2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（25）

2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（25）

‎2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（25） ‎ Passage Twenty-seven (Analysis and Interpretation of the News)‎ ‎   The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unslanted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.‎ ‎   There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.‎ ‎   The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough?‎ ‎   As to the first query. Consider how a so-called “factual” story cones about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten, which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece (This is important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph.) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.‎ ‎   Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.‎ ‎   The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather then subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) Of an editor is intent on slanting the news, he ‎ can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the pay he gives a story—promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.‎ ‎1.      The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ‎ ‎[A]. Interpreting the News.                  . Choosing Facts.‎ ‎[C]. Subjective versus Objective Processes.     [D]. Everything Counts.‎ ‎2.      Why does the writer of an article select ten out of 50 available facts?‎ ‎[A]. Space is limited.              . His editor is prejudiced.‎ ‎[C]. The subject is not important.     [D]. He is entering choppy and dangerous.‎ ‎3.      What is the least effective way of “slanting” news/‎ ‎[A]. Interpretation.                . His editor is prejudiced.‎ ‎[C]. Placement.                   [D]. Concentration.‎ ‎4.      Why should the lead sentence present the most important fact?‎ ‎[A]. It will influence the reader to continue.‎ ‎. It will be the best way to write.‎ ‎[C]. Some readers do not read beyond the first paragraph.‎ ‎[D]. It will gratify the editor.‎ Vocabulary ‎1.      unalloyed                       纯粹的，没有杂物的 ‎2.      unslanted                       无偏见的，不歪曲的 ‎3.      scribble                        胡写，乱写；粗制滥造的文章 ‎4.      manpower draft                  人力征用，券集 ‎5.      economic strain                  经济紧张，压力 ‎6.      embark on                      开始，从事 ‎7.      choppy                         波浪滔滔的，变动频繁，紊乱 ‎8.      query                          疑问，质问 ‎9.      come about                     发生 ‎10.      allotment                       分配 ‎11.      beacon                         信标，灯塔，烽火 ‎12.      murky                         阴暗的，（雾等）浓的 ‎13.      prop up                        给……撑腰，支持 ‎14.      demote                        使降级。相应词 promote ‎15.      news neutralism                 无倾向性新闻，新闻中立主义 ‎16.      lead                           （新闻等）导语，提要 难句译注 ‎1.      This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.‎ ‎[结构简析] 主从句，句中连用三个不定式，是实际的主语，也就是this 的内容。后跟宾语或宾语从句。‎ ‎[参考译文] 美国报界面临最重要的儿女物是向读者讲清今日存在的问题，使国际新闻像地区社区新闻一样明白易懂，使他们认识到不再有什么“本地”新闻这类事情（社团或俱乐部粗制滥造的文章可能要除外），因为国际上任何新闻在人力征用，募集，经济负担，事实上在生活的各方面都会引起地区反应。‎ ‎2.      There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion.‎ ‎[结构简析] the swirling…是说明语。‎ ‎[参考译文] 报界有一种普遍存在的观点：当你从事解释新闻的工作（对新闻进行解释时），你就进入了波浪滔天，险情还生的水域，意见漩掀的浪潮。‎ ‎3.      And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.‎ ‎[结构简析] 句中有定语从句in which 修饰interpretation. 定从中calling on 分词短语作伴随状态，修饰reporter and editor。‎ ‎[参考译文] 这些判断评价就像解释新闻多涉及的判断一样。在这里，记者和编辑要动用他们的新闻调查研究资源，他们一般的背景材料以及新闻“中立”态度来得出有关新闻意义的结论。‎ ‎4.      The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather then subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.)‎ ‎[结构简析] a note in passing 义；顺便说一句，附带的谈一下。‎ ‎[参考译文] 这两个判断领域：提供新闻内容和解说新闻领域可不是主观过程，而是客观过程——也就是说，要像任何人能做到的那样客观。顺便说一句，就算达不到绝对的客观，那客观的理想必须始终如一的是迷雾漫漫新航道上的信标。‎ 写作方法与文章大意 ‎   文章论及“新闻评价”问题。采用一般到具体手法。文章一开始就提出新闻要客观，真实的事实，解释要清楚，使读者明白今日世界的问题。国内外大事和我们生活休戚相关。然后讲述选材过程，版面布置。最后谈到提供和解说新闻中评价要客观。‎ 答案祥解 ‎1.      A. 解释新闻。文章虽提及两个领域（见难句译注4），但重点在解释（见难句译注2）。提供是“解说”的前提，但作为标题不合适，因为它是作为“解释”的对比而写的。（见难句译注3 not at all unlike…及难句译注4 are both objective rather than…）‎ B. 选择事实。这只是提供新闻中一个具体步骤。      C. 主观对客观过程。也是一个具体方面（见难句译注4）。        D. 一切都要算在内。涉及面太广，文内没提及。‎ ‎2.      A. 版面空间有限。第四段三句：“举例说，记者收集50条新闻事实。他从50条中选出10条他认为是最重要的新闻，因为他的版面空间分配必定有所限制。”‎ B. 他的编辑有偏见。不对。     C. 他的文章主题不重要。 不对。     D. 他进到了波浪滔天的危险水域（见难句译注2）。这是讲新闻解释。‎ ‎3.      A.‎ ‎ 解说。最后一段最后三句：“如果编辑想要歪曲新闻，他可以采用其他办法，远比解说要有效的多。他可以通过选择支持他的观点的才，或通过他给每条新闻所定的位置达到歪曲的目的——提升到头版，或者降低到三十版。”这段话说明其它办法歪曲新闻比解说新闻来歪曲有效的多。‎ B. 选材。         C. 定位。          D. 集中。‎ ‎4.      C. 有些读者不读一段以下的问心，这是常识。有的读者就读大标题。‎ A. 它将影响读者继续读下去。        B. 这是最佳的写作方法。          