的用法；弄清楚易混介词的用法异同；能够根据具体语境灵活运用介词。常用介词、易错介词的辨析以及介词固定搭配的考查将是2012年介词考查的主要方向。‎ 一、介词的分类与语法功能 ‎ 介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类或短语等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。‎ ‎ 介词分为：简单介词，如at，in，for等；合成介词，如within，inside，onto，throughout等；短语介词，如according to，out of，by means of，in spite of，instead of等； 双重介词，如from behind /above /under，until after等； 分词介词，如considering，including，judging (from/by) 等。‎ 二、介词的意义 ‎1． 表示时间的介词 ‎(1) in表示“在某一时间段”或“在某一时候”，如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面，或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。in也可以指“在……之后”，表示从说话起的若干时间内。如：‎ ‎ in July/summer/2000/ancient times ‎ The bus will be here in ten minutes. ‎ ‎(2) on表示“在特定的某一天”，也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如： on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st ‎(3) at表示“在某一时间点”，或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。如：‎ ‎ at six o'clock, at Easter ‎(4) over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间”。如：‎ ‎ Stay over the Christmas. ‎ ‎(5) for与since：for表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度，为“长达……”之意；since用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间；含有since时间短语的句子要用完成时，但含有for时间短语的句子不一定要用完成时。如：‎ ‎ I have been there for six years. ‎ ‎ We have not seen each other since 1993. ‎ ‎(6) during指“在……时期/时间内”，必须接表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。如：‎ ‎ She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little. ‎ ‎2． 表示地点的介词 ‎(1) above, below，over, under，on, on top of, beneath, underneath: above和below分别表示“高于”和“低于”的意思，不一定指垂直方向上的上下；over和under分别表示垂直方向上的上下或高低；on/on top of和beneath/underneath表示“和表面相接触”意义上的上下。以上三组介词互为反义词。如：‎ The temple stands on top of the hill. ‎ ‎ The pen is beneath the book. ‎ ‎ There is a lamp on the desk. ‎ ‎(2) at, on, in：at指小地点或集会场合；on表示线或面上的位置；in表示在立体、区域或环境内，特别是那些较大，能够容纳相应事物的环境。如：‎ ‎ He works at Peking‎ ‎University. ‎ ‎ Your radio is on the desk. ‎ ‎ He's sitting in the sun. ‎ ‎(3) between与among：between用来说明“在……两者之间”或“三个以上人或事物中的每两者之间的相互关系”；among用来说明“在……三者以上之间”的相互关系；among可以用来表示没有确定数目的物体之间的相互关系。如：‎ ‎ There is a small river between the two villages. ‎ ‎ The book is the best among these modern novels. ‎ ‎ The relations between various countries are very important. ‎ ‎3． 表示原因的介词。‎ ‎(1) for常常表示褒贬、奖惩的原因或心理原因。如：‎ ‎ They will reward you for your help.‎ ‎(2) from和out of常常表示动机或原因；through表示消极或间接的原因。如：‎ ‎ He feels weak from lack of sleep. ‎ ‎ He broke down through overwork. ‎ ‎4． 表示目的的介词 ‎ for和to都可以引导目的地。for表示拟定的接收人或目的，for跟在含有出发或开始意义的动词后，如：leave, set out, start, depart, sail等；to表示实际的接收人或目的，to跟在含有方向性的动词后，如：go, come, run, walk, move, fly, drive, ride等。如：‎ ‎ We have left for Hong Kong. ‎ ‎ He flew to America via Hong Kong. ‎ ‎5． 表示“关于……”的介词 ‎ 一般about用于比较随便的谈话或非正式的文体；on用于正式的讲话、著作或报告中；of用于动词talk, read, know, hear等的后面。如：‎ ‎ What are you talking about?‎ ‎ in terms of natural resources ‎6． 表示原料的介词 ‎ of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性质；from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性质。