2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十七)理清段落结构之五　呼应

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十七)理清段落结构之五　呼应

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十七) 理清段落结构之五　呼应 所谓呼应是指在开头和结尾的内容上有极其密切的关系，是对同一情况做出解释、说明、交代的。呼应可以使文章浑然一体，更具有突出的作用。呼应之处一般是文章要重点强调的内容，也是文章主旨所在，利用这种呼应关系，可解阅读类题目中的主旨及前后照应型题目。‎ ‎[高考典例1]　2018•全国卷Ⅱ•D篇 文章开头用描述现象引出“small talk”的重要性 文章结尾以研究报告的结论再次强调了“small talk”的重要性 ‎ ‎[1]We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.‎ ‎[2]What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.‎ ‎[3]Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk，” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.” ‎ ‎[4]In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband，” says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) members of our social network matter for our wellbeing also.”‎ ‎[5]Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners，” he says.‎ ‎[高考典例2]　2014•福建卷•完形填空 So it was with really great 40(satisfaction) that I stood in church one recent Sunday, video camera in hand, and 41(watched) my 68yearold father sweating in his shirt __42__ rising to play the piano in his very first recital.‎ ‎...‎ For a moment after my father sat down at the keyboard, he 47(simply) stared down at his fingers.‎ ‎42．A.through　　　　 　B．from C．against D．before ‎[分析]　首尾呼应。根据47题前面的“For a moment after my father sat down at the keyboard”可知，作者的父亲其实还没有开始演奏，所以他sweating in his shirt应是在rising to play the piano之前的表现，故选D。‎ ‎[高考典例3]　2014•北京卷•完形填空 ‎...She was really small for her age of 12. The boys in my class often 36(joked) about her and laughed their heads off. She would open a book, pretending to read, with tears dropping on the open page.‎ ‎...I looked down at this __38__ girl and promised myself that somehow I would help her.‎ ‎38．A.rich B．proud C．tiny D．popular ‎[分析]　首尾呼应。根据36空前面的句子“She was really small for her age of 12”可知，这个女孩很娇小，故选tiny。‎ ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A ‎(2019•江西名校联盟5月检测)The UK has a whole host of things to do for free or at a low price and there are a number of websites devoted to bringing you the best.Take a look at our guide to some of our favorite UK cities.‎ London If you live in or near London and have access to the Internet, you’ll discover many choices of free entertainment. The Londonist is an amusing website that offers daily and weekly breakdowns of the free and cheap events in the city.Categories include art, comedy, music, food and drink, theater, festivals and talks.Head over to londonist.com for the latest schedule of affordable entertainment. Time Out’s website (timeout.com/london) also has lots of information about free fun in the lively capital.‎ Find out why the 60s really cemented (巩固) London as the counterculture capital of the UK in our shop.‎ Manchester Manchester is probably one of the top creative centers of England (if not the UK)．If you need any further convincing then head over to Creative Tourist where you can find bags of daytime and nighttime entertainment that’s easy_on_the_pocket. While you’re there you can also check out Liverpool and Sheffield.‎ Manchester is an historical city, which has shaped life in Britain.Take a look in our shop.‎ Glasgow If Manchester is the creative center of England then Glasgow has to be the creative center of Scotland.You can visit Scotland’s Center for Design and Architecture at The Lighthouse, or go over to the Gallery of Modern Art, and then there’s the wonderful and strange Hunterian Museum. For the lowdown on the best free of Glasgow, take a look at VisitScotland.‎ For a look at Glasgow’s picturesque qualities click here.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文，介绍了一些关于英国著名城市的网站以及这些网站中的一些项目的信息。‎ ‎1．What does the underlined phrase “easy on the pocket” mean?‎ A．Available.　　　　　　 　B．Favorable.‎ C．Affordable. D．Reasonable.‎ 解析：选C　词义猜测题。根据文章第一段第一句可知，该篇文章的主要内容就是介绍一些关于英国城市中免费的或较为便宜的娱乐项目的网站，由此可推知，easy on the pocket应该是“易于负担……的费用”的意思。affordable“花费得起的，担负得起的”符合语境，故选C项。‎ ‎2．Which website can you visit if you are interested in architecture?‎ A．Londonist. B．Creative Tourist.‎ C．Time Out. D．VisitScotland.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据Glasgow部分中的“You can visit Scotland’s Center for Design and Architecture ... take a look at VisitScotland.”可知，答案为D。‎ ‎3．Where can you probably find the passage?‎ A．In a geography book. B．In a fashion magazine.‎ C．In a tourist brochure. D．On the Internet.‎ 解析：选D　文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一些关于英国著名城市的网站以及这些网站中的一些项目的信息，根据文章内容及文章最后一句中的“click here”可知，这篇文章可以在网上看到，故答案为D。