D. 这会使编辑高兴。‎ Passage Twenty-eight (Chemistry and Biology)‎ About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a low of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to his equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperature approaches absolute zero, and at absolute zero, reactions stop. However, recent experiment evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperature, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.‎ The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. S chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the well, the height of which remain constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.‎ This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays might trigger the ‎ synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hupothesis, Hoyle and Wickramashinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.‎ ‎1.      The author is mainly concerned with ‎ ‎[A]. describing how the principles of classical chemistry were developed.‎ ‎. initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reaction required for the development of life.‎ ‎[C]. explaining how current research in chemistry may be related to broader biological concerns.‎ ‎[D]. clarifying inherent ambiguities in the laws of classical chemistry.‎ ‎2.      In which of the following ways are the mentioned chemical reactions and tunneling reactions alike?‎ ‎[A]. In both, reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier between the two wells.‎ ‎. In both types of reactions, a transition is made from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another.‎ ‎[C]. In both types of reactions, reacting molecules are able to go through the barrier between the two wells.‎ ‎[D]. In neither type of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on its activation energy.‎ ‎3.      The author’s attitude toward the theory of a cold prehistory of life can best be described as ‎[A]. neutral.                   . skeptical.‎ ‎[C]. mildly positive.             [D]. very supportive.‎ ‎4.      Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe?‎ ‎[A]. Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into complex organic molecules.‎ ‎. Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneling.‎ ‎[C]. Cosmic rays can directly synthesize complex organic molecules.‎ ‎[D]. The galactic clouds are the places where prebilogical evolution of compounds necessary to ‎ life occurred.‎ Vocabulary ‎1.      Arrhenius equation                 阿雷尼厄斯方程式 ‎2.      Arrhennius (Svante August)          1859——1927 瑞典理化学家。1903年获诺贝尔化                                                            学奖 ‎3.      quantum-mechanical effect           量子机械效应 ‎4.      quantum mechanic                 量子力学 ‎5.      tunnel                           挖隧道。这里指贯穿势垒 ‎6.      tunnel through, onto                穿到……进到，贯穿 ‎7.      repulsive                         排斥 ‎8.      activation energy                  活化能量 ‎9.      formaldehyde                     甲醛 ‎10.      polysaccharide                    多糖醇，聚合酶 ‎11.      cellulose                         纤维素 ‎12.      starch                           淀粉 ‎13.      galactic                          银河的，巨大的 ‎14.      come into play                     开始活动/起作用 难句译注 ‎1.      However, recent experiment evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperature, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry.‎ ‎2.      Specifically, entire molecules can tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.‎ ‎3.      Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical ‎ mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.‎ 写作方法与文章大意 ‎   文章论述了“贯穿势垒效应”，采用对比手法。先是经典化学定理和贯穿势垒效应之比较。说明两者使用的温度界限不同。低温时贯穿势垒效应作用取代经典力学。最后贯穿势垒现象和生活领域之关系。‎ 答案祥解 ‎1.      C. 说明现在化学研究如何能和更广泛的生物学领域有关。最后一段基本上都是谈与生化的关系。“极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说：在外层空间极其寒冷处，温度一般只有K的几度光景，有相当复杂的有机分子形成。宇宙射线可能激发诸如星际甲醛单分子在星际尘埃的乌云中综合。以后，复杂的有机分子，慢慢的，但稳定的通过贯穿势垒的方式形成。”后又有两位化学家提出“星际甲醛分子确实进化为类似纤维素和淀粉等多糖酶。”他们的结论虽有争议，却实在令人振奋，特别是文章之作者，因为他正提出“巨大的云块这些地方，发生过生命所必须的前生物进化化合物。”‎ A. 描述经典化学定理如何发展。         B. 开展一场有关生命进化所需的那种化学反应的辩论。         C. 搞清楚经典化学定理所固有的模糊点。‎ ‎2.      B. 两类反应中，都有一个从一个势阱底部到另一个势阱底部的跃迁。见第二段第三句起“化学反应跟分子从一个势阱的底部到另一个势阱的底部的跃迁相类似。在经典化学中，这种跃迁只有跨过两阱之间势垒才能完成。位垒之高度为常数（固定不变）。这种跃迁叫做能量活化。在贯穿势垒效应中作反应的分子从一个势阱的底部通到另一个势阱底部不需要上升跨越两阱之间的位垒。”‎ A. 两类反应中，反应中的分子都需跨越两阱间的栏栅。    C. 两类反应中，反应中的分子都能穿过两阱之间的位垒。        D. 两类反应中，没有一种化学反应的速率取决于能量活化。      这三项都不对， 见上文。‎ ‎3.      C. 有点肯定。 见第1题答案注释译文。因为证实了作者之假设。‎ A. 中立。      B. 怀疑的。       D. 非常支持。‎ ‎4.      A. 星际甲醛分子可以进化到复杂的有机分子。见第1题C答案注释译文。‎ B. 星际甲醛分子可以通过贯穿势垒方式加以综合。      C. 宇宙射线可以直接综合复杂的有机分子。        D.‎ ‎ 大块云团是生命所需复合物前生物进化发生的地方。这三项也可从第1题C答案注译译文看出其错误点。‎