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【英语】2018届二轮复习代词学案
代词 【考纲解读】 高考对代词的考查主要涉及在给定的上下文中运用代词的能力,以及对不定代词和替代词的考查。命题主要出现在单项填空、完形填空、语法填空、短文改错等题型中,侧重于在具体语境中考查各种代词之间的区别。其考点主要包括: 1.考查替代词的用法。常考的替代词有one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, it等。 2.考查不定代词的用法。常考的不定代词有any,some,all,none,other,another, every, nothing等。 3.考查反身代词的用法。常考的反身代词有myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves等。 4.考查it的用法。it作形式主语、形式宾语的用法; it的实指用法; it的虚指用法,如:can help it, put it, catch it, come it, make it, see to it that等。 高考对代词的考查将继续沿着两条主线前进:加强语境的真实性和复杂性; 加强对语义较丰富、语法较复杂的不定代词的考查。 【重点知识梳理】 一:both,all,either,each,every,neither,none的用法学@科网1.both,either,neither用于两者。both意为“两者都”;either意为“两者中的任何一个”;neither意为“两者中的任何一个都不”。如: Both the boys are clever.两个男孩每个都很聪明。 Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都很聪明。 Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。 2.all,none,each,every用于多者。all意为“全部都”,指可数的东西时为复数,指不可数的东西时为单数;none意为“全都不,任何一个都不”,指可数的东西时可为单数或复数,指不可数的东西时为单数;each和every意为“每一个”,为单数,两者都能作定语用,但each还可作主语、宾语和同位语。 All of the students are there. All (of) the milk is there. Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。 Each student may have an edictionary./Each of the students has an edictionary./The students each have an edictionary. 每个学生都可有一本电子词典。 二:some和any的用法 1.表示“一些”时,some常用于肯定句;any常用于否定、疑问或条件句中。如: If you have any questions, please ask me. 2.在疑问句中可用some,表示希望得到对方肯定的回答。如: Would you like some coffee? 3.some可接单数名词表示“某一个”;any可接单数名词表示“任何一个”。如: I remember having read this article in some magazine. Here are three novels.You may read any. 三:复合不定代词的用法 由some,any,no,every加上body,one,thing构成的不定代词,叫复合不定代词。 1.some构成的不定代词一般用于肯定句,意为“某人或某物,重要的人或事”。如:学@科网# Somebody is waiting outside. I have something for you. She thinks she's something since she won the prize. 2.any构成的不定代词一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中,意为“随便某个人或物,无论什么人或物,什么人或物都可以”。如: Does anybody else want to go? There isn't anything in the box. If anyone wants to go on the trip, register here please! 有时也用于肯定句中表示“任何人或物”。如: Anybody can work out that simple maths problem. You can take anything you like. 3no构成的不定代词意为“没什么人或物”。如: I know nothing about it. There is nobody here. 4.every构成的不定代词意为“一切人或物,每个人或物”。everything还可表示“最重要的人或物”。如: Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation. She does everything to help her mother. Her son is everything to her. 对她来说儿子就是一切。 四:the other,other,another,others,the others的区别 the other/ other the other可单独使用,特指两个人或物中的“另一个”;也可修饰名词表示“另外的……”。other不能单独使用,只能修饰名词,表示泛指意义 another 可单独使用,也可修饰名词,泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”,代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few+复数名词”形式,表示“另外的……(多少)” others/ the others others只能单独使用,表示泛指意义,意为“其他的人或事物”,常与some一起出现;特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others He is willing to help others/other people.学科¥网 Twenty of the students in our class have been to Beijing. The other students/The others have not. Some of us like football, and others are fond of basketball. We need another five chairs/five more chairs. 五:none,no one,nobody,nothing的区别 none 既可指人,也可指物;侧重数量,通常指三者或三者以上的人或物;后可接of短语;作主语时谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数;常用来回答由how many/much引导的疑问句 —How much money do you have? —None. no one/ nobody 只能指人;是泛指概念,常用来回答由who引导的疑问句;不与of短语连用;作主语时,谓语动词用单数 —Who is in the room? —Nobody./No one. nothing 只能指物,且表泛指概念;常用来回答由what引导的疑问句 —What are you doing now? —Nothing. 考点六:替代词的用法和区别 it 替代前面提到过的同一个人或者物 —Have you found your pen? —No, I haven't found it. one/ones one用来替代前面出现的单数名词,是泛指概念,相当于a/an+单数名词。其复数形式为ones I think this book is better than the one I read last time. These shoes are not good enough. Show me some better ones. that/ those that用来替代前面出现的同类的名词,是同类替代,但并非同一个,可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词。