【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题定语从句考点学案（14页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题定语从句考点学案（14页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题定语从句考点学案 ‎——典题尝试(单句语法填空)‎ ‎1．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.‎ ‎2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ改编)Around me in the picture are the things that/which were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.‎ ‎3．(2016·6月浙江高考改编)The study suggests that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.‎ ‎4．(2016·6月浙江高考改编)When the time came to make the final decision for a course, I decided to apply for the one that reflected my interest.‎ ‎5．(2016·北京高考改编)I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.‎ ‎ ——规则点拨 一、关系代词的用法分类 从句 关系代词 格 用于限制性和非限制性定语从句 用于限制性定语从句 指人 指物 指人又指物 主格词 who which that 宾格词 who/whom 属格词 whose/ of whom whose/ of which whose 二、关系代词的用法与分类依据 ‎1．根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性；‎ ‎2．根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物；‎ ‎3．根据它在从句中所充当的成分——主语、宾语或定语。‎ 三、只用that不用which的情况 ‎1．先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。‎ Nothing that the teacher does doesn't influence his students.‎ 老师所做的事情没有不影响到学生的。‎ ‎2．先行词被序数词、形容词最高级，the only, the very, the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。‎ This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.‎ 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。‎ This is the only thing that we can do now.‎ 这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。‎ ‎3．先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。‎ The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.‎ 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。‎ ‎4．关系代词在限制性定语从句中作表语时，通常只用that，不用which。‎ Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.‎ 我们的学校不再是以前的样子了。‎ ‎5．句中其他位置已出现which，为避免重复，不用which而用that引导限制性定语从句。‎ Which is the car that has overtaken us?‎ 超过我们的是哪辆车？‎ 四、只用which不用that的情况 ‎1．在非限制性定语从句中只能使用关系代词which，不能使用that。‎ Air, which we breathe every day, is around us all the time.‎ 我们每天呼吸的空气始终在我们的周围。‎ ‎2．在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，用关系代词which，不能使用that。‎ She showed me the dictionary for which she paid a lot of money.‎ 她给我看了她花了很多钱买的那本字典。‎ ‎[注意事项]‎ ‎1．当关系代词作宾语，前面又没有介词时，whom可以改为who，也可以省略。‎ The girl (who/whom) he invited may be his girlfriend.‎ 他邀请的那个女孩可能是他的女朋友。‎ ‎2．在非限制性定语从句中，whose修饰物时可以换为“the＋名词＋of ‎ which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。‎ The classroom, whose door is broken, will soon be repaired.‎ ‎→The classroom, the door of which is broken, will soon be repaired.‎ 那间门坏了的教室很快就会被修理。‎ ‎ ——对点演练(单句语法填空)‎ ‎1．(2017·北京高考改编)The little problems that/which we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.‎ ‎2．Whenever I read the old letters, which_was fairly often, sweet memories warmed my heart.‎ ‎3．It is the family photo hanging on the wall that always reminds me that family is the place that/which I should try my best to take care of.‎ ‎4．Take an active part in afterclass activities, which_will not only make your school life colorful, but also improve your learning.‎ ‎5．The students and things that you spoke of are known to us.‎ 关系副词的用法 ‎ ——典题尝试(单句语法填空)‎ ‎1．(2015·北京高考改编)Opposite is St. Paul's Church, where you can hear some lovely music.‎ ‎2．(2014·江苏高考改编)The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work where a good impression is a must.‎ ‎ ——规则点拨 一、关系副词的分类 ‎1．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。‎ I still remember the day when I first came to the school.