‎ B What will people die of 100 years from now? If you think that is a simple question, you have not been paying attention to the revolution that is taking place in biotechnology. With the help of new medicine，the human body will last a very long time. Death will come mainly from accidents, murder and war. Today’s leading killers, such as heart disease, cancer, and aging itself, will become distant memories.‎ In discussion of technological changes, the Internet gets most of the attention these days. But the change in medicine can be the real technological event of our times. How long can humans live? Human brains were known to decide the final death. Cells are the basic units of all living things, and until recently, scientists were sure that the life of cells could not go much beyond 120 years because the basic materials of cells, such as those of brain cells, would not last forever. But the upper limits will be broken by new medicine. Sometime between 2050 and 2100, medicine will have advanced to the point at which every 10 years or so, people will be able to take medicine to repair their organs. The medicine, made up of the basic building materials of life, will build new brain cells, heart cells, and so on — in much the same way our bodies make new skin cells to take the place of old ones.‎ It is exciting to imagine that the advance in technology may be changing the most basic condition of human existence, but many technical problems still must be cleared up on the way to this wonderful future.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要讲述了人类的生命由于生物技术的发展可以无限期延长的愿望有可能成为现实。‎ ‎4．According to the passage, human death is now mainly caused by ________.‎ ‎ A．diseases and aging B．accidents and war ‎ C．accidents and aging D．heart disease and war 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Today’s leading killers, such as heart disease, cancer, and aging itself, will become distant memories.”可知A为正确选项。‎ ‎5．In the author’s opinion, today’s most important advance in technology lies in ________. ‎ A．medicine B．the Internet C．brain cells D．human organs 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知B为正确选项。‎ ‎6．Humans may live longer in the future because ________.‎ A．heart disease will be far away from us B．human brains can decide the final death C．the basic materials of cells will last forever D．human organs can be repaired by new medicine 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段“people will be able to take medicine to repair their organs”可知D为正确选项。‎ ‎7．We can infer from the passage that ________.‎ A．human life will not last more than 120 years in the future B．humans have to take medicine to build new skin cells now C．many things have to be done before humans can have a longer life D．we have already solved the technical problems in building new cells 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知C为正确选项。‎ C ‎(2019•石家庄重点中学高三摸底)Many Canadians are aware that problems with the nation’s health care system have resulted in a lack of hospital beds and medical equipment, overcrowded emergency rooms, long waiting lists, and not enough family doctors.‎ ‎ Over the last 10 years, the number of medical students choosing the family practice as their lifelong career has been dropping at a surprising rate. When asked why they lack interest in family medicine, the students cite (援引) a heavy student debt load and the long hours required of a doctor who is managing the family practice. As in other kinds of work, young doctors today want a balance between their professional and personal lives.‎ In British Columbia (BC) this problem is made worse because the province produces fewer medical graduates for each person than any other province in Canada. The provincial government has committed itself to doubling the number of medical student graduates. This strategy doesn’t come close to giving us the new doctors needed each year in BC to replace those who are retiring, moving out of the province, reducing their hours of practice, or dying.‎ ‎ The primary care system is showing its cracks. Ten years ago, 2,030 of BC’s family doctors were providing obstetrical (产科的) care. Today just 945 are performing this invaluable service. Although delivering babies is a “good news” area of medicine, the hours are long, but the reward for bringing new life into the world is modest. It’s no surprise, then, that many of BC’s family doctors are no longer taking on new patients. In 1999, there were 1,420 family doctors accepting new patients — in 2004 that number declined to 599, a drop of 58%.