【英语】2020届二轮复习阅读理解之主旨大意题学案（江苏专用）

【英语】2020届二轮复习阅读理解之主旨大意题学案（江苏专用）

主旨大意题[学生用书P147(单独成册)]‎ ‎(建议用时：25分钟)‎ A ‎(2019·苏北三市高三质量检测)Recently whenever I turned on my computer or my mobile phone, news about the great effect of Hurricane Harvey on thousands of people caught my eye. I saw many unfortunate events. However, there was also the bright news that confirmed the goodness of mankind. As a journalist, I wrote many humaninterest stories during my career. That’s why the story about the guys in the bakery caught my eye.‎ When the staff at a Mexican bakery chain in Houston were trapped inside the building for two days, they didn’t sit there feeling sorry for themselves. They used their time wisely after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey. While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.‎ The flood water rose in the street outside. They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread. They used more than 4，200 pounds of flour to create hundreds of loaves and sheets of sweet bread. Although the water kept rising, they continued baking to help more people. By the time the owner managed to get to them, they had made so much bread that they took the loaves to loads of emergency centers across the city for people affected by the floods.‎ The store manager, Brian Alvarado, told The Independent, “Whenever a disaster occurs, nobody should just feel forlorn. Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others. Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。一家连锁面包店的员工们在面对哈维飓风带来的洪水、断电时，在等待救援的同时采取积极的行动，利用应急电源烤面包去帮助社区受洪水影响的居民。‎ ‎1．What did the bakery store workers do after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey?‎ A．They volunteered to make bread for their community.‎ B．They managed to live by selling more bread in the store.‎ C．They felt sorry that they couldn’t escape from the store.‎ D．They ate nothing but to wait for their community to rescue them.‎ A　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.”可知，当这家面包房的员工们在等待周一上午的最终救援时，四人决定为他们的社区烤尽可能多的面包。故选A项。‎ ‎2．Which of the following best explains “forlorn” underlined in the last paragraph?‎ A．Fortunate.　　　　　　 B．Hopeful.‎ C．Shallow. D．Desperate.‎ D　解析：词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others.”可知，相反，我们应该采取积极的行动来拯救自己和帮助他人。由Instead可知，forlorn的意思与positive相反，故forlorn与desperate(绝望的)意思相近。故选D项。‎ ‎3．What can we infer from the text?‎ A．Alvarado organized his workers to bake much bread.‎ B．Hurricane Harvey caused a power failure in Houston.‎ C．The staff in the bakery sent enough flour to emergency centers.‎ D．The author preferred to write stories about people facing disasters.‎ B　解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread.”可知，他们利用应急电源烤面包。由此可推知，哈维飓风造成休斯敦停电。故选B项。‎ ‎4．What can be the best title for the text?‎ A．A Popular Mexican Bakery Chain in Houston B．Wait for the Eventual Rescue in a Big Disaster C．All Kinds of Disasters Caused by Hurricane Harvey in Houston D．Bake Bread to Make a Difference in the Face of Hurricane Harvey D　解析：标题归纳题。根据第二三段的内容和最后一段中的“Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”可知，D项(在面对哈维飓风时，烤面包起了很大作用)作为标题最能概括全文内容。故选D项。‎ B It’s common knowledge that some countries have higher life expectancies than others, but the city you live in can also affect your health.‎ Some cities are hard on their residents. In places with poor city planning, for example Lagos, which was called out recently by the Economist Intelligence Unit, public spaces are few, making outdoor activities hard. Lack of infrastructure(基础设施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.‎ These are just some of the factors added up by Spotahome, a rental agency. They’ve analyzed data from a range of sources, including the World Health Organization, TripAdvisor and the CIA World Factbook to score each city on health, gym availability and quality, life expectancies, obesity, green space and other elements to make a list to work out which are the world’s healthiest cities.‎ The list is certainly Eurocentric and sunshine is seen as a positive factor. It does go some way toward suggesting which cities are getting it right in providing a good life for their residents. It may not be surprising to learn that most of the healthiest cities are in northern Europe, known for its peoplefirst approach to city planning. The cities of Australia and Canada also do well. However, the first American city is only in 34th place. The U．