‎ 我仍然记得我第一次到这个学校的那一天。‎ ‎2．where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。‎ The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.‎ 我十年前住的房子已经被推倒了。‎ ‎3．why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。‎ Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.‎ 请告诉我你误机的原因。‎ 二、关系代词和关系副词的辨析方法 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语)能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。‎ This is the museum where we saw the famous painting.(引导词在从句中作状语)‎ 这就是我们看到那幅名画的博物馆。‎ This is the museum which we visited last summer.(引导词在从句中作宾语)‎ 这就是我们去年夏天去的那个博物馆。‎ ‎[注意事项]‎ ‎1．where引导定语从句时，不仅仅修饰具体的地点，还可以修饰抽象的地点。‎ He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.‎ 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。‎ ‎2．the way后接定语从句，如果定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，那么引导词用that/in which或者省略。‎ I don't like the way (that/in which) he teaches us.‎ 我不喜欢他教我们的方式。‎ ‎3．关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词＋关系代词”引导的从句替换。‎ The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is not clear.‎ 他拒绝邀请的原因不明。‎ ‎ ——对点演练(单句语法填空)‎ ‎1．The “Golden Rule” says people should treat others the way that they themselves would like to be treated.‎ ‎2．I am interested in Internet technology and English. This is the reason why I want to major in computer science in an Englishspeaking country.‎ ‎3．I am doing a job where I have an opportunity to communicate with people from different backgrounds.‎ ‎“介词＋关系代词”的用法 ‎ ——典题尝试(单句语法填空)‎ ‎1．(2016·江苏高考改编)Many young people, most of whom were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.‎ ‎2．(2014·天津高考改编)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it differently.‎ ‎3．(2013·浙江高考改编)The children, all of whom had played the whole day long, were worn out.‎ ‎4．(2018·青岛模拟)Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.‎ ‎ ——规则点拨 ‎“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法 ‎1．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介词＋which/whom。不能用that和who。‎ This is the teacher from whom we've learned a lot.‎ 这就是从他那里我们学到了很多东西的那位老师。‎ ‎2．有时介词也可放在从句的动词后面，这时关系代词可用which/that(指物)，who/whom/that(指人)，也可以省略。‎ The situation (which/that) we had got into was very dangerous.‎ 我们当时的处境很危险。‎ The man (whom/who/that) you were talking to just now is my English teacher.‎ 你刚刚和他谈话的那个人是我的英语老师。‎ ‎3．当定语从句中的谓语动词短语是固定搭配，不可分割时，动词短语中的介词不能前置。‎ This is the pen which I'm looking for.‎ 这是我正在找的那支钢笔。‎ ‎4．定语从句也可由“名词/代词/数词＋介词＋which/whom”引出。‎ That old man has two sons, one of whom is a doctor.‎ 那位老人有两个儿子，其中一个是医生。‎ ‎5．引导定语从句的关系副词(when, where, why)可以用“介词＋关系代词”代替。‎ I'll never forget the day when (＝on which) I joined the party.‎ 我永远都不会忘记入党的日子。‎ ‎[注意事项]‎ ‎“复合介词短语＋which”引导的定语从句，常与先行词用逗号隔开，而且定语从句常用倒装语序。‎ He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.‎ 他住在一幢大房子里，房前有一棵大树。‎ ‎ ——对点演练(单句语法填空)‎ ‎1．This university only has a few dozen lecturers, all of whom have graduated from some topclass universities in the UK.‎ ‎2．There are various kinds of activities in our school, the most popular of which is table tennis, a sport also known as pingpong.‎ ‎3．(2018· 福建六校联考)Get yourself familiar with local laws and customs of the countries to which you are traveling.‎ ‎4．Fortunately, my guide, whose teacher was Yu Minhong, communicated with me facetoface, from which I gained some useful instructions.‎ ‎5．Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into which I put my entire energy. ‎ as与which在定语从句中的用法 ‎ ——典题尝试(单句语法填空)‎ ‎1．