2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（5）

2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（5）

‎2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（5） ‎ Passage Eleven (Superconducting Materials)‎ The stone age, The Iron Age. Entire epochs have been named for materials. So what to call the decades ahead? The choice will be tough. Welcome to the age of superstuff. Material science -- once the least sexy technology – is bursting with new, practical discoveries led by superconducting ceramics that may revolutionize electronics. But superconductors are just part of the picture: from house and cars to cook pots and artificial teeth, the world will someday be made of different stuff. Exotic plastics, glass and ceramics will shape the future just as surely as have genetic engineering and computer science.‎ The key to the new materials is researchers’ increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level. Ceramics, for example, have long been limited by their brittleness. But by minimizing the microscopic imperfections that cause it, scientists are making far stronger ceramics that still retain such qualities as hardness and heat resistance. Ford Motor Co. now uses ceramic tools to cut steel. A firm called Kyocera has created a line of ceramic scissors and knives that stay sharp for years and never rust or corrode.‎ A similar transformation has overtaken plastics. High-strength polymers now form bridges, ice-skating rinks and helicopter rotors. And one new plastic that generates electricity when vibrated or pushed is used in electric guitars, touch sensors for robot hands and karate jackets that automatically record each punch and chop. Even plastic litter, which once threatened to permanently blot the landscape, has proved amenable to molecular tinkering. Several manufacturers now make biodegradable forms; some plastic six-pack rings for example, gradually decompose when exposed to sunlight. Researchers are developing ways to make plastics as recyclable as metal or glass. Besides, composites – plastic reinforced with fibers of graphite or other compounds – made the round-the-world flight of the voyager possible and have even been proved in combat: a helmet saved an infantryman’s life by deflecting two bullets in the Grenada invasion.‎ Some advanced materials are old standard with a new twist. The newest fiberoptic cable that carry telephone calls cross-country are made of glass so transparent that a piece of 100 miles thick is clearer than a standard window pane.‎ But new materials have no impact until they are made into products. And that transition could prove difficult, for switching requires lengthy research and investment. It can be said a firmer handle on how to move to commercialization will determine the success or failure of a country in the near future.‎ ‎1.How many new materials are mentioned in this passage?‎ ‎[A] Two Three ‎[C] Four ‎[D] Five ‎2.Why does the author mention genetic engineering and computer science?‎ ‎[A] To compare them with the new materials.‎ To show the significance of the new materials on the future world.‎ ‎[C] To compare the new materials to them.‎ ‎[D] To explain his view point.‎ ‎3.Why is transition difficult?‎ ‎[A] Because transition requires money and time.