2012届高考英语语法精品学案：专题十一 名词性从句

2012届高考英语语法精品学案：专题十一 名词性从句

‎ ‎ 名词性从句一直备受高考命题者的关注，近几年来的高考题主要考查在具体语境中连接词的选择，尤其是连接词what和that的辨析，以及whether 与if表示“是否”时的区别。因此，正确区分名词性从句的类型，根据在从句中的作用和所表达的意义，确定恰当的连接词是一轮复习的重点。此外，名词性从句和定语从句的辨析，也是高考考查的重点。 ‎ 一、认识各种名词性从句 ‎ 名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作句子的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句具体分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句中的连接词有连词that / whether / if，连接代词what / who(m)/ which / whose / whatever / whoever / whomever / whichever，连接副词where / when / why / how 。‎ 从名词性从句在句中所起的作用来说，名词性从句是句子不可缺少的一部分，和句子的其他成分之间也不会用逗号隔开。而定语从句和状语从句是句子中的修饰成分，去掉之后不会影响句子主体结构的完整性。这是判断是否是名词性从句最主要的特征。如：‎ ‎ I wonder how much these shoes cost. (宾语从句，不可省去)‎ ‎ He is the very man I look after. (定语从句，修饰the man)‎ ‎ You may borrow the book as long as you keep it clean. (状语从句)‎ ‎1． 主语从句 ‎ Who will go is not important. ‎ ‎ It doesn't matter so much whether you will come or not. (形式主语it代替后面的真正的主语从句)‎ ‎ 注意：that引导主语从句放于句首时，不能省略。‎ ‎ That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. ‎ ‎2． 表语从句 ‎ The question was who could go there. ‎ ‎ My idea is that we can get more people to help in the work. ‎ ‎ That is why the brothers wanted to make a bet. ‎ ‎ It looked as if it was going to rain. ‎ ‎3 . 宾语从句 ‎ I hope (that) everything is all right. ‎ ‎ 注意：(1)that在引导宾语从句时，常可省略，但如果有两个以上的宾语从句时，最后一个从句的that不能省略。如：‎ ‎ I know (that) he has just graduated from college and that he is looking for a job. ‎ ‎(2) 如果动词宾语后又有补语，那么要使用it作形式宾语，然后把宾语从句放在补语之后。如：‎ ‎ I make it known that we'll be invited to the ball. ‎ ‎(3) 如果主句的谓语动词的时态是一般过去时，那么从句的时态要采用相应的与过去有关的时态，但如果从句描述的是客观事实，从句时态不可调整“呼应”。如：‎ ‎ She remembered that she had left her wallet at the school gate. ‎ ‎ Our teacher said that light travels faster than sound. ‎ ‎4． 同位语从句 ‎ 同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词(如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等)之后，说明该名词的具体内容。如：‎ ‎ I have no idea when he will be back.‎ ‎ The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 在动词：一坚持(insist)、二命令(order，command)、三建议(suggest，advise，recommend)、四要求(demand，require，request，ask)后的宾语从句和这些动词的过去分词后的主语从句，以及这些动词的名词引出的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语部分常用(should)do形式。如：‎ ‎ He insisted that he (should) try once again. ‎ ‎ His advice is that everyone (should) do his best to help the poor girl. ‎ ‎ It is required that students (should) attend at least 90% of the lectures. ‎ 二、名词性从句的连接词 ‎ 名词性从句的连接词是名词性从句中最核心的问题，也是高考的常考点。连接词的选择要考虑它在从句中的作用和所表达的意义。‎ ‎　‎ 连接词 词义 在句中所 例句 作成分 从 属 连 词 ‎　‎ that ‎/‎ ‎/‎ The problem is that we don't have enough money.‎ ‎　‎ ‎　‎ if/ whether 是否 ‎/ ‎ The question is whether they have so much money.‎ ‎　‎ 连接词 词义 在句中所 例句 作成分 连 接 代 词 ‎　‎ ‎　‎ who/‎ whom/‎ which/‎ whose/‎ what 原疑问代词的意义；what更常表示：the thing that / the …that 所……的东西/……‎ 主语、宾语、表语、定语 ‎①Pay attention to what the teacher said. ‎ ‎②Who kept the door open all night was unknown.