指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those,相当于the ones The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter. 考点七:it的用法 1.it可用于无人称句,表示自然现象、季节、时间、距离、环境等。如: It is getting warmer and warmer. It was already ten o'clock when he arrived home. It's ten minutes' walk from here to our school. It's very quiet at the moment. 2.it可代替不定式、动名词或从句作形式主语或形式宾语。如: It's important for us to learn a second language. We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 3.熟记下列有关it的固定句型 make it;get it;keep it up;see to it that;put it 【高频考点突破】 考点一、考查代词。 例1..(2015?重庆卷,2)The meeting will be held in September,but ________ knows the date for sure. A.everybody B.nobody C.anybody D.somebody 【答案】B 【解析】 考查代词。句意:会议将在九月召开,但是没人知道具体日期。句中的 but表转折,根据句意可知应选nobody。 【变式探究】(2014江西卷)32. ---When shall I call , in the morning or afternoon? ----___. I’ll be in all day . A.Any B. None C. Neither D. Either 【答案】D 【解析】句义:—我什么时候打电话过来?早晨还是下午?—都可以,我一直都在。根据句义可知是在:早晨和下午这两种情况中做出选择。AB通常都表示三者或者三者以上的情况,neither表示两者都不。故D正确。 考点二、考查不定代词 例2. 【2015?重庆】2. The meeting will be held in September, but____ knows the date for sure. everybody B. nobody C. anybody D. somebody 【答案】B 【解析】句意:会议将在九月举行,但没有人知道确切的日期。根据but表达转折可知没有人知道,故选B项。 【变式探究】(2014福建卷)21. In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in , knives and forks. A. another B. others C. both D. all 【答案】B 考点三、考查it作形式宾语的用法 例3. (2015?浙江,12)How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? 解析 句意:如果你正在看最喜爱的电视节目,这时有人进来没有征求你的意见就把电视关了,你会 怎么想。固定表达how would you like it if...,在此结构中it代替后面if句的内容。 答案 it 【变式探究】(2014陕西卷)21. I’d appreciate ________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come. A. it B. you C. one D. this 【答案】A 【解析】本句是it的特殊用法。有语法家称为:无所指it;常见用法为make it成功了;got it明白了。本句句式:I would appreciate it if/when…如果…我感激不尽…;句义:如果你能提前让我知道你是否回来我将感激不尽。故A正确。 考点四、考查代词的用法 例4.(2014大纲卷)28. I think Mrs. Stark could be ______ between 50 and 60 years of age. A. anywhere B. anybody C. anyhow D. anything 【考点】考察代词用法 【答案】A 【解析】A任何地方;B任何人;C无论如何,不管怎么样;D如何事情;本句考察的是anywhere的一个特殊用法:(指某个范围内)任何一点上;如:My visits lasted anywhere from three weeks to two months.我每次逗留时间从3个星期到两个月不等。本句句义:我认为Mrs. Stark可能是在50岁至60岁之间的如何一个年龄。故A正确。 They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of________ carried out in their work. A. which B.what C.that D.them 【解析】C 句意:一般说来,在大城市的生活费用比在城镇的费用高。在比较级中,为了避免重复,常用one, that, those等词来代替前面提到过的名词。这里用that代替前面出现的the cost of living。 【经典考题精析】 1.(2015?浙江,12)How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? 答案 it 2.(2015?重庆,2)The meeting will be held in September, but knows the date for sure. 解析 句意:会议将在九月召开,但是没人知道具体日期。句中的关键词为but,表转折,故nobody没有人,符合句意。 答案 nobody 3.(2015?陕西,13)To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the . 解析 句意:为了让自己暖和起来,这个水手坐在火堆旁,光着脚,用一只脚搓另一只脚。表示两者中的一个,另一个,用one...the other...。 答案 other 4.(2015?四川,10)Niki is always full of ideas,but is useful to my knowledge. 解析 句意:Niki总是有很多想法,但是没有一个想法对我的知识有用。三者或三者否定以上用none,可指人也可指物。 none 5.(2015?天津,2)The quality of education in this small school is better than in some larger schools. 解析 句意:这所规模较小的学校的教育质量比一些规模较大的学校的教育质量好得多。表示比较时,指代前面的quality of education要用that,为了避免重复,可以代替前面提到的不可数名词。 答案 that 6.(2015?福建,21)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but contained any useful suggestions. 解析 句意:这个研究组发布了以调查为基础的两个报道,但是都没有有用的建议。考查代词。根据句意,两者都不用neither。 答案 neither 1. (2014安徽卷)24.You can ask anyone for help. here is willing to lend you a hand. A. One B. No one C. Everyone D. Someone 【考点】考察代词词义辨析 【答案】C 【解析】本题查看的是代词的词义辨析。One某一个人/物(指代可数名词单数,表示泛指);no one=nobody没有人;everyone每个人(强调全体);someone某个人。句义:你可以向任何一个人求助,这里的每个人都乐意帮助你。根据句义可知本句中的everyone强调所有人都愿意帮助你。故C正确。 2.(2014江苏卷)34. Good families are much to all their members, but to none. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing 【考点】考察代词词义辨析 【答案】C 【解析】本题考察的是代词词义辨析。Something某些事情,重要人物;anything任何事情,一些事情;everything一切;nothing没有东西;没有事情;无关紧要的东西;句意:优秀的家庭对她的成员们来说意味着许多,但并不是一切。根据句意可知本句使用everything一切符合上下文含义。故C正确。 3.(2014山东卷)4. Susan made______ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself. A. that B. this C. it D. her 【考点】考察it用法 【答案】C 【解析】本题考察的是it用法中,it作为形式宾语的用法。本句中的it是一个形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的宾语从句that she wished to make a new life for herself.句义:Susan向我说清楚了她希望有自己的新生活。英语中能够作为形式宾语的只有it。故C正确。学科% 网 4. 2014四川卷)1. She'd lived in London and Manchester, but she liked ______ and moved to Cambridge. A. both B. neither C. none D. either 【考点】考察代词词义辨析 【答案】B 5. (2014浙江卷 )3. An average of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year, making ______ the driest year since California became a state in 1850. A. each B. it C. this D. one 【考点】考察代词辨析 【答案】B 【解析】本题四的选项中each表示三者或者三者以上中的任意一个;it指上文提及的同一事物;this指代上文说过事物;one指代可数名词单数,表示泛指。本句中的it指代last year。句意:去年平均降雨18.75厘米,让去年成为自从1850年加利福尼亚成为一个州以来最干燥的一年。故B正确。 6. (2014重庆卷 )1.A smile costs ______ ,but gives much. A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything 【考点】考察代词辨析 【答案】C 【解析】本题考察的是代词辨析。Anything任何事情;something某些事情,重要人物;nothing什么也没有,没有事情;everything所有的事情。句意:微笑不要我们花任何东西,但是却会给我们很多。本题中的关键词是but说明上下文之间是转折关系,所选之词要和后面的much表示相反的意思。故C正确。 【2013高考真题精选】 (2013?浙江)11.Half of _____surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears. A.these B. some C. ones D. those 【答案】D 【解析】句意:16个国家中被调查的那些人中有一半说他们首先会去向最亲密的朋友说自己最深处的情感。根据题干中的they和their可知应选D。代词的选用要与原题干中的代词一致,所以很好判断。 【考点定位】考查代词。 (2013?江西卷)26.There are a small number of people involved, possibly ______twenty. A. as few as B. as little as C. as many as D. as much as 【答案】A 【解析】句意为:涉及少量人员,可能就20个。as…as 后接数字,译为“ 达…”。由题干中的a small number of可知,说话者语意着重“少”的概念;而little 修饰不可数名词,few修饰可数名词。所以A项正确。 【考点定位】 不定代词的考查。表肯定意义有many, much, a few, a little;表否定意义有few, little 。修饰可数名词的有many, few, a few;修饰不可数名词的有little, much, a little。例如:It is too expensive. Moreover, she has little money left. 另外注意:quite a few 相当多;not a little 许多。 (2013?山东卷)21. I’ve lived in New York and Chicago, but don’t like ____ of them very much. A. either B. any C. each D. another 【答案】A 【解析】根据句意:我在纽约和芝加哥都居住过,但这两个地方我都不是很喜欢。短语not… either=neither(两者都不),故答案选A。 【考点定位】考查代词用法 (2013?四川)2. The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than _______ on the small ones. A. one B. this C. that D. it 【答案】 C 【解析】 句意:主干大道的绿色交通信号灯的时间要长于小干道的信号灯。One泛指可数名词单数;that泛指不可数名词;it指代前文出现的事物。 【考点定位】指示代词的用法。 (2013?天津卷)12. At our factory there are a few machines similar to _______ described in this magazine. A. them B. these C. those D. ones 【答案】C 【解析】句意:“我们厂里有些机器和这本杂志上所描述的机器很像。”A他们,指代前文所提的人或物;B这些,指代近处的物;C那些,指代远处的物,也可以指“同类异物”,相当于the ones;D代指人或物,意思依上下文而定,表示“同类异物”; ones没有指定范围,而those是有指定范围的,即有限定词,在这里为described in this magazine。 【考点定位】考查代词用法。这里要注意区分one(代替可数名词单数),the one,that(代替不可数名词),those(代替可数名词复数,必须有限定词),ones(代替可数名词复数)。 (2013?辽宁卷)29.To her joy,Della earned first the trust of her students and of her collegues. A.that B.one C.ones D.those 【答案】A. 【考点定位】考查代词。 (2013?重庆卷)31. Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is ______. A. another B. the other C. one another D. one 【答案】A。 【解析】another的意思是“另一个,有一个”,非特指;the other 的意思是“两者中的另一个”是特指;one another的意思是“互相”;one的意思是“一个”,非特指。此处不是特指,指的是很多种中的另一种,故应该用another。 【考点定位】本题考查代词。 (2013?安徽卷)27. This project requires close teamwork. Will be achieved unless we work well together. A. Nothing B. Anything C. Something D. Everything 【答案】A 【解析】Nothing没有东西,用于肯定句表示否定含义;something一些东西,一般用于肯定句及表示请求、建议等含义的疑问句中;anything也是表示一些东西,任何东西,一般用于否定及疑问句中。everything每件东西,表示全部内容;修饰这些不定代词的形容词一般放在这些词的后面。句意:这个项目要求紧密的团队协作,如果大家不能很好地合作,什么成果都不会取得. 故选A. 查看更多