‎ Because many manufacturers are unwilling to change their equipment.‎ ‎[C] Because research on new materials is very difficult.‎ ‎[D]Because it takes 10 years.‎ ‎4.Where lies success of a country in the New Age of superstuff?‎ ‎[A] It lies in research.‎ It lies in investment.‎ ‎[C] It lies in innovation.‎ ‎[D] It lies in application.‎ Vocabulary ‎1.superstuff                  超级材料 ‎2.superconducting ceramic            超导陶瓷 ‎3.exotic                        神奇的 ‎4.shape                        塑造，成型 ‎5.brittleness                  脆性 ‎6.polymer                        聚合体 ‎7.karate jacket                  空手道外衣 ‎8.touch sensor                  触及传感器 ‎9.each punch and chop                  每一个击、打 ‎10.blot                        玷污，损害风景的东西 ‎11.tinker                        修补，调整 ‎12.amendable                  服从于，遵循的 ‎13.biodegradable                  能生物递减分解的 ‎14.six-pack rings                  放六个罐子的环状物 ‎15.decompose                  分解 ‎16.recyclable                  可循环（使用的）‎ ‎17.infantryman                  步兵 ‎18.deflect                        使偏斜，使转向 ‎19.a new twist                  一个新的观点，方法 难句译注 ‎1.Material science – once the least sexy technology – is bursting with new, practical discoveries led by superconducting ceramics that may revolutionize electronics.‎ ‎【参考译文】材料科学，一度曾是最无吸引力（最不起眼）的技术，正以崭新的 ，以超导陶瓷为首的种种实用性发明绽开新颜。这种超导陶瓷可能会使电子技术彻底改变。‎ ‎2.Some advanced materials are old standard with a new twist. The newest fiberoptic cables that carry telephone calls cross-country are made of glass so transparent that a piece of 100 miles thick is clearer than a standard window pane.‎ ‎【参考译文】有些高级材料是带有新方法的老标准。最新全国电话的光纤电缆由玻璃制成。这种玻璃透明度极高，一片100英里厚的玻璃比一块标准的窗框玻璃还要清晰透明。‎ 写作方法与文章大意 这是一篇介绍“超导材料”的论说文,采用一般到具体的分类写作手法。先指出未来时代的材料属于超导，然后再提出三种超导材料，再逐一说明。‎ 答案详解 ‎1.B 三种超导材料。答案再第一段最后一句“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷”。下面各段具体讲这三种材料。第二段讲陶瓷：“新材料之关键在于研究工作者不断提高在分子水平上处理物质的能力。举陶瓷为例，由于它的脆性，长期来应用范围有限。但是通过改善导致脆性的微小缺陷，科学家制造出一种保持原有硬度和抗热性，但坚实得多的陶瓷”。第三段讲塑料。“类似的转折发生在塑料上，高强度的塑料建成了桥梁、溜冰场、直升机的叶轮。一种震动或推动就能发电的新型塑料用于电子吉他上，触及传感塑料用于机械手和空手道外衣上，它能自动记录每次击打。”后面谈及塑料垃圾可以处理，或者制造可分解还原的塑料制品。塑料内加入其他化合物加强性能。第四段讲有些高级材料由新的改变，最新的光纤电缆由玻璃制成，透明度极高，100英里厚的一块其清晰度比一块普通窗玻璃还高。‎ ‎2.B 说明这种新材料对未来世界的意义。答案在第一段：“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷一定会象生物工程和计算机一样将改变世界。”‎ A. 把它们和新材料相比较，这里不仅仅是比较，而是说明三者都具同样的作用－－改变世界。 C. 把新材料比作它们。也不仅仅是比喻比拟。 与A一样没有说到核心电。D. 说明他的观点。太笼统。‎ ‎3.A 转折需要钱和时间。见最后一段“可是新材料只有制成产品才有影响，而这个转折可能很困难，因为转折需要长期的研究和投资。可以这么说，在不久的将来，更牢牢地掌握如何把材料转变成商品将决定一个国家之成败。”‎ B. 因为许多制造商不愿改变他们的设备。C. 因为新材料的研究非常困难。 D. 转折要华上十年时间。这三项文内没有涉及。‎ ‎4.D 在超级材料时代已过之成功在于应用。‎ A. 在于研究。B. 在于投资。C. 在于革新。这三项都是应用的部分前提。其中A和B文内提到，C项文内未涉及。‎ Passage Twelve (We Should All Grow Fat and Be Happy)‎ Here’s a familiar version of the boy-meets-girl situation. A young man has at last plucked up courage to invite a dazzling young lady out to dinner. She has accepted his invitation and he is ‎ overjoyed. He is determined to take her to the best restaurant in town, even if it means that he will have to live on memories and hopes during the month to come. When they get to the restaurant, he discovers that this ethereal creature is on a diet. She mustn’t eat this and she mustn’t that. Oh, but of course, she doesn’t want to spoil his enjoyment. Let him by all means eat as much fattening food as he wants: it’s the surest way to an early grave. They spend a truly memorable evening together and never see each other again.