如：‎ ‎ His house was built of brick. ‎ ‎ He made these toys out of old cigarboxes. ‎ ‎ Steel is made from iron. ‎ ‎7． 表示价格的介词 ‎ at和for都可表示价格，at仅表示价格；for还表示“交换”。如：‎ ‎ Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here. ‎ ‎ I bought it for five pounds. ‎ 三、常见的介词搭配 ‎1． “介词＋ 名词”型 ‎(1) in ＋ 名词 ‎ in advance 在前头，事先，预先 ‎ in case 如果，万一 ‎ in charge 主管，掌管，看管 ‎ in common 共有，共同，公有 ‎ in demand 有需要的 ‎ in doubt 感到疑惑的，难以确定的 ‎ in effect 实际上，生效 ‎ in fact 事实上 in order 按序，井然有序，情况良好； 恰当 ‎ in progress 进行中 ‎ in return 作为回报 ‎ in turn 依次，替换地；相应地，转而 ‎ in vain 徒劳 ‎(2) on＋ 名词 ‎ on guard 在值勤 ‎ on leave 在休假 ‎ on holiday 在度假 ‎ on strike 罢工 ‎ on sale 出售 ‎ on loan 借贷 ‎ on＋the＋名词 ‎ on the move 在移动，搬迁；离开 ‎ ‎ on the march 在行军 ‎ on the flow 在涨潮 ‎ on the increase 正在增加 ‎ on the go 正在活动，正在奔走 ‎ on the air 正在广播 ‎ on the fly 正在飞行 ‎(3) beyond ＋名词 ‎ beyond one's power 是某人力所不及的 ‎ beyond praise 夸不胜夸 ‎ beyond one's reach 够不着 ‎ ‎ beyond description 难以形容 ‎ beyond words 无法用语言形容 ‎ beyond doubt 无疑 ‎ beyond one's understanding 无法理解 ‎(4) under ＋ 名词 ‎ under development 在发展中 ‎ under observation 在观察中 ‎ under test 在测试中 ‎ under construction 在建设中 ‎ under examination 在检查(调查)中 ‎ ‎ under consideration 在考虑中 ‎ under repair 在修理中 ‎(5) at ＋ 名词 ‎ at length 详细地，长时间 ‎ at sea 茫然 ‎ at will 任意地 ‎ at work 在上班 ‎ at lunch 在吃午饭 ‎ ‎ at rest 在休息 ‎ at table 在吃饭 ‎ at school 上学 ‎ at church 做礼拜 ‎ ‎ at peace 处于和平状态 ‎(6) out of ＋ 名词 ‎ out of breath 上气不接下气 ‎ out of balance 失去平衡 ‎ out of date 过时 ‎ out of patience 不耐烦 ‎ out of control 失去控制 ‎ out of business 破产 ‎ out of style 过时，不时髦 ‎ out of the ordinary 不寻常的 ‎ out of touch 失去联系 ‎2． 复杂介词型 ‎(1) 表示原因(通常在句中作状语), 意为“由于，因为”。‎ ‎ because of：表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系)；‎ ‎ on account of：常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素。‎ ‎(2) 表示“除……之外”。‎ ‎ with the exception of＝ except, except for“除……之外”；‎ ‎ apart from (＝美式英语中的aside from)是个复合介词，既可表示“除……之外”，相当于except (for), 又可以表示“除……之外，(还，也)”，相当于besides；‎ ‎ in addition to“除……之外(还，也)”，相当于besides。‎ ‎(3) 表示“有关，关于”。‎ ‎ concerning=regarding“关于，就……而论，在……方面”；‎ ‎ with respect to“关于，就……而言”；‎ ‎ as for和as to用于句首时表示“至于”。‎ ‎(4) 表示“在……之前”。‎ ‎ ahead of=in advance of，可表示“(在空间或时间上比某人或某事物)更前，更早”， 还可表示“领先，优于”；‎ ‎ in front of 多指空间的前后关系，“在……前方”。‎ ‎(5) 表示“支持，赞成”。‎ ‎ in support of 维护，支持，支援；‎ ‎ in favor of 可指某人“支持，赞成”，也可指事物“有利于……”。‎ ‎(6) 表示“鉴于，由于；根据，按照”。‎ ‎ in the light of 按照，考虑到 ‎ in terms of 就……而言，谈到 ‎ according to 根据；按照 ‎ in view of 鉴于，因为 ‎(7) 表示“尽管”。‎ ‎ in spite of 尽管，不管 ‎3．“形容词＋介词”型 at前的adj.：angry, good, bad, surprised, excited, puzzled等。‎ of前的adj.：afraid, sure, certain, full, tired, fond, proud, worthy等。‎ with前的adj.: angry, strict, busy, careful, popular, patient等。‎ in前的adj.：strict, weak, interested, successful, rich等。‎ to前的adj.：polite, kind, cruel, rude, close, available等。‎ for前的adj.：sorry, famous, fit, unfit, eager, anxious，(be) hungry/thirsty等。‎ from前的adj.：far, different, free, safe等。‎ about前的adj.：worried, anxious, careful，curious等。