2020届二轮复习阅读理解分类训练社会篇

2020届二轮复习阅读理解分类训练社会篇

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解分类训练社会篇 ‎ (11)‎ Right is right. Right? Of course. But is left wrong? Well, the Romans used to think so. They thought left-handed people were mistakes of nature. Latin, the language of the Romans, had many words that expressed this view. Some words we use today still have this meaning. The Latin word “dexter” means “right”. The English word “dexterous” comes from this word. It means “handy” (clever with hands). So, right is handy. But the Latin word for left is “sinister”. The English word “sinister” comes from this word. Sinister means “evil” (very bad). Is it fair to call right-handed people handy and left-handed people evil? Well, fair or not, many languages have words that express such beliefs. In old English, the word for left means “weak”. That isn’t much of an improvement over “evil”.‎ ‎ Not very long ago, children were often forced to write with their right hands. Doctors have since found that this can be very harmful. You should use the hand you were born to use.‎ People who use their left hands are just starting to get better treatment. But why they get all these bad names in the first place? One reason may be that there are not as many left-handed people as there are right-handed people. There is one left-handed person for every five right-handed ones. People who are different are often thought to be wrong. But attitudes do seem to be changing. Fair-minded right-handed people are finally starting to give left-handed people a hand.‎ ‎1. What does the passage lead us to believe when one writes?‎ A. He can only use his right hand.‎ B. He can only use his left hand.‎ C. He can use either his left hand or his right hand.‎ D. He can use both his left hand and his right hand.‎ ‎2. The last sentence of this article means ________.‎ A. Fair-minded right-handed people want to change the habit of the left-handed people B. Fair-minded right-handed people are starting to help the left-handed people C. Fair-minded right-handed people are starting to use left hand to write and so on D. Fair-minded right-handed people are starting to give up using their left hands ‎3. After we read the article we can certainly know that _______.‎ A. left-handed people have been treated poorly B. the number of the left-handed people is larger than that of right-handed people C. right-handed people are much cleverer than left-handed people D. left-handed people are less smart but hardworking ‎4. Which of the following is NOT right, according to the article?‎ A. At one time, left-handed people were forced to use their right hands.‎ B. Left-handed people today are being treated better than those in the past.‎ C. There are not as many left-handed people as there are right-handed people today.‎ D. “Dexterous” comes from Latin, means “evil” and English “sinister” means “handy”.‎ ‎(1—4 CBAD) ‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文介绍人们对left-handed与right-handed不同的看法和态度。‎ ‎1. C。推断题。根据文章第2段最后一句医生的建议You should use the hand you were born to use可推知此题的答案为C。‎ ‎2. B。根据短语give sb a hand 的意思是“帮某人的忙”，可推知此题的答案为B。‎ ‎3. A。推断题。根据文章第1段对left的解释及第2段第1句讲强迫小孩用右手，可推知此题答案为A。‎ ‎4. D。细节题。根据文章第1段中的 The Latin word “dexter” means “right”. The English word “dexterous” comes from this word. It means “handy” (clever with hands). So, right is handy. But the Latin word for left is “sinister”. The English word “sinister” comes from this word. Sinister means “evil” (very bad) 可推知此题答案为D。‎ ‎(12)‎ The Internet has led to a huge increase in credit-card (信用卡) fraud. Your card information could even be for sale in an illegal web site(非法网站). ‎ Web sites offering cheap goods and services should be regarded with care. ‎ On-line shoppers who enter their credit-card information may never receive the goods they thought they bought. The thieves then go shopping with your card number — or sell the information over the Internet. Computers hackers(黑客) have broken down security(安全) systems, raising questions about the safety of cardholder information. Several months ago, 25, 000 customers of CD Universe, an on-line music retailer(零售商), were not lucky. Their names, addresses and credit-card numbers were posted on a Web site after the retailer refused to pay US $157, 828 to get back the information.