‎ What a miserable lot dieters are! You can always recognize them from the sour expression on their faces. They spend most of their time turning their noses up at food. They are forever consulting calorie charts; gazing at themselves in mirrors; and leaping on to weighing-machines in the bathroom. They spend a lifetime fighting a losing battle against spreading hips, protruding tummies and double chins. Some wage all-out war on FAT. Mere dieting is not enough. They exhaust themselves doing exercises, sweating in sauna baths, being pummeled and massaged by weird machines. The really wealthy diet-mongers pay vast sums for ‘health cures’. For two weeks they can enter a nature clinic and be starved to death for a hundred guineas a week. Don’t think it’s only the middle-aged who go in for these fads either. Many of these bright young things you see are suffering from chronic malnutrition: they are living on nothing but air, water and the goodwill of God.‎ Dieters undertake to starve themselves of their own free will; so why are they so miserable? Well, for one thing, they’re always hungry. You can’t be hungry and happy at the same time. All the horrible concoctions they eat instead of food leave them permanently dissatisfied. Wonderfood is a complete food, the advertisement says. ‘Just dissolve a teaspoonful in water…’. A complete food it may be, but not quite as complete as a juicy steak. And, of course, they’re always miserable because they feel so guilty. Hunger just proves too much for them and in the end they lash out and devour five huge guilt-inducing cream cakes at a sitting. And who can blame them? At least three times a day they are exposed to temptation. What utter torture it is always watching others tucking into piles of mouth-watering food while you munch a water biscuit and sip unsweetened lemon juice!‎ What’s all this self-inflicted torture for? Saintly people deprive themselves of food to attain a state of grace. Unsaintly people do so to attain a state of misery. It will be a great day when all the dieters in the world abandon their slimming courses; when they hold out their plates and demand ‎ second helpings!‎ ‎1.The best title for this passage is ‎[A] On Fat.‎ We Should All Grow Fat and Be Happy.‎ ‎[C] Many Diseases Are Connected with Fat.‎ ‎[D] Diet Deprives People of Normal Life.‎ ‎2.Why do they never see each other again?‎ ‎[A] Because it is a memorable evening.‎ Because she lets him eat as much fattening food as he wants.‎ ‎[C] Because she does not eat this and drink that.‎ ‎[D] Because eating fattening food is the surest way to an early grave.‎ ‎3.Which of the following ways is NOT mentioned for diet?‎ ‎[A] Doing exercises.‎ Not eating sugar.‎ ‎[C] Not eating fat.‎ ‎[D] Taking sauna baths.‎ ‎4.What is the author’s attitude toward diet?‎ ‎[A] Persuasive.‎ Critical.‎ ‎[C] Indifferent.‎ ‎[D] Adversative.