‎ whoever/‎ whomever ‎/ which‎ ever/ ‎ whatever ‎ 无论谁/ 无论哪个(些)/无论什么 主语、宾语、表语、定语 ‎①Whoever breaks the law will be punished. ‎ ‎②You can take whichever book you like. ‎ ‎　‎ 连接词 词义 在句中所作成分 例句 连 接 副 词 when/ where/ why/ how ‎ 原疑问副词的意义或“……的时间(the time when)；……的地点(the place where)；……的原因(the reason why)”；……的方式(the way that)‎ 状语 ‎①When he will go is unknown. ②I wonder why he tried to avoid me. ‎ ‎③This room is where I was born. ‎ ‎④This is how we work. ‎ ‎1． what与that ‎(1) 【误】 All what he did was for you. ‎ ‎ 【正】 What he did was for you. ‎ ‎ 【正】 All that he did was for you. ‎ ‎(2) 【误】 I was thinking that I could do for you. ‎ ‎ 【正】 I was thinking what I could do for you. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 what引导名词性从句，what相当于the thing that/ the …that/ all that等，具体的意义要根据上下文确定。在名词性从句中，what既有意义，又在从句中作一定的成分，而that无意义，且在从句中不作成分。‎ ‎2． who与 whoever ‎ 【误】 Who is the first to come will get a gift. ‎ ‎ 【正】 Whoever is the first to come will get a gift. ‎ ‎ 【正】 Anyone who is the first to come will get a gift. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 whoever引导名词性从句，意为“无论谁”，相当于anyone who；而who意为“谁”。‎ ‎3． whether与if ‎(1) 【误】 They don't know if to go there. ‎ ‎ 【正】 They don't know whether to go there. ‎ ‎(2) 【误】 It depends on if we have enough time. ‎ ‎ 【正】 It depends on whether we have enough time. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 在以下情况只能用whether不能用if：‎ ‎① 作介词宾语时，连接词一般用whether。‎ ‎ It all depends on whether they will come back. ‎ ‎② 后面直接跟or not 时，用whether。‎ ‎ I didn't know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan. ‎ ‎③ 主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，只能用whether。‎ ‎ Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet. ‎ ‎ The question is whether they have so much time. ‎ ‎④ whether可与动词不定式连用，但if不能。‎ ‎ I have not decided whether to go or not. ‎ ‎⑤ whether可引导一个让步状语从句，表示“不管，无论”，而if不能。‎ ‎ Whether he comes or not, we will begin our party on time. ‎ ‎4． whoever 与whomever ‎ 【误】 Please give the book to whomever needs it most. ‎ ‎ 【正】 Please give the book to whoever needs it most. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 此处，whoever在从句中作主语，因此不能用whomever。名词性从句引导词的选择要注意其意义及它在从句中所作的成分。‎ ‎5． 【误】 He will win the match is certain. ‎ ‎ 【正】 That he will win the match is certain. ‎ ‎ 【正】 It is certain that he will win the match. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 that位于句首引导主语从句时，不能省略。‎ ‎6． 【误】 What we bought was some bananas. ‎ ‎ 【正】 What we bought were some bananas. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 what 引导的从句作主语时，若表示复数概念，谓语动词则用复数。‎ ‎7． 名词性从句的语序 ‎ 【误】 So now you know what should you do.‎ ‎ 【正】 So now you know what you should do.‎ ‎ 【解析】 名词性从句应用陈述语序。‎ ‎8． 【误】 There's a fact that English is being accepted as an important language. ‎ ‎ 【正】 It's a fact that English is being accepted as an important language. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 It is a fact that…句型中，It为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that…从句。it不能换成there。‎ ‎9． 【误】 He is late. That's why he got up late this morning.‎ ‎ 【正】 He is late. That's because he got up late this morning. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 That's why………的原因；That's because …那是因为……此处起床晚是迟到的原因，故用That's because…‎ ‎10．【误】 We'll discuss the problem that the sports meeting will be held in Beijing Stadium. ‎ ‎ 【正】 We'll discuss the problem when/whether the sports meeting will be held in Beijing Stadium. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 如果用that引导同位语从句意义不完整，这时可根据情况选用whether, when等。‎ ‎1． [2010·全国卷Ⅰ] We haven't discussed yet ________ we are going to place our new furniture. ‎ ‎ A．that B．which C．what D．where ‎ 【解析】D where引导宾语从句，在从句中作地点状语。‎ ‎2． [2009·北京卷] At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see ________it got any better.‎ ‎ A．when B．how C．why D．if ‎ 【解析】 D　考查宾语从句的引导词的选择。句意为：最初他不喜欢这份新工作，但是他决定给自己几个月的时间来看一下这份工作是否会变得更好。所以用if引导宾语从句。‎ ‎3． [2010·全国卷Ⅱ] —Have you finished the book?‎ ‎ —No. I've read up to ________ the children discover the secret cave. ‎ ‎ A．which B．what C．that D．where ‎ 【解析】 D　考查宾语从句连接词。答句句意为：我已经读到孩子们发现神秘洞穴的部分。where引导的从句充当up to的宾语，强调地点概念。‎ ‎4． [2010·福建卷] We should respect food and think about the people who don't have ________ we have here and treat food nicely. ‎ ‎ A．that B．which C．what D．whether ‎ 【解析】 C　考查引导词。句意为：我们应该尊重食物，考虑那些没有我们拥有的东西并很好地对待食物的人们。who引导的定语从句修饰the people，定语从句中又含有一个宾语从句，这个宾语从句中we have 缺少宾语，所以用what引导宾语从句。‎ ‎5．________ the flight to New York will be delayed is ________I'm especially worried about. ‎ ‎ A．If; what B．Whether; that ‎ C．When; that D．Whether; what ‎ 【解析】 D　句意为：到纽约的航班是否会被耽搁是我特别担心的事情。放在句首的主语从句表“是否”要用whether引导，而不能用if，what引导表语从句。表示所担心的事情。选D。‎ ‎6． [2010·重庆卷] To improve the quality of our products，we asked for suggestions ________ had used the products. ‎ ‎ A．whoever B．who ‎ C．whichever D．which ‎ 【解析】 A　考查宾语从句引导词。句意为：为了提高产品的质量，我们向任何使用过我们产品的人征求意见。这里可以表示“任何人”的只有whoever，引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语。正常语序应为…asked whoever had used the products for suggestions。‎ ‎7． [2010·北京卷] ________some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. ‎ ‎ A．Whether B．What C．That D．How ‎ 【解析】 B　本题考查主语从句的引导词。在主语从句________some people regard as a drawback中，regard缺少宾语，选B。‎ ‎8. [2010·北京卷] I want to be liked and loved for ________I am inside.‎ ‎ A．who B．where C．what D．how ‎ 【解析】‎ ‎ C　本题考查名词性从句的引导词。for后跟宾语从句，从句中am后缺少表语，故用what，相当于一个名词加that。‎ ‎9．[2010·北京卷] Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel，David Copperfield，was ________ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. ‎ ‎ A．what B．that C．why D．whether ‎ 【解析】 B　本题考查表语从句的引导词。当the reason作主语，后面接表语从句时，习惯上用that来连接。‎ ‎10．Mum is coming. What present________ for your birthday?