‎ Credit-card firms are now fighting against on-line fraud. Mastercard is working on plans for Web — only credit card, with a lower credit limit. The card could be used only for shopping on-line. However, there are a few simple steps you can take to keep from being cheated(欺骗).‎ Ask about your credit-card firm’s on-line rules: Under British law, cardholders have to pay the first US $78 of any fraudulent(欺骗性的) spending.‎ And shop only at secure sites; Send your credit-card information only if the Web site offers advanced secure system.‎ If the security is in place, a letter will appear in the bottom right-hand corner of your screen. The Website address may also start https: //—the extra “s” stands for secure. If in doubt, give your credit-card information over the telephone.‎ Keep your password(密码) safe: Most on-line sites require a user name and password before placing an order. Treat your passwords with care.‎ ‎1. What do most people worry about the Internet according to this passage?‎ A. A lot of stolen credit-cards were sold on the Internet.‎ B. Fraud on the Internet. ‎ C. Many Web sites are destroyed. ‎ D. Many illegal Web sites are on the Internet.‎ ‎2. What is the meaning of “fraud”?‎ A. Cheating. B. Sale. C. Payment. D. Safety.‎ ‎3. How can the thieves get the information of the credit card?‎ A. The customers give them the information.‎ B. The thieves steal the information from Web sites.‎ C. The customers sell the information to them.‎ D. The thieves buy the information from credit-card firms.‎ ‎4. How many pieces of advice does the passage give to you?‎ A. Four. B. Three. C. Five. D. Six.‎ ‎5. You are shopping on the site: http: // www. Shopping. com, and you want to buy a TV set, what does this article suggest to do?‎ A. Order the TV set at once. ‎ B. Do not buy the TV set on this site.‎ C. E-mail the site your credit-card information.‎ D. Tell the site your password and buy the TV set for you.‎ ‎(1—5 BABAB)　　‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文介绍了网上黑客人员盗用信用卡资料进行欺骗的行为以及我们该怎样防卫的措施。‎ ‎1. B。推断题。根据文章第1段第1句(因特网已导致使用信用卡欺骗行为大量增加)可推知此题答案为B。‎ ‎2.‎ ‎ A。词义猜测题。根据第1段第2句(你的卡上资料可能会在网上非法出售)和第4段最后一句(可采用下列步骤防止受欺骗)可推知此题答案为A。‎ ‎3. B。推断题。根据文章第2段的提醒(当心那些提供便宜商品或服务的网址)可推知此题答案为B。也可采用排除法：根据文章内容，排除A和C(并且此两项也不合情理)；根据文章第4段第1句可知选项D也不正确。因此选B。‎ ‎4. A。细节题。根据对文章第五、六、七、八段的归纳可推知此题的答案为A。‎ ‎5. B。细节题。根据文章倒数第2段中的说明：安全的网址应在电脑的右下角有一个小字母，或在网址中有一个字母S，而问题中的网址中没有字母S，从而可推知此题答案为B。‎ ‎(13)‎ ‎“Congratulations, Mr. Jones, it’s a girl.” ‎ Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and bring forth a different answer from every man who hears these words. Some feel proud when they receive the news, while others worry, wondering whether they will be good fathers. Although there are some men who like children and may have had considerable experience with them, others do not particularly care for children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time. For other couples, pregnancy(怀孕) was an accident that both husband and wife have accepted willingly or unwillingly. ‎ Whatever the reaction to the birth of a child, it is obvious that the change from the role of husband to that of father is a difficult task. Yet, unfortunately, few attempts have been made to educate fathers in this re-socialization process. Although many good books have been written about American mothers, only recently have some books discussed the role of a father. ‎ It is argued by some writers that the transition to the father’s role, although difficult, is not nearly as great as the transition the wife must make to the mother’s role. The mother’s role seems to require a complete transformation of daily routine and adaptation to a new life, on the other hand, the father’s role is less demanding and immediate. However, even though we have mentioned the fact that growing numbers of women are working outside the home, the father is still thought by many as the breadwinner in the household. ‎ ‎1. According to the author, being a father _______.‎ A. brings a feeling of excitement to some men B. has a different meaning for those who have daughters C. makes some men feel proud and others uneasy ‎ D. means nothing but more responsibilities. ‎ ‎2. It is stated in the passage that ________.‎ A. some parents are not prepared to have a child ‎ B. young couples do not like children at all ‎ C. working couples do not have much time to take care of their children ‎ D. many parents look forward to having a boy as their first child ‎3. The transition to the mother’s role requires that the wife _______.