‎ Vocabulary ‎1.ethereal                  优雅的，飘渺的 ‎2.sour                  愁眉不展的 ‎3.tummy                  肚子 ‎4.protrude                  突出的，突起的 ‎5.wage                  作（战），实行 ‎6.all-out                  全面的 ‎7.sauna bath            桑拿浴 ‎8.pummel = pommel            用拳头连打 ‎9.massage                  按摩 ‎10.weird                  不可思议的，离奇的 ‎11.monger                  商人，贩子 ‎12.fad                  一时流行的风尚 ‎13.concoction            调制品，荤素混合菜，调和物 ‎14.wonderfood            奇妙的食物 ‎15.lash out            痛斥，鞭打 ‎16.at a/one sitting            一口气 ‎17.munch                  用力嚼 ‎18.inflict                  予以打击，使遭受 ‎19.slim                  苗条的，不足取的，无价值的 写作方法与文章大意 文章论及“减肥及痛苦”。以先声夺人的男女约会入手，引入减肥的痛苦过程：首先是各种减肥的方法（全面战斗）；其次是痛苦的难熬；最后点出减肥的目的。号召人放弃减肥。三段式文章：引言，正文和结论。以讽刺的笔调，步步深入的手法劝人放弃减肥，过愉快的生活。‎ 答案详解 ‎1.B 我们都该长得胖乎乎，心情愉快。这是文章的目的，也是文章最佳标题。答案见最后一段：“这一切自我折磨为了什么？圣洁的人们不吃饭菜是为了身材优美，不圣洁的人们不吃饭菜得到的是痛苦。当世界上所有的节食者都抛弃这减轻体重显得苗条的课程时当他们伸出盘子，要求再来一份（第二份食物）时，这将是一个伟大的日子。”‎ A. 论脂肪。似乎有点儿接近文章的内容。但文章涉及到的各个方面并不是单讲脂肪食品或饮食问题。C. 许多疾病和脂肪有关。文内第一段提到这方面的问题。D. 节食剥夺了人们正常生活。文内提到，但不是文章的总目的和内容。‎ ‎2.D吃脂肪食品早死。答案就在第一段“当他们来到饭店，他发现这位优雅的少女（飘逸的少女）是个忌口节食者。决不能吃这个，一定不能喝那个。喔，当然，她不想扫他的兴，让他想吃多少脂肪的食品就尽量吃。这是早早接近死亡的最有把握的途径。”这里传递两点信息。一个吃，一个不吃已经是格格不入，再加上“多吃脂肪东西早死亡”姑娘怎能嫁他，他一个人吃而那位姑娘瞧着，确实是难以忘怀的夜晚，他受得了？所以D是最接近不再见面的原因。‎ A. 因为这是一个值得纪念的夜晚。B. 她让他爱吃多少脂肪食物就吃多少。C.因为她不吃这个也不吃那个。这三项都是单独的事实或情况。‎ ‎3.B不吃糖。答案再第二段第二句开始“他们大部分时间对食品都不屑一顾。他们永远向热量表讨教咨询，照镜子，跳到浴室的磅秤上称重量。他们一声都在向臀部大，肚子突出，双下巴绽开一个准输无疑的战斗。有的对脂肪开展了全面战斗。光节食是不够的，他们运动以消耗体重，洗桑拿浴出汗，用奇异的机器按摩和击打。”‎ A. 运动做操。C.不吃脂肪。D.洗桑拿浴。‎ ‎4.B批评的态度。这在第二、三段都有明显的表示。第二段开始：“这些节食者是多么可怜的一群人啊！你总是可以从他们愁眉不展的表情上认出他们。”第二段倒数第四句开始：“这些真正有钱的节食大款为健康治疗支付大笔的款项。他们进到“自然门诊”。两个星期饿得要死，每星期付一百畿尼。别以为仅仅是中年人参与这种时尚活动。你可以见到许多青年正由于长期营养不良而遭罪。他们就靠空气、水和上帝的善意而活着。”第三段，“节食者甘愿忍饥挨饿，那么他们为什么那样难受悲惨呢？得，首先，他们总是感到饥饿。你不可能饿着肚子高兴。他们吃的不是食物，全是搭配好的东西，这永远不能使他们满意……”第三段倒数第三句“饥饿确实令他们感到太受不了了。最终，他们破釜沉舟，一口气就吞下了五大块使人内疚的奶油蛋糕。谁能责怪他们！他们一天至少三次面对引诱，老是看着别人大口吃着馋涎欲滴的食品，而你自己用力嚼一口水饼干和喝一口没有甜味的柠檬汁。这是一种什么样的折磨啊！”‎ A.劝导的。 C.漠不关心。这两项不对。D. 敌意的。不合适。‎ Passage Thirteen (The Neutrality of American in the Early World War II)‎ The establishment of the Third Reich influenced events in American history by starting a chain of events which culminated in war between Germany and the United States. The compete destruction of democracy, the persecution of Jews, the war on religion, the cruelty and barbarism of the Nazis, and especially the plans of Germany and her allies, Italy and Japan, for world conquest caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of another world war. While speaking out ‎ against Hitler’s atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality. The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 prohibited trade with any belligerents or loans to them. In 1937 the President was empowered to declare an arms embargo in wars between nations at his discretion.‎ American opinion began to change somewhat after President Roosevelt’s “quarantine the aggressor” speech at Chicago (1937) in which he severely criticized Hitler’s policies. Germany’s seizure of Austria and the Munich Pact for the partition of Czechoslovakia (1938) also aroused the American people. The conquest of Czechoslovakia in March, 1939 was another rude awakening to the menace of the Third Reich. In August,1939 came the shock of the Nazi-soviet Pact and in September the attack on Poland and the outbreak of European war. The United States attempted to maintain neutrality in spite of sympathy for the democracies arrayed against the Third Reich. The Neutrality Act of 1939 repealed the arms embargo and