(2017·江苏高考改编)Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.‎ ‎2．(2015·江苏高考改编)The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.‎ ‎3．(2015·湖南高考改编)It is a truly delightful place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.‎ ‎4．(2014·四川高考改编)Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor ‎ children, which is quite unexpected.‎ ‎ ——规则点拨 一、as引导的定语从句 ‎ ‎1．as引导限制性定语从句：主句中出现the same, as, such, so修饰先行词时，需选择as作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。‎ It's the same person as we wanted to find yesterday.‎ 我们昨天要找的是同一个人。‎ Such girls as he knows are good at English.‎ 他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。‎ There is so warm a house as we want to live in.‎ 这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。‎ ‎2．as引导非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎(1)as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，从句可置于句首、句中或句尾。‎ As everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history.‎ 每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。‎ ‎(2)非限制性定语从句中的谓语为被动式时，常用as作主语的句式：as is/was said/known/announced/reported/mentioned/expected/discussed等，有“如，似，正如”的含义。‎ Grammar, as has been said before, is not a set of dead rules.‎ 语法，就像以前所说，不是一套死规则。‎ 二、as引导非限制性定语从句和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 ‎ ‎1．as的用法 ‎(1)在从句中通常作主语指代整个主句。‎ ‎(2)表示的意思是“正如，正像”。‎ ‎(3)其引导的定语从句既可以放在主句之前也可以放在主句之后。‎ The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean, as we all know.‎ 我们都知道太平洋是最大的海洋。‎ ‎2．which的用法 ‎(1)关系代词，在从句中作主语或宾语，指代物。‎ ‎(2)当指代整个主句时表示的意思是主句和从句之间的因果关系，即“因为……所以……”。‎ ‎(3)其引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。‎ Tom suddenly fell ill, which made us sad.‎ 汤姆突然病倒，这使得我们很伤心。‎ ‎ ——对点演练(单句语法填空)‎ ‎1．As is known to all, what most children lack these days are selfrespect, selfconfidence and the ability to control themselves.‎ ‎2．(2018·河南中原名校联考)I have made a habit of saying “Thank you” to those who are sacrificing their places for the fellow passengers on public transport.‎ ‎3．When I looked into their eyes, I found they didn't care, which told me it would be useless. But when I looked into yours, I saw kindness.‎ ‎4．As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. ‎ ‎5．As is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. ‎ ‎1．关系代词的用法 ‎ ‎①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ________ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the development of chopsticks.‎ 解析：who　“who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C.”是who引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰Confucius。who在定语从句中作主语。‎ ‎②(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. ‎ 解析：that/which　此处指漓江的山和水被许多艺术家描绘过。根据句子结构可知，此处是定语从句，先行词是mountain tops和waters ‎，故定语从句的关系代词应该使用that或which。‎ ‎2．关系副词的用法 ‎ ‎①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, ________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.‎ 解析：when　此处表示当时我是第一个西方记者，根据句子结构可知，本句是一个非限制性定语从句，其先行词为mid1980s，故应该使用when表示时间。‎ ‎②(2015·广东高考)When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market ________ people from the towns met regularly.‎ 解析：where　“where people from the towns met regularly”是定语从句，修饰market, where在定语从句中作地点状语。‎ ‎3．考查“介词＋关系代词”的用法 ‎ ‎①(2017·江苏高考改编) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.‎ 解析：whose　句意：联合国在1963年成立了世界粮食计划署，该组织的一个宗旨是减轻世界范围内的饥饿。purposes与“the World Food Programme”之间存在“所属”关系，此处指“世界粮食计划署的宗旨之一”，且空格处在句中作定语，因此填whose。‎ ‎②(2015·安徽高考改编)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon________school education depends.