K. doesn’t fare too well either—its only city in the top 50 list is London, in 40th. ‎ Whether you’re planning a wholesome holiday, or simply wondering what your city can do better in its quest for happy citizens, the list of the 50 healthiest cities will give you pause for thought about the future of city planning. Here are the slender, healthyeating, cleanaired cities that are getting it right.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究者们通过调查发现城市建设会影响居民的健康。通过分析健康、绿化、预期寿命等因素，研究者们还列出了一个世界上最健康的城市的清单。‎ ‎5．What plays the key role in building a healthy city according to the text?‎ A．Local culture. B．City planning.‎ C．Economic condition. D．Geographical position.‎ B　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段可知，大家都知道一些国家比其他国家拥有更高的预期寿命，但是人们居住的地市也会影响人们的健康，即城市规划在创建一个健康城市方面扮演着一个很重要的角色，故选B项。‎ ‎6．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?‎ A．How the list of the healthiest cities came into being.‎ B．What Spotahome discovered in the recent study.‎ C．The reasons why Spotahome carried out the study.‎ D．The places where the data of the study came from.‎ A　解析：段落大意题。第三段主要介绍了研究者们通过从各种来源中分析数据，然后根据健康、体育设备的利用率和质量、预期寿命、肥胖指数、绿化方面和其他的一些因素对每个城市进行打分来制订清单并列出世界上最健康的城市。由此可知，本段主要介绍了这份最健康城市的清单是怎样形成的，故选A项。‎ ‎7．What can we learn from the text?‎ A．Cities in America lack enough sunshine.‎ B．The U．K. ranked higher than America in the list.‎ C．Australia and Canada have the best city planning.‎ D．Some people in Lagos may live a poor life.‎ D　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Lack of infrastructure(基础设施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.”可知，在拉各斯，一些居民可能过着贫穷的生活，故选D项。‎ ‎8．What may be the best title for the text?‎ A．The Best Places to Have a Rich Life ‎ B．The Happiest Lifestyle in the World C．The City Factors Affecting Your Health D．The Nice Countries to Keep Healthy C　解析：标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了城市建设对居民健康的影响，故选C项。‎ C ‎(2019·江苏名校高三摸底)British economist and philosopher, TR Malthus, wrote An Essay on the Principles of Population in 1798 and created shock waves around the world saying that population would grow in a geometric progression (like 1，2，4，8，16，32，64...) while food production would increase in an arithmetic progression (like 1，2，3，4，5，6，7...). Malthus had said that it is biologically inherent(固有的) in all living organisms to multiply fast.‎ Now, after more than 200 years of Malthus’s theory, we see that the world population has increased from about 1 billion to about 7.6 billion, but at a much slower rate than that predicted by Malthus. This is because of various contraceptive(避孕的) methods adopted in many countries and also the adoption of policies regulating birth. World food production has increased from about 500 million tonnes in 1960－1961 to about 2，600 million tonnes in 2017－2018. This is because of increase in production and cultivated(用于耕作的) areas as well as innovations in agricultural technology.‎ My intention is not to prove Malthus wrong. Rather, it was his alarming prediction that created an awakening worldwide regarding adoption of family planning programmes. Having said that, one must realize that even an increase from about 1 billion to about 7.6 billion today is causing serious damage to the planet, which will definitely not be able to support larger populations. Imagine, what it would be like if the world population increases to 11 billion by 2100, as has been predicted under some models.‎ Let me now discuss how this population explosion has given rise to environmental pollution. There are three main reasons: First, the larger the population, the larger the demand for food, and thus, the higher the requirement of cultivable land. Second, changing lifestyles has led to evolving consumption patterns; more and bigger cars, TVs, refrigerators, mobile phones, packaged foods, furniture items, and electrical devices of several types are being consumed widely and in greater numbers with each passing day. Third, we need to create housing for everincreasing populations. All this puts a pressure on the environment and land. Thus, forests and bodies of water are being destroyed to meet the requirement of land, more so in poor countries. As a consequence, species of wildlife are disappearing as their habitats do not exist any more or are completely changed, resulting in the ecological balance getting disturbed. Not only this, given that forests act as carbon sinks, their destruction is worsening global warming. Thus, when it comes to pollution, everincreasing global population is the criminal.