‎ A. changes her life style in a quite different way B. makes a complete change in her everyday life to deal with the new situation ‎ C. stays at home to take care of the baby D. helps her husband in his re-socialization process ‎4. Some writers argue that with respect to the change of roles, fathers, compared with mothers, _______.‎ A. have to do more in the household ‎ B. have to make more difficult adaptations C. have an easier job to do ‎ D. can usually do a better job ‎(1—4 CABC)‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文主要讲述从丈夫的角色转换到父亲的角色是一个很难的过程。‎ ‎1. C。细节题。根据文章第2段第2句Some feel proud when they receive the news, while others worry 可推知此题答案为C。‎ ‎2. A。细节题。根据文章第2段最后一句pregnancy(怀孕) was an accident that both husband and wife have accepted willingly or unwillingly可推知此题答案为A。‎ ‎3. B。细节题。根据文章最后一段第2句 The mother’s role seems to require a complete transformation of daily routine and adaptation to a new life可推知此题答案为B。‎ ‎4. C。细节题。根据文章最后一段第1句although difficult, is not nearly as great as the transition the wife must make to the mother’s role可推知此题答案为C。‎ ‎(14)‎ Industrial pollution is not only a problem for the countries of Europe and North America but also an extremely serious problem in some developing countries. For these countries, economic growth is a very important aim. They want to introduce industries, and so they put few controls on the industries which cause pollution. ‎ Cubatao, an industrial town of 85 000 people in Brazil, is an example of the connection between industrial development and pollution. In 1954, Cubatao had no industry. Today it has more than twenty large factories, which produce many pollutants(污染物). The people of the town are suffering from the poisonous matter in their environment and ‎ the bad effects can be clearly seen. Birth shortcomings are extremely common. Among children and adults, lung problems are sometimes twelve times more common in Cubatao than in other places. ‎ It is true that Brazil, like many other countries, has laws against pollution, but these laws are not enforced strictly enough. It is cheaper for companies to take no notice of the laws and pay the fines(罚款) than to buy the expensive equipment that will reduce the pollution. It is clear, therefore, that economic growth is more important to the government than to the health of the workers. However, the responsibility(责任) does not completely lie with the Brazilian government. The example of Cubatao shows that international companies are not acting in a responsible way either. A number of the factories in the town are owned by large companies from France, Italy, and the U. S. They are doing things in Brazil that they would not be able to do at home. If they caused the same amount of pollution at home, they would be severely(严厉地) punished or even put out of business. ‎ ‎1. Why don’t developing countries have strict pollution controls?‎ A. The new industries they want to introduce do not cause much pollution. ‎ B. Pollution is not a serious problem for developing countries. ‎ C. They don’t realize the balance of nature will be destroyed by some pollutants. ‎ D. If they put stricter controls on industry, fewer companies would build new plants in developing countries. ‎ ‎2. What is the author’s purpose in taking Cubatao as an example?‎ A. To show that industry can develop very fast in developing countries. ‎ B. To show that the pollution problem in Brazil is extremely serious. ‎ C. To show that industrial growth can cause pollution problems for developing countries. ‎ D. To show that pollution is killing many people and destroying the whole economy of Brazil. ‎ ‎3. How is the health of the population of Cubatao?‎ A. There are more heart diseases among people who live near chemical factories. ‎ B. More people suffer from lung diseases because of poisonous matter. ‎ C. Their health is affected by pollutants the same way as that of other Brazilians. ‎ D. Babies there are found not as bright as those who live in other places. ‎ ‎4. Why do some foreign companies like to set up their plants in Brazil?‎ A. The investment(投资) environment in Brazil is suitable for them. ‎ B. They will not be severely punished if they cause pollution in Brazil. ‎ C. They can make much money because they do not have to pay Brazilian workers much. ‎ D. They can act in an irresponsible(不负责任的) way in Brazil because there are no pollution laws there. ‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文论述了一些国家为了发展工业而忽视了环境污染这一严重问题。‎ ‎1. D。推断题。