‎ The foundation of primary care needs to be strengthened. The Working Agreement between the doctors and the government includes a series of primary care renewal projects designed to make the family practice more attractive to medical graduates, improve upon working conditions, and entice family doctors from outside BC to start their business here. Yet still more needs to be done.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了加拿大家庭医生严重缺乏的问题。‎ ‎8．What makes medical students unwilling to be family physicians?‎ A．The student debt and long working hours.‎ B．Long term of study at a medical school.‎ C．A limited number of places in the medical school.‎ D．An increasing number of patients and long waiting lists for specialists.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“When asked why they lack interest in family medicine ...who is managing the family practice.”可知，学生债务负担和工作时间长成为阻碍医科学生选择家庭医生的两大障碍，故选A。‎ ‎9．What does the text say about family doctors in BC?‎ A．They are no longer needed.‎ B．They are too few in number.‎ C．They will soon become abundant.‎ D．They are rapidly leaving the province.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第四段第二、三句“Ten years ago, 2,030 of BC’s family doctors were providing obstetrical (产科的) care. Today just 945 are performing this invaluable service.”，并结合本段最后一句“In 1999, there were 1,420 family doctors ...a drop of 58%.”可知，在BC，家庭医生的数量在急剧下降，缺口很大，故选B。‎ ‎10．Which can replace the underlined word “entice” in the last paragraph?‎ A．Forbid. B．Hire.‎ C．Remind. D．Attract.‎ 解析：选D　词义猜测题。根据最后一段第二句中的关键词“attractive”和“improve”可推知，画线词在此处的含义与D项“吸引”相近，故选D。‎ ‎11．What is the primary purpose of the text?‎ A．To show sympathy for family doctors.‎ B．To inspire young people to be family doctors.‎ C．To stress the urgent need of more family doctors.‎ D．To tell the disadvantages of being family doctors.‎ 解析：选C　写作意图题。根据第一段的点题，并结合全文的内容可推知，本文主要介绍了加拿大家庭医生严重缺乏的问题，故选C。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 ‎(2019•合肥市高三调研)Critical (批判的) thinking is the art of using reason to analyze ideas and dig deeper to get to our true potential. It doesn’t mean you’re thinking harder or longer. __1__ Here are some tips and ideas to help you build a foundation for critical thinking.‎ Question your assumptions. We make a lot of assumptions about almost everything. It’s how our brain processes certain pieces of information, and how we get along in everyday life. You could say they are the foundation of our critical framework. __2__ Then the whole foundation needs to be rebuilt, from the bottom up.‎ Don’t take information on authority until you’ve investigated it yourself. Instead of doublechecking everything anyone says, we tend to label information as either coming from a trustworthy or not trustworthy source. This keeps us from doublechecking every piece of information that comes our way, saving time and energy. But it also keeps us from getting to the bottom of things we think of as coming from a trustworthy source, even when they don’t. __3__‎ Put yourself in other people’s shoes. Empathy can also help you develop your critical thinking skills. __4__ You may find that a little understanding facilitates a deeper insight into other people and their behavior. The deeper your insight is into yourself and others, the wiser your decisions will be.‎ ‎ __5__ There is no way to learn better than learning from your friends. If you only want to be a ‎ big fish swimming in the little pond just because your ego (自我价值感) feels good, keep this part. If you are wondering about how to develop critical skills, make friends with smart people and throw away your ego.‎ A．Actually, it’s about thinking better.‎ B．Surround yourself with people smarter than you.‎ C．Be someone that people know that they can count on.‎ D．You should not judge others until you fully understand their situation.‎ E．But what if they turned out to be wrong, or at least not entirely truthful?‎ F．The reason is that understanding does not always go with the right action.‎ G．So what is published in a magazine or online doesn’t mean it’s necessarily true.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了构建批判性思维的方法。‎ ‎1．选A　由上文“It doesn’t mean you’re thinking harder or longer.”可推知，空处应进一步解释批判性思维的真正含义，所以选A项。‎ ‎2．选E　根据下文中的“Then the whole foundation needs to be rebuilt, from the bottom up.”可推知，我们所做的一些假定有可能是错误的，因此需要全部重建，所以选E项。‎ ‎3．选G　由上文中的“But it also keeps us from getting to the bottom of things we think of as coming from a trustworthy source, even when they don’t.”可推知，将信息归类使我们不能够追根究底，因此出版在杂志上或网上的信息并不一定是真的，所以选G项。‎ ‎4．选D　根据上文中的“Put yourself in other people’s shoes.”，以及此处与下文中的“The deeper your insight is into yourself and others, the wiser your decisions will be.”呼应可推知，只有充分了解他人的情况，作出的决定才会更明智，所以选D项。‎ ‎5．选B　根据空处所在位置可知，此处为主题句，再结合本段内容可知，本段主要讲了和比自己聪明的人在一起可以提高批判性技能，所以选B项。‎