‎ Further, due to the above human activities, our energy consumption is increasing, which is largely fossilfuelbased today. This is causing massive emission(排放) of greenhouse gases that is responsible for climate change. Heavy vehicular traffic, besides creating noise pollution, is further contributing to these emissions. The carbon emissions in the atmosphere presently stand at about 380 ppm compared to 280 ppm about a decade back and, at the current rate of emission, the ‎ threshold limit of 550 ppm may be breached very soon.‎ Today, we are facing several types of pollution. I am not discussing them in details as the issues are well known. Poor people are more affected by both increasing population and pollution. Further, poverty itself is the worst kind of pollution. Thus, there is a causeandeffect relationship between environmental pollution and poverty. Climate change is negatively affecting agriproduction, and the degradation of forests and oceans is reducing the availability of forest produce and marine products on which about 35% of the global population depends.‎ It is all leading to price rise, affecting the poor the most and on multiple fronts. The loss of rich land to construction also aggravates poverty. Thus, poverty gets worse due to increase in population and pollution. To conclude, the world is in urgent need of stabilization of the population to fight both pollution and poverty.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文是一篇议论文。作者分析了人口快速增长所带来的污染及贫困问题。鉴于此，作者呼吁要保持人口的稳定。‎ ‎9．According to the passage, Malthus believes that ________．‎ A．there are effective ways to decrease the growth of population B．food production should increase in line with population growth C．the increase of population would exceed that of food production D．lack of food supply is likely to bring about pollution and poverty C　解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“population would grow in a geometric progression (like 1，2，4，8，16，32，64...) while food production would increase in an arithmetic progression (like 1，2，3，4，5，6，7...)”可知，Malthus认为，人口会以等比数列的形式增长，而粮食产量会以等差数列的形式增长。由此可推知，人口的增长会超过粮食产量的增长。故选C。‎ ‎10．What is implied in the second paragraph?‎ A．Malthus’s prediction of world population is totally inexact.‎ B．People have realized the necessity to control population growth.‎ C．World food production has increased by about four times since 1960.‎ D．Modern technology contributes most to the increase in food production.‎ B　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“This is because of various contraceptive(避孕的) methods adopted in many countries and also the adoption of policies regulating birth”可知，‎ 人口增长的速度比Malthus预测的慢的原因是避孕措施的采用，而且许多国家也通过了一些政策来控制出生率。由此可推知，人们已经意识到了控制人口增长的必要性。故选B。‎ ‎11．What’s the author’s attitude toward Malthus’s theory?‎ A．Critical.　　　　　　　 B．Positive.‎ C．Doubtful. D．Opposing.‎ B　解析：观点态度题。根据第三段中的“My intention is not to prove Malthus wrong. Rather, it was his alarming prediction that created an awakening worldwide regarding adoption of family planning programmes.”可知，作者认为，正是Malthus令人震惊的预言警醒全世界的人们采用计划生育的方案。由此可知，作者对Malthus的理论是持支持态度的。‎ ‎12．Which word can replace the underlined word “aggravates” in the last paragraph?‎ A．Increases. B．Relieves.‎ C．Exposes. D．Witnesses.‎ A　解析：词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“The loss of rich land to construction”及“Thus, poverty gets worse due to increase in population and pollution.”可知，画线词所在句的含义为“肥沃的土地沦为建筑用地也加剧了贫穷”，画线词的意思是“使加重”，与increase的含义相似。故选A。‎ ‎13．What is the passage mainly about?‎ A．The possibility of taking measures to control population.‎ B．The urgency for the whole world to fight against poverty.‎ C．The relationship between population, pollution and poverty.‎ D．The consumption pressure on the environment from rising population.‎ C　解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章重点讲述了人口增长所带来的污染及贫困问题。故C项最能概括文章的主要内容。‎ ‎14．How is the passage mainly developed?‎ A．By listing relevant figures.‎ B．By providing typical examples.‎ C．By comparing opinions from different fields.‎ D．By presenting a cause and analyzing its effects.‎ D　解析：写作手法题。本文重点分析了人口的增长带来的负面影响，如污染和贫困问题等，由此可知，本文是通过陈述一个原因，然后分析其影响的方式来行文的。故选D。‎