根据文章第1段最后一句 they want to introduce industries, and so they put few controls on the industries which cause pollution可推知此题答案为D。‎ ‎2. C。推断题。根据文章第2段第1句an example of the connection between industrial development and pollution可推知此题答案为C。‎ ‎3. B。细节题。根据文章第2段最后一句Among children and adults, lung problems are sometimes twelve times more common in Cubatao than in other places可推知此题答案为B。‎ ‎4. B。推断题。根据文章第3段最后一句If they caused the same amount of pollution at home, they would be severely(严厉地) punished or even put out of business可推知此题答案为B。‎ ‎(15)‎ How many men do housework? Recently a European commission(委员会) tried to find out people’s ideas and reactions to the women’s movement. As part of their survey(调查), they asked many men and women the question, “Who does the housework?” The men answered very differently from the women! ‎ The housework they asked people about was: preparing meals, washing dishes, cleaning the house and babysitting. 48% of British husbands said they did these things. 37% of Danish(丹麦的) men helped in the house. But only 15% of Italian men said they did the housework; many of them said they never helped at all! ‎ But there was an interesting point of view from the wives. According to British wives, only 38% of their husbands helped in the house. And Italian wives said that their husbands hardly ever helped. The Italian and British men did not tell the truth! The Commission found that Danish men were the most truthful husbands; their answers were the same as their wives’ answers. ‎ Do the men you know help in the house? Do you think the s urvey gives a true picture in your experience? Write and tell us what you think. ‎ ‎1. The survey was carried out in _______. ‎ A. Britain B. Italy C. Denmark D. Europe ‎ ‎2. The subject for the survey is_______. ‎ A. how many boys do the housework?‎ B. who does the housework at home ‎ C. how many women do the housework?‎ D. who are more diligent, wives or husbands ‎ ‎3. From the passage we can see that _______.‎ A. there are more husbands who did the housework than wives ‎ B. husbands do half of the housework all the time ‎ C. there are more wives who do the housework than husbands ‎ D. wives do almost all the housework at home ‎ ‎4. More _______ husbands help in the house than _______ husbands.‎ A. British; Danish B. Italian; Danish ‎ C. Danish; British D. Italian; British ‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文公布了欧洲委员会为了了解人们对女权运动的想法以及对“谁做家务活”这一调查反应。‎ ‎1. D。推断题。根据文章第1段第2句…a European Commission(委员会) tried to find out people’s ideas and reactions to the women’s movement及所调查的地方可知此题的答案为D。‎ ‎2. B。细节题。根据文章第1段倒数第2句…they asked many men and women the question, “Who does the housework?” 可推知此题的答案为B。‎ ‎3. C。推断题。根据文章中所显示的调查结果：British 48%(实际上是38%)、Danish 37%、Italian 15%可推知此题的答案为C。‎ ‎4. A。推断题。根据文章所显示的调查结果：British 48%(实际上是38%)、 Danish 37%可推知此题答案为A。‎ ‎(16)‎ Many immigrants(移民) to the United States find the decision to seek better lives for their families in America can have an unexpected and tragic consequence(后果). Deep differences with their children develop over language and culture.‎ ‎“Many immigrants arrive here without much education. Their kids ‎ soon gain language skills and also street marts(耍时髦) on how to live in America, leaving the parents at a disadvantage,” Ileana , Roses, pastor of a Methodist church group operating in Virginia, said.‎ ‎“Not only that but they find they cannot relate to children who quickly absorb American culture,” she said.‎ According to the US Census Bureau(人口调查局), the number of foreign born or first generation Americans reached 55 million last year, a record one in five of the total population.‎ A government survey of 922 immigrants in 2000 found that nearly 40 percent of those who had been in the United States for more than 15 years would still like to take English classes if they had the time.‎ Two thirds of low income households depended on their children for translation.‎ Psychologists(心理学家) and sociologists say parents can lose their position of authority(权威) in a family as a result and the effects of that can be far-reaching.‎ Children exposed to American pop culture that glorifies(颂扬) youth and sexuality(性感) often rebel when their parents try to impose the conservative values they brought with them.‎ ‎“Americanization erodes(侵蚀) all important aspects of parenting,” said Richard Weissbourd, who teaches education at Harvard University.