‎ ‎ A．you expect she has got ‎ B．you expect has she got ‎ C．do you expect she has got ‎ D．do you expect has she got ‎ 【解析】 C　考查双重疑问句，疑问词＋do you think/believe/expect＋句子的其他成分(句子用陈述句语序)。‎ ‎11．People believe that there is no doubt ________a cure for H1N1 has been found. ‎ ‎ A．which B．that C．what D．whether ‎ 【解析】 B　考查同位语从句。There is no doubt that为固定句型，that在从句中不充当成分。‎ ‎12．[2010·江苏卷] —I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. ‎ ‎ —That's ________ I don't agree. You should have a more active life.‎ ‎ A．where B．how C．when D．what ‎ 【解析】 A　本题考查名词性从句。where引导表语从句，在从句中作地点状语。注意agree是不及物动词。‎ ‎13．Father made a promise ________I passed the examination he would buy me a new dictionary. ‎ ‎ A．that B．if C．whether D．that if ‎ 【解析】 D　that引导同位语从句。在同位语从句中又含有一个由if引导的条件状语从句。‎ ‎14．________ children should learn from around us is a question of great importance. ‎ ‎ A．Where B．Whom C．When D．How ‎ 【解析】 B　考查对句式和引导词的判断能力。分析句子结构可排除A、C、D，也可根据句意“孩子们该向谁学习……”得知答案。‎ ‎15．—Alice looks blue today. ‎ ‎ —Yes, I asked her, but she wouldn't say ________ troubled her. ‎ ‎ A．why was it that B．that was why ‎ ‎ C．it was what D．what it was that ‎ 【解析】 D　考查宾语从句的语序和强调句型。句意为：“爱丽丝今天显得沮丧。”“是的，我问她为何，她没说究竟是什么让她伤心。”‎ ‎16．[2010·浙江卷] —How about camping this weekend，just for a change?‎ ‎ —OK，________you want. ‎ ‎ A．whichever B．however ‎ C．whatever D．whoever ‎ 【解析】 C　句意：“这个周末野营怎么样，来点新鲜的？”“好啊，按你的意思吧！”答语中谓语动词want缺少宾语，排除B、D项；whichever需要在语境中给出具体范围，所以排除A项。whatever等于anything that。‎ ‎17．[2010·陕西卷] It never occurred to me ________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. ‎ ‎ A．which B．what C．that D．if ‎ 【解析】 C　本题考查名词性从句中的主语从句。It 为形式主语，真正的主语从句中不缺任何成分，根据句子意思，只需要用that 连接。‎ ‎18．[2010·四川卷] How much one enjoys himself traveling depends largely on ________ he goes with，whether his friends or relatives. ‎ ‎ A．what B．who C．how D．why ‎ 【解析】 B　考查连词词义辨析。宾语从句中with缺少宾语，whether his friends or relatives暗示缺少的是指人的宾语。‎ ‎19．—You know, I'm poor in Chinese; you are not good at English, and …‎ ‎ —That's ________ we should help each other. ‎ ‎ A．when B．where C．how D．that ‎ 【解析】 B　考查名词性从句。where引导的从句作表语，where意为“……的地方”。‎ ‎20．The free tickets will go to ________ comes first to the concert. ‎ ‎ A．whoever B．whomever ‎ C．whichever D．no matter who ‎ 【解析】 A　本题考查名词性从句。题干句子空白处用whoever连接宾语从句同时在宾语从句中作主语，指人。句意为：免费票将送给第一个来听音乐会的听众，不管他是谁。注意no matter who只能引导状语从句，不能连接名词性从句。‎ ‎1．(2011·陕西西安分科质检)After working on the maths problem for hours，he found________he thought was the key to it.‎ A．what B．that C．where D．which 解析：　what引导的名词性从句作found的宾语从句的主语，而且what在宾语从句中作主语。he thought 为插入语。‎ 答案：　A ‎2．(2011·济南第二次统考)The hospital nearby has just got a，________you’d call ‎ it，er...a scanner.‎ A．that B．which C．what D．how 解析：　考查名词性从句。该句比较口语化。句意是“附近的医院刚搞来一个……你们叫它什么……对，扫描器”。‎ 答案：　C ‎3．(2011·潍坊质量监测)Sometimes advertisements make　　　　possible for companies to sell the customers ________money can not buy.