2019届二轮复习阅读理解主旨要义类型试题解题指导课件（21张）

2019届二轮复习阅读理解主旨要义类型试题解题指导课件（21张）

一、仔细审题 首先要明确题目的要求是best title还是main idea, 如果是main idea,要搞 清楚是问某一段还是全文的中心思想。正确选项的特点是:一般不出现 细节信息;不含过于肯定或绝对的词语。 二、利用段落主旨句概括文章的中心 段落主旨句是解主旨要义题时的重要参考信息。主旨句有两个功能:一 是介绍段落的主题,二是控制段落中句子阐述的内容。文章的主旨一定 和这些段落主旨句有密切的关系。 方法技巧 2019 届二轮复习阅读理解主旨要义类型试题解题指导 如果有主旨句,主旨句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在段落中 间。在非故事性文章中,主旨句尤为明显。有的文章无明显的主旨句, 而是把主题隐含在段意之中。 1.主旨句位于段首 主旨句位于段首是因作者先立论,后摆事实讲道理的写作手法形成的。 这种段落称作演绎型段落。据有关统计数字表明,在英语议论文或说明 文中,有60%~90%的主旨句是段落的第一句。这样的段落模式可用倒 三角(▽)来表示。 (1)寻找主旨句 有些段落有明显的引出细节的信息词语,常见的信息词语有for exam- ple,an example of,the most important example,first,second,next,then,last, finally,to begin with,also,besides that等。 在阅读中,应尽量利用上述信息词语确定主旨句的位置。从段落中的 for example可以断定前一句是主旨句。如果无明显的信息词语,可先假 设第一句为主旨句,在第二句前面添加一个for example,看看第二句是 否可以支撑第一句话,如果第二句不能支撑第一句话,便在其他地方找 出主旨句。 (2)选择答案 先彻底弄懂主旨句的句意,然后阅读A、B、C和D四个选项,选择与主旨 句句意相吻合的答案,如主旨句的再现、主旨句句意的复述或推论等, 排除与主旨句句意无关的答案,如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实 等。 2.主旨句位于段末 主旨句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实,后作结论的手法。这种段落称 作归纳型段落。这种段落的模式可用正三角(△)来表示。 3.主旨句位于段落的中间 主旨句偶尔也出现在段落的中间,但不一定就在正中间。有时第一句并 非主旨句,而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下,第二句就可能是主 旨句。此外,主旨句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。这种段落模式可用菱 形(◇)来表示。这种图形可看作是△和▽的合二为一(   )。这种段落 从支撑细节开始,发展到结论(出现主旨句),当主旨句出现后,又进一步 用细节支持说明,其安排顺序是:次要——主要——次要。 4.主旨句隐含在段意之中 有些段落没有明显的主旨句,其中心思想包含在各个句子中,这就要求 读者依据已知的细节,归纳出段落的中心思想。这种段落模式可用正方 形( □ )来表示。 例 　Helsinki is offering young people the chance to rent a cheap apart- ment in an old people ' s home,if they agree to spend time socializing with the elderly residents. The city council is seeking applications from renters under the age of 25 who will commit to spending between three and five hours each week with their older neighbours,at a care home in the eastern Laajasalo district.In exchange,they ' ll get a studio flat measuring 23 square meters with a pri- vate kitchen,bathroom and balcony for 250 euros per month. Currently only three flats are available, but the scheme is part of a wider effort to deal with a lack of accommodation for young people in the capital. Ordinarily a studio costs about 600 euros a month,depending on the area, one local university advises. Those who apply don ' t need any specific care experience.“There are staff to look after the elderly,”project manager Miki Mielonen says.“We are looking for young people who maybe have a different perspective on ev- eryday life,who will bring variety and recreation to the elderly residents.” More than 60 people have applied for the spaces in less than a week,and the idea has also been widely recognized by Finns on social media.“Great project!Hopefully it will spread to other areas,”writes one person on Facebook,while another applauds the scheme for bringing different genera- tions together. But some wish it were open to more people,with one user saying,“It ' s a shame that the flats are so small.It would have been nice if the elderly had a small family with children or a single parent as their neighbour.”And one person has a different opinion about the cut-off age,writing,“Shame I ' m too old for this—I would have surely applied.” What would be the best title of the text? A.Young Finns offered cheap flats at a care home B.New apartments designed for the elderly C.A new approach to caring for the old D.A good chance for the needy families 分析 　本文第一段就是主旨句——赫尔辛基给年轻人提供以低廉的租 金在养老院租房子的机会。而这个主旨句也是整个文章的主旨。这样 的主旨句就可以帮助我们判断文章的主旨。本题选A。 三、结合文章的高频词和核心词 一般文章的主旨或标题都是文章的核心词。那么我们在阅读时就要特 别注意出现频率比较高的词汇,这些词就是文章的核心词汇。包含有高 频词的选项大多是正确选项。核心词把握不准,以偏概全或过度概括是 主旨要义题常见的错误。 例 　Seamounts are mountains, usually volcanoes, which rise up from the sea floor. Some of the volcanoes are extinct; some are still active. But they are hard to find because they do not reach the surface of the water. Scien- tists say seamounts cover nearly 29 million square kilometers of this planet under the sea. Marine(海洋的)life gathers at seamounts because they carry nutrient-rich water upward from the sea floor. In September, 2016, a group of scientists set out to explore Cook Seamount which rises almost 4,000 meters from the Pacific Ocean floor about 160 kilometers off the island of Hawaii. Humans had never seen it up close be- fore. Three people went in a submarine(潜水艇)down to over 900 meters below the ocean surface to the top of the seamount. As the blue waters became darker, underwater creatures that chemically create their own light began to swim past the submarine. The scientists found several kinds of deep sea corals(珊瑚虫)on the seamount ' s sides. These included a possible new species of coral they named “Purple Haze”. Conservation International and the University of Hawaii worked together for the trip to Cook Seamount. Greg Stone, the lead scientist, said,“This three-day research is the start of an effort to survey seamounts throughout the Pacific Ocean over the next five years. And we hope to study a total of 50 seamounts.”He