‎ ‎4． “名词＋介词”型 ‎ the key/answer/visit/apology/introduction/way…to；‎ ‎ wish/desire/prize/respect…for；‎ ‎ pity/mercy/congratulation/effect/advice/impression/influence…on ‎1． 【误】 Sometimes our opinions differ because what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we've observed. ‎ ‎ 【正】 Sometimes our opinions differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we've observed. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 because是连词，其后接句子；而because of是短语介词，其后接名词、代词、动名词或名词性从句等。‎ ‎2． 【误】 —How long have you been an actor?‎ ‎— In 1995, when I graduated from college. ‎ ‎ 【正】 —How long have you been an actor?‎ ‎— Since 1995, when I graduated from college. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 结合问句的语境，只有since能回答问句所提出的问题。‎ ‎3． 【误】 In those days, we had no phones, so we had to keep in touch with writing often. ‎ ‎ 【正】 In those days, we had no phones, so we had to keep in touch by writing often. ‎ ‎ 【解析】by在这里表示方式，by writing 意为“通过写信”。‎ ‎1． The fashion show was ____________ being a failure. It was a success. ‎ ‎ A．far from B．along with ‎ C．next to D．in case ‎ 【解析】 A　far from远非……。along with与……一道(又), 连同……一起， 随同……一起； next to次于，紧挨着；in case如果，万一。‎ ‎2． It saves time in the dining room to have things you use a lot _________ easy reach. ‎ ‎ A．near B．upon C．within D．around ‎ 【解析】 C　考查固定用法：within easy reach在容易够到……的地方；在……的附近。句意为：在餐厅里把常用到的东西放到容易够到的地方会节省很多时间。‎ ‎3． [2009·福建卷] —How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space! ‎ ‎— It's a challenge, I guess, 　　　　 man against nature. ‎ ‎ A．of B．for C．by D．about ‎ 【解析】 A　考查介词辨析。答句中的I guess是插入语，因此所填介词与challenge连用，构成a challenge of结构。‎ ‎4．[2009·全国卷Ⅰ] Everybody was touched ______ words after they heard her moving story. ‎ ‎ A．beyond B．without C．of D．in ‎ 【解析】 A　句意为：听到她感人的故事后，人人都感动得难于言表。beyond超出；越过。‎ ‎5． [2009·重庆卷] Try on this red skirt; you will look great ____ it. ‎ ‎ A．on B．by C．in D．for ‎ 【解析】 C　考查介词的用法。sth. be on sb.衣服穿在某人身上；sb. be (look) in sth.某人穿着什么衣服。由此可知答案为C。‎ ‎6． [2009·陕西卷] He invited me to a dance after the show _____ Christmas Eve.‎ ‎ A．at B．on C．in D．by ‎ 【答案】 B ‎7．Modern equipment and no smoking are two of the things I like _________ working here.‎ ‎ A．with B．over C．at D．about ‎ 【解析】 D　句意为：关于在这里工作，我喜欢的两件事情是现代化设备和禁止吸烟。about“有关，关于”，符合题意。‎ ‎8． If you really have to leave during the meeting, you'd better leave _______ the back door. ‎ ‎ A．for B．by C．across D．out ‎ 【解析】 B　句意为：如果你确实要在会议期间离开，那么你最好从后门离开。“从后门”用by the back door。for表示原因；across意为“穿过，横穿”；out意为“在外面”，三者均不符合句意。‎ ‎9． Alice entered silently and sank ____ a chair. ‎ ‎ A．on B．off C．into D．to ‎ 【解析】 C　句意为：爱丽斯默默地进来，坐在了椅子上。sink into a chair颓然坐在椅子上。‎ ‎10．—When did you last hear _____ Jay?‎ ‎ —He phoned me this morning，and we agreed _____ a time and place to meet. ‎ ‎ A．of；to B．about；with ‎ C．from；with D．from；on ‎ 【解析】 D　hear about/of听到有关……，听说；hear from收到……的来信，得知某人的消息；agree on sth.在……方面取得一致意见；agree to do sth.同意做某事；agree to sth.同意(计划、安排、方案等)；agree with sb.同意某人(的意见)。‎ ‎11．[2010·四川卷] Tired，Jim was fast asleep with his back ______ a big tree. ‎ ‎ A．