‎ A．/；that B．it；what C．that；which D．it；whose 解析：　句意为：有时广告让公司把用钱买不到的东西卖给顾客变得可能。it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语。what 引导的是宾语从句，并在宾语从句中作宾语。‎ 答案：　B ‎4．(2011·四川绵阳模拟)Most of________we call geniuses (天才) are successful only because they have made extraordinary efforts.‎ A．whom B．who C．which D．what 解析：　分析句子成分可知of后的宾语从句中，动词call后面缺少英语补足语，故用what引导。‎ 答案：　D ‎5．(2011·宁夏银川调研)She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to do________it takes to save her life.‎ A．whichever B．however C．whatever D．whoever 解析：　句意为：她对我们弥足珍贵。我们已经准备好尽一切努力挽救她的生命。这里的whatever 既作take的宾语，也引导do后的宾语从句。‎ 答案：　C ‎6．(2010·西城5月)—Why are you staring at me?‎ ‎—You look stupid！The way you wear is________annoys me most.‎ A．which B．where C．how D．what 解析：　考查名词性从句的引导词。所选关系代词引导一个表语从句，并在从句中作主语，所以要用what。‎ 答案：　D ‎7．(2011·湖北武汉联考)Faced with trouble or difficulty，a person takes ________help that is available.‎ A．whatever B．whenever C．wherever D．however 解析：　句意为：面对困难或挫折，一个人会接受任何可能得到的帮助。whatever 在此修饰help，意为“无论什么”，而其他三个选项，不作形容词，不能修饰名词，故排除。‎ 答案：　A ‎8．(2011·浙江温州联考)The fact has worried many scientists________the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.‎ A．what B．which C．that D．though 解析：　句意为：近年地球越来越暖的事实让许多科学家担心。从句“the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years”不缺少成分，因此选C项。that引导的从句作fact的同位语。‎ 答案：　C ‎9．(2011·日照市调研考试)—Do you know her?‎ ‎—No.Her name rings a bell but I can’t remember________I read it before.‎ A．where B．what C．that D．if 解析：　考查名词性从句。答语语意是：我不认识她。她的名字好像很熟，但我想不起来在哪儿见到过了。A、B、C三个选项中只有where 可在宾语从句中作地点状语，if不符合语意。‎ 答案：　A ‎10．(2011·南通一模)________there are living creatures in the outer space as those on Earth hasn’t been proved until now.‎ A．How B．When C．Where D．Whether 解析：　本题考查名词性从句。句意为：外太空是否存在像地球上一样的生物还不能确定。whether引导主语从句。‎ 答案：　D ‎11．(2011·南通二模)—He is eager to try something he has never tried before.‎ ‎—Oh，I see.That’s ________he’s different from others.‎ A．when B．where C．how D．what 解析：　考查名词性从句。所填词引导的从句作表语，在从句中作地点状语，用where，选B。‎ 答案：　B ‎12．(2010·贵阳部分学校联考)The painting is so valuable that it is difficult to calculate________its price would be.‎ A．that B．which C．what D．/‎ 解析：　考查名词性从句。这里用what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作表语。这画太名贵了，很难估量其价格。‎ 答案：　C ‎13．(2010·济南统考)The media today can draw public attention to________help is actually needed.‎ A．that B．which C．where D．whose 解析：　本题考查宾语从句的引导词，结合题干，where引导宾语从句并且在宾语从句中作地点状语。‎ 答案：　C ‎14．(2010·海淀一模)Sorry I’m so late，but you cannot imagine________great trouble I took to find your house.‎ A．what B．how C．which D．why 解析：　考查宾语从句。take great trouble to do something表示“不辞辛劳地做某事”。在此，what引导的宾语从句同时是一个感叹句，what修饰名词trouble。而how在感叹句中修饰形容词、副词或动词。‎ 答案：　A ‎15．(2010·成都第一次诊断)Professor Backman took up scientific research for decades，and this is________he devoted all his life to.‎ A．which B．what C．where D．how 解析：　考查名词性从句。what引导表语从句且在从句中作介词to的宾语，表示“什么”。‎ 答案：　B ‎ ‎