said humans had little knowledge about seamounts, but they were a“key part”of what drives the ocean. Stone said he wanted to find out what is living on the seamounts and how they support ocean life. “From that,” he said. “we will understand ocean health, which relates directly to human health.” M.Sanjayan is executive vice president of Conversation International. He said there were 10,000, maybe 100,000 seamounts across the world ' s o- ceans and because most had not been explored, he expected they would see things new to science. One of the other two seamounts studied on their trip was Lo ' ihi, an active volcano, which has been studied over the past 30 years. The scientists saw an“old friend”on it—a shark they had seen there before. Scientists say volcanic activity of Lo ' ihi pushes the seamount upward. But do not look for it to break the surface of the water any time soon. What ' s the best title of the passage? A.Undersea creatures and seamounts B.New discoveries under the ocean C.Scientists surveyed the creatures in the sea D.Scientists explored seamounts 分析 　本文主要介绍的是科学家开始研究海山的计划。 scientists, ex- plore,seamounts 是文章的三个核心词 , 所以选 D 。 A 项把海底生物和海山 并列 , 而 creatures 并不是文章的核心词 , 因此不符合文章的主旨 , 属于过 度概括。 B 项是海洋研究新成果 , 和海山没有关系。 C 项也没有提到海 山 , 概括过于宽泛 , 因此都是错误的。 四、借助标题 很多文章会出现小标题。这些标题是段落中心思想的精练表达形式。 读者要善于借助这些小标题来总结文章的主旨。 例 　 Suppose you ' re in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble. Realisation will probably set in seconds after you ' ve clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame. What to do?Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover. Clicking “send”too soon Don ' t waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title ex- plaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored. Writing the wrong name The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured:don ' t handle it too lightly, as people can be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstand- ing of their culture(i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names). Clicking “reply all”unintentionally You accidentally reveal( 透露 )to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you ' d like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and un- pleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to al- low everyone to calm down. Sending an offensive message to its subject The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but ac- cidentally send it to the person you ' re discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly—see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person. What is the passage mainly about? A.Defining email errors.　　B.Reducing email mistakes. C.Handling email accidents.　　D.Improving email writing. 分析     本文的主题就是当发错邮件时你应该如何补救。本文列举了四 种常见的错误以及相应的补救措施 , 所以答案为 C 项。本文出现了四个 小标题 , 而这四个小标题就是四种常见的出错的方式。综合这四个小标 题 , 就可以帮助我们理解文章的主旨。 五、根据文章的段落结构归纳主旨 一篇文章要表达一定的主题思想 , 那么它就需要一定的篇幅来说明整个 主题。因此 , 文章的段落涉及最多的主题 , 就是文章的主旨。 例 　Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can pro- mote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning,and play a sig- nificant role in a family or culture ' s celebrations or traditions.The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural(农村的)and urban areas within one country. Sharing bread,whether during a special occasion(时刻)or at the family din- ner table,is a common symbol of togetherness.Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests.Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread,so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread. Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.In the southern United States,pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity(兴旺)in the New Year.In Greece,people share a special cake called vasilopita .A coin is put into the cake,which signifies(预示)success in the New Year for the person who receives it. Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child,and food can play a significant role.In China,when a baby is one month old,families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-col- ored eggs to guests.In many cultures,round foods such as grapes,bread,and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity. Nutrition is necessary for life,so it is not surprising that food is such an im- portant part of different cultures around the world. What is the passage mainly about? A.The custom of sharing food. B.The specific meaning of food. C.The role of food in ceremonies. D.The importance of food in culture. 分析 　本文是利用文章篇幅和结构解题的典例。文章主要介绍了食物 在文化交流中的重要意义。文章两段的内容都与此有关 , 因此 选 D 。 A 、 B 、 C 三项都是重要性的一个方面 , 所以都不能做整个文章的 主旨。 六、通过略读概括大意 略读(Skimming)是概括和归纳段落的中心思想的手段。略读是指人们 以可能达到的最快速度所做的阅读。略读的技巧如下: 1.顺行快速向前移动眼睛,不要停顿或复视。 2.把注意力集中在关键词上。关键词都是实词,如名词、形容词、数 词、动词和副词等。 3.将关键词扩大为能够表达概念的词组,即语意群,按语意群进行阅读。 4.遇到生词尽量猜,猜不出的生词可跳过去。 5.对关键词进行数量上的加工,筛选出最能表达作者意图的关键词及其 概念。然后对这些概念进行质的加工,即对已产生的概念重新在头脑中 编码,以确定作者在文章中表达的真正意图(中心思想)。 6.初级练习时,可将关键词画出来。待读完一遍之后,将所画的关键词从 头再看一遍。练习一段时间以后,不要再把关键词画出来,在阅读过程 中尽量用脑子记下来。