in B．below C．beside D．against ‎ 【解析】 D　考查介词词义辨析。背靠着树睡着了，against表示“倚，靠”。‎ ‎12．[2010·江西卷] Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients _____ name，not case number. ‎ ‎ A．of B．as C．by D．with ‎ 【解析】 C　考查介词惯用法。by name按名字叫。句意为：现在一些医院提到病人叫名字而不是病例号。‎ ‎13．If you do not use your English _______ the classroom you will forget that English you know. ‎ ‎ A．within B．beyond C．in D．over ‎ 【解析】 B　within等于in都表示“在……里面”； over指“在……上面”；beyond表示位置，意为“在……之外”。根据句意“走出教室你如果不用英语的话，……”可知答案为B。‎ ‎14．[2010·北京卷] Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden？They are _____ everyone's enjoyment. ‎ ‎ A．in B．at C．for D．to ‎ 【解析】 C　本题考查介词。根据句子意思“这些花是让每个人欣赏的”，可知用for表示目的。‎ ‎15. _______ all kinds of difficulties, the workers have made rapid progress in the construction of the World Expo 2010 in Shanghai.‎ ‎ A．With B．For C．Under D．Beyond ‎ 【解析】 A　本题考查介词。句意为：尽管有很多困难，工人们在上海的世博会建筑中取得了很大的进展。with尽管，虽然。 ‎ ‎1. 【2011·天津十二所重点学校联考】_____economic, political and cultural differences, it is difficult for China and America to fully understand each other．‎ ‎ A．In spite of B．Regardless of C．On account of D．In terms of ‎【答案】C ‎2．（北京海淀区2011届高三二模）The woman pulled her hat low down ______ her eyes in order not to be recognized by the angry crowds．‎ ‎ A．under B．below C．on D．over ‎【答案】D ‎3.【2011·四川泸州市二诊】After the robbery, the shop fixed an alarm system further losses.‎ A. for B. against C. from D. to ‎【答案】B ‎4. 【2011·唐山市二模】I'm going to London and my sister's going _____． ‎ ‎ A．in a hurry B．in fact C．as well D．as a result ‎【答案】C ‎5.（2011·河北正定中学第一次月考）17．The professor devoted all his life ____the treatment of AIDS．‎ A to research B．in researching C．to researching D．at researching ‎【答案】C ‎6.（2011·河北正定中学第一次月考）15．They experimented _____the new medicine _____animals．‎ ‎ A．on; to B by ; on C．with ; on D with; to ‎【答案】C ‎7.（2011·唐山市摸底）20．You had better not discuss the problem at the meeting．You may discuss it tea ‎ A．in B．at C．for D．over ‎【答案】D ‎8.（2011·重庆师大附中第一次月考）35.To save the drowning child, the boy plunged into the icy water without hesitation, ____ his own safety.‎ A. despite of B. regardless of C. unaware of D. because of ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎9.（2011·浙江温州十校联考）19．We may be going skiing at Christmas, but it’s still all up __________．We’ll probably make the decision the day after tomorrow.‎ ‎ A．in the wild B．in the distance ‎ ‎ C．in the air D．in the long run ‎【答案】C考查短语的含义。此处up in the air意为：悬而未决。‎ ‎10.（2011·浙江温州八校返校联考）27．Some classmates are against my plan while the majority are ________ it．‎ ‎ A．in view of B．in favor of C．in honor of D．in memory of ‎【答案】B ‎11.（2011·浙江学军中学第一次月考）30. Many of the scientists and engineers are judged how great their achievements are.‎ ‎ A.in spite of B.in charge of C.in favor D.in terms of ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎ ‎12.（2011·广西玉林、南宁二中9月联考）29．--- Shall we visit Jim tonight?‎ ‎ --- OK. To make sure that he’s in, we’d better call him up .‎ ‎ A．in exchange B．in return C．