‎ 解析：which　分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是skill，关系代词可用that或which，但depend upon (依靠，依赖，取决于)为固定短语，此处介词upon提前，而that不可以用在介词后，故填which。‎ ‎1．关系代词与关系副词的错用 ‎ 示例 ‎(2018·河北保定、唐山联考)This weekend, I will go to Peter's house, which a party is to be held, to celebrate Christmas with his family.答案：which→where 点拨 关系代词在从句中作主 语、宾语、表语和定语；关系副词在从句中作状语。‎ ‎2．that与which的错用 示例 ‎(2015·安徽高考改编) A coin is put into the cake, that signifies success in the New Year for the person who receives it.答案：that→which 点拨 在不定代词、最高级、序数词等后用that；在非限制性定语从句和介词后用which。‎ ‎3．which和whose的错用 ‎ 示例 ‎(2018·九江高三一模)The book, of whose the cover is broken is of great help to all of us. 答案：whose→which 点拨 在定语从句中，关系代词which在从句中常作主语或宾语，也可作定语，而whose只可作定语，“whose＋n.”相当于“the＋n.＋of which”或“of which＋the＋n.”。‎ ‎4．关系词的缺失 ‎ 示例 ‎(2018·吉林省吉大附中月考)From this experience I have learned that questioning can serve as a bridge helps us to seek the truth.答案：bridge后加that或which 点拨 认真分析句子成分，发现serve as 与 helps 之间没有连词连接，由此判断bridge 后是定语从句，先行词 bridge指物，在从句中做主语，故用that或which 引导定语从句。‎ ‎[增分技法]‎ ‎1．as作关系代词很有用。 ‎ 起初，我认为李老师有点怪，因为他总是问一些没人能回答的问题。‎ At first, I thought Mr. Li was kind of odd, because he was always asking such questions as no one could answer. ‎ ‎2．as, which引导非限制性定语从句。 ‎ ‎①‎ 我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。‎ I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately, which was why I was late that morning. ‎ ‎②正如一句谚语所说，“只工作不玩耍，聪明的孩子也变傻。”‎ As a saying goes, “All work but no play makes Jack a dull boy.”‎ ‎3．使用非限制性定语从句，是写出长的高级句子的最常用方法。‎ ‎①我们的学校，位于内乡西北角，有34年历史。‎ Our school, which is located in the northwest of Neixiang, has a history of thirtyfour years. ‎ ‎②我们学校里的老师，大多数都是三十多岁，把他们的一切都奉献给了我们。‎ The teachers of our school, most of whom are in their thirties, have devoted all their lives to us. ‎ ‎[巧用增分]‎ ‎①他不是这样一个把今天能做的事拖到明天做的人。(such a man, put off ...until tomorrow)‎ He_isn't_such_a_man_as_put_off_what_he_can_do_today_till_tomorrow.‎ ‎②正如图表所显示的那样，这个城市的空气质量在过去两年越来越糟。(as is shown in the chart, the air quality)‎ As_is_shown_in_the_chart,_the_air_quality_of_the_city_has_become_worse_and_worse_in_the_past_two_years.‎ ‎③在汉语演讲比赛中获得一等奖，这是我做梦也没有想到的。(win the first prize, Chinese speech competition, beyond my wildest dreams)‎ I_won_the_first_prize_in_the_Chinese_speech_competition,_which_was_beyond_my_wildest_dreams.‎ ‎[题点对点练] ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．Bob is in a hopeless situation, which we will keep a very close eye on.‎ ‎2．(2018·江西南昌调研)And when our bus drove through the city, suddenly those of us who were tired from the long journey were now energetic and excited.‎ ‎3．(2017·天津高考改编)My eldest son, whose_work takes him all over the world,‎ ‎ is in New York at the moment.‎ ‎4．(2018·江西省二次联考)Back to the gas station, I offered her the bag, which she gladly accepted.‎ ‎5．(2018·河南豫南九校质量考评)No one had tried to understand what the real problem was except the headmaster, who helped me out simply by listening and hugging.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．I have three foreign teachers, two of them are from Canada.them→whom或two前加and ‎2．(2018·河北石家庄联考)I'm writing to ask you to come and give a speech, that is on American country music.that→which ‎3．(2018·广东揭阳调研)I've been prepared for the coming entrance exam, that is vital for me and my future life.that→which ‎4．(2018·河南豫南九校质量考评)A blog will be opened on the website of our school, that aims to help students to communicate better. that→which ‎5．(2018·江西九江十校二联)After living at school, I found it helped me save time and learn what to get on with others._what→how ‎6．