permitted “cash and carry” exports of arms to belligerent nations. A strong national defense program was begun. A draft act was passed (1940) to strengthen the military services. A Lend Act (1941) authorized the President to sell, exchange, or lend materials to any country deemed necessary by him for the defense of the United States. Help was given to Britain by exchanging certain overage destroyers for the right to establish American bases in British territory in the Western Hemisphere. In August, 1940 President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met and issued the Atlantic Charter which proclaimed the kind of a world which should be established after the war. In December, 1941, Japan launched the unprovoked attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor. Immediately thereafter, Germany declared war on the United States.‎ ‎1.One item occurring before 1937 that the author does not mention in his list of actions that alienated the American public was ‎[A] the burning of the Reichstag.‎ German plans for conquest.‎ ‎[C] Nazi barbarism.‎ ‎[D] the persecution of religious groups.‎ ‎2.The Lend-Lease Act was designed to ‎[A] help the British.‎ strengthen the national defense of the United States.‎ ‎[C] promote the Atlantic Charter.‎ ‎[D] avenge Pearl Harbor.‎ ‎3.American Policy during the years 1935-1936 may be described as being ‎[A] watchful.‎ isolationist.‎ ‎[C] peaceful.‎ ‎[D] indifferent.‎ ‎4.The Neutrality Act of 1939‎ ‎[A] permitted the selling of arms to belligerent nations.‎ antagonized Japan.‎ ‎[C] permitted the British to trade only with the Allies.‎ ‎[D] led to Lend-Lease Act.‎ ‎5.We entered the war against Germany ‎[A] because Germany declared war.‎ because Japan was an ally of Germany.‎ ‎[C] after Germany had signed the Nazi-soviet Pact.‎ ‎[D] after peaceful efforts had failed.‎ Vocabulary ‎1.Reich                  帝国，尤指第二次世界大战前及大战期间的德国 ‎2.atrocity                  凶残，残暴 ‎3.belligerent            好战的，交战国的 ‎4.discretion            判断力，自行裁决，谨慎 ‎5.empower                       赋予……权力 ‎6.embargo                  禁运，封港 ‎7.quarantine            停船检疫，隔离，封锁，使孤立 ‎8.partition            分割，瓜分 ‎9.menace                  威胁，危险 ‎10.repeal                  废除，取消 ‎11.overage destroyer            旧式驱逐舰 ‎12.unprovoked            无缘无故的，非因触犯而发生的 ‎13.Neutrality Acts            中立法令 ‎14.Munich Pact            慕尼黑公约 ‎15.draft act            征兵法 ‎16.Lend Lease Act            租借法 ‎17.Atlantic Charter            大西洋公约 ‎18.Pearl Harbor            珍珠港 写作方法与文章大意 文章讲述了第三帝国成立，美国由中立到宣战的一段历史。采用按年代先后进行叙述的写作手法。文章一开始就点明主题：“第三帝国的成立影响了美国历史，从一系列事情开始，最终导致德国和美国交战。”‎ 答案详解 ‎1.A帝国大厦焚毁，众所周知，这是纳粹希特勒精心策划的一次政治阴谋，旨在迫害德国共产党。‎ B. 德国征服计划。C. 纳粹之残暴。D. 迫害宗教团体。在文中都提到。见第一段第二句“民主的全面摧毁、对犹太人的迫害、摧残宗教、纳粹的残忍和野蛮，特别是德国及其盟国意、日、征服世界的计划激起美国极大愤怒，也带来了对又一次世界大战的恐惧。”‎ ‎2.B 加强美国国防。见第二段导数第五句“1941年的租借法规定：总统对他认为保卫美国所需要的国家有权卖给、交换或借给他们物资。”‎ A. 帮助英国，不对。C. 促进大西洋公约。大西洋公约是1941年8月，罗斯福和邱吉尔会面后的联合公告。D. 报复珍珠港。是1941年日本发起袭击的报复。‎ ‎3.B 与世隔绝。这在第一段第三句“美国人民虽然反对希特勒的凶残等事，他们一般还是喜欢孤立（与世隔绝的）政策和保持中立。1933年和1936年的中立条约规定：禁止和交战国双方贸易和借贷。”‎ A. 观察的。C. 和平的。D. 不正确的。‎ ‎4.A 允许把武器卖给交战国。答案在第二段第六句“1939年的中立条约取消了武器禁运，允许进行现钞交易出口武器给交战国。”‎ B. 和日本敌对。C. 允许英国只能和其盟国贸易。D. 导致租借条约。‎ ‎5.A 因为德国宣战。这在第一段已有说明。尽管希特勒坏事做尽，美国还是倾向于中立政策。第二段罗斯福在芝加哥的演讲，态度稍有改变。严厉批评希特勒的政策，但仍然以中立为主。1941年日本袭击珍珠港，不久德国宣战，美国才不得不参战。‎