in brief D．in advance ‎【答案】D ‎13.（2011·广西玉林、南宁二中9月联考）30．--- I’ll take it if you reduce the price by ‎ 30%.‎ ‎ --- But it’s my power to sell it cheaper.‎ ‎ A．beyond B．without C．off D．against ‎【答案】A ‎14.（2011·云南昆明一中第一次月考）6．The fridge produced by Haier is high quality and is not expensive either.‎ ‎ A．in B．for C．to D．of ‎【答案】D ‎15.（2011·云南昆明一中第一次月考）9．Once made out, the law must be carried out ______ any difficulty.‎ ‎ A．regardless of B．instead of C．because of D．in need of ‎【答案】A ‎16.（2011·浙江杭州西湖中学检测）33. The coach, because of the driver’s carelessness, was __________ and crashed over the cliff on such a cold December morning.‎ A．in support　　　　　　　　　　　 B．out of control C．in charge　　　　　　　　　　　　D．at the mercy ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎17.（2011·湖南长沙一中第一次月考）32．She is being pleased about it; she is very angry．‎ ‎ A．free from B．free of C．out of D．far from ‎【答案】D ‎18.（2011·四川成都市摸底）34．These toys are not suitable for children four years old, who are too young.‎ ‎ A．outside B．beyond C．under D．within ‎【答案】C ‎ ‎19.（2011·湖南雅礼中学第一次月考）35．_________ the extremely hot weather, we continued having classes．‎ ‎ A．Thanks to B．In addition to C．In defence of D．Regardless of ‎【答案】D考查考查短语的用法。句意：不管天气多热，我们仍继续上课。‎ ‎20.（2011·湖南雅礼中学第一次月考）21．What do you mean _________ saying that I’m lucky?‎ A．at B．on C．by D．of ‎【答案】C ‎21．We are not prepared to compromise _____ the price of the computer.‎ ‎ A．with B．between C．on D．in ‎【答案】C ‎22.（2011·四川成都外国语学校9月考）25．Barack Obama has taken personal blame ________ the security failures which led ________ the attempt to blow up a plane on Christmas Day.‎ A. of; to B. for; to C. on; on D. in; on ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎23.（2011·河南实验中学第一次月考）26. The boy talked his mother ________ buying him a home computer.‎ A. of B. over C. to D. into ‎【答案】D ‎ 24.（2011·河南实验中学第一次月考）24 To enjoy the scenery, Sara would spend long hours on the train ______ travel by air.‎ A. as to B. other than C. instead of D. rather than ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎ ‎25.（2011·河南实验中学第一次月考）31. In China, all the students work hard at school _________ going to university for higher education in the future. .w.^w.k.&s.5*u.c.#om.高.考.资.源.网 ‎ A. in the habit of B. in the hope of ‎ C. in search of D. in honor of ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎26.（2011·广西桂林中学第一次月考）32. His best-known work that is ___ all praise can be seen in the museum.‎ A. with B. beyond C. without D. within ‎【答案】B ‎27.（2011·贵州遵义四中第一次月考）11. —Are you free after school?‎ ‎—Sorry: I’ve planned to treat a friend of mine to dinner for his help.‎ A. in terms B. in honor C. in turn D. in return ‎【答案】D ‎28.（2011·宁夏银川一中第一次月考）34．_____ money, the man was very rich, but he was not happy at all.‎ ‎ A．In spite of B．In favor of C．In terms of D．In need of ‎【答案】C ‎29.（2011·桂林十八校第一次月考）23. This stranger is familiar _________this area.‎ A. to B. for C. with D. in ‎【答案】C考查介词的用法。解题关键：掌握短语be familiar with… “对。。。熟悉。”‎