(2018·山西重点中学协作体一模)With the saying goes，“Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.”With→As Ⅲ.单句写作 ‎ ‎1．我们学校有四千多名学生，大多数都能用心学习。(the majority of, put one's heart into)‎ There_are_more_than_4,000_students_in_our_school,_the_majority_of_whom_put_their_hearts_into_their_studies.‎ ‎2．我为我们的学校而感到自豪。我相信，在这里，如果我们好好学习的话，一定会考上国内名牌大学。(be proud of, there is a good chance that, be admitted to)‎ I_am_proud_of_our_school,_where_I_am_sure_if_we_do_our_best,_there_is_a_good_chance_that_we_can_be_admitted_to_one_of_the_most_famous_universities_of_our_country.‎ ‎3．那个小学的许多学生，他们的父母远在大城市打工，不得不由他们的祖父母照看，而他们的祖父母许多连自己都照顾不了。(primary school, whose parents,‎ ‎ work as migrant workers, be taken care of, grandparents)‎ Many_students_of_the_primary_school,_whose_parents_are_working_as_migrant_workers_in_big_cities_far_away,_have_to_be_taken_care_of_by_their_grandparents,_many_of_whom_can_hardly_take_care_of_themselves.‎ ‎[题型综合练] ‎ Ⅰ.语法填空 ‎ ‎(2018·河北衡水中学模拟)Have you ever had a case __1__ a mistake helped you understand an idea or a skill? For me, it was sailing. I took a sailing class when I was in high school. No matter how many times I read the __2__ (explain), I could not understand the difference between a “tack” and a “jibe” — two methods of turning a boat — one much __3__ (safe) than the other. Later, one day, when I was sailing, a heavy wind blew up. We needed to head back, __4__ I mistook the “tack” for the “jibe” and pushed the boat in the wrong direction. Before I realized __5__ (I) mistake, it was late. Luckily, no one __6__ (hurt). Only after this experience did I __7__ (clear) understand the sailing phrase “turning on the wind” that I ___8__ (read) so many times in the textbook. I never confused a “jibe” with “tack” again! Now I often share this story __9__ my students after they have made mistakes. I hope they can learn something from their mistakes and correct them instead of __10__ (regret) all day. ‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者通过一次航海经历才领悟到“tack”与“jibe”的区别。‎ ‎1．where　先行词是case，定语从句中关系词作地点状语，故用关系副词where。‎ ‎2．explanation(s)　由空格前的定冠词the可知此处需用名词形式。explanation是可数名词，再根据“how many times”也可用其复数形式。‎ ‎3．safer　根据句中的“than”可知此处应用比较级形式。‎ ‎4．but　前后两个分句之间为转折关系，故填but。 ‎ ‎5．my　修饰名词mistake应用形容词性物主代词作定语。‎ ‎6．was hurt　此处叙述的是过去发生的事，且“no one”与hurt之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。‎ ‎7．clearly　修饰动词understand应用副词形式。‎ ‎8．had read　从句动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，因此表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。‎ ‎9．with　share sth. with sb.“与某人分享某物”。‎ ‎10．regretting　介词of后应用动名词形式。‎ Ⅱ.短文改错 ‎(2018·河南、河北、山西考前质检)Nowadays more and more parents paid great attention to which school their children should be sent. The more famous the school is, the great desire the parents have it to send their children there. This also gives the school authorities great pressures on meeting the need of academic levels. On the one hand, the school wants very much to maintain it's popularity of high academic achievements, when on the other hand, they have to face the reality of the differences in their pupils. In this case, some schools choose to stream our pupils into different types according to their grades.And most schools still teach students in a traditional way, mixedability teaching methods, what has aroused some interest of education researchers.‎ 答案：第一句：paid→pay; sent后加to 第二句：great→greater; 去掉it 第三句：pressures→pressure 第四句：it's→its; when→while 第五句：our→their 第六句：And→But; what→which