‎ ‎“I feel a part of me is dying with my children. They don’t listen to my ‎ music. I have to play it on Sunday morning when they are not around,” said an immigrant.‎ ‎1. What troubles the immigrant parents most is ___________.‎ A. that they can’t understand the English language B. that they lose their position of authority in their families C. that their children have lost sense of their own national values D. how they can master the English language as soon as possible ‎2. From the passage we can infer that the population of the states at present is about____.‎ A. 275 million B. 220 million C. 255 million D. smaller than 250 million ‎3. Which of the following is true according to the passage?‎ A. All the immigrants had expected the troubles they would meet before they went to the US.‎ B. Two thirds of immigrant families are low income households.‎ C. American culture shows a spirit against conservative social and cultural values.‎ D. American pop culture puts the immigrant families at a disadvantage.‎ ‎4. Which of the following is probably the title of the report?‎ A. The Result of the US Census B. The Differences Between Parents and Children in the US C. The Troubles of the American Immigrants D. Role Reversal(颠倒) Troubles Many Parents and Children ‎【答案与解析】本文讲述了美国移民父辈和子女间因文化差异所导致的代沟。‎ ‎1. B。细节题。可从 Psychologists(心理学家) and sociologists say parents can lose their position of authority(权威) in a family as a result and the effects of that can be far-reaching 中找出答案。‎ ‎2. A。细节题。根据the number of foreign born or first generation Americans reached 55 million last year, a record one in five the total population 我们可以列出下面的算式：55,000,000×5=275,000,000。‎ ‎3. C。细节题。根据Children exposed to American pop culture that glorifies(颂扬) youth and sexuality(性感) often rebel when their parents try to impose the conservative values they brought with them 可得出答案。‎ ‎4. C。主旨题。纵览全文，可以得出答案。‎ ‎(17)‎ The U.S. Department of Labor statistics(统计) show that there is an oversupply of college trained workers and that this oversupply is increasing. Already there have been more than enough teachers, engineers, physicists, aerospace experts, and other specialists. Yet colleges and graduate schools continue every year to turn out highly trained people to compete for jobs that aren’t there. The result is that graduates cannot enter the professions for which they were trained and must take temporary jobs which do not require a college degree.‎ On the other hand, there is a great need for skilled workers of all sorts: carpenters, electricians, mechanics, plumbers, TV repairmen. These people have more work than they can deal with, and their annual incomes are often higher than those of college graduates. The old gap ‎ that white —collar workers make a better living than blue collar workers no longer holds true. The law of supply and demand now favors the skilled workmen. ‎ The reason for this situation is the traditional myth that college degree is a passport to a prosperous future. A large part of American society matches success in life equally with a college degree. Parents begin indoctrinating(灌输) their children with this myth before they are out of grade school. High school teachers play their part by acting as if high school education were a preparation for college rather than for life. Under this pressure the kids fall in line. Whether they want to go to college or not doesn’t matter. Everybody should go to college, so of course they must go. And every year college enrollments(入学) go up and up, and more and more graduates are overeducated for the kinds of jobs available to them.‎ One result of this emphasis on a college education is that many people go to college who do not belong there. Of the sixty percent of high school graduates who enter college, half of them do not graduate with their class. Many of them drop out within the first year. Some struggle on for two or three years and then give up. ‎ ‎1. It’s implied but not stated in the passage that _______.‎ ‎ A. many other countries are facing the same problem ‎ B. white-collar workers in the US used to make more money than blue-collar workers ‎ C. fewer students will prefer to go to college in the future ‎ D. the law of supply and demand has a strong effect on American higher education ‎2. Which of the following is NOT a reason why college enrollments go up every year？ ‎ A. Many people believe that the only way to success is a college education.‎ ‎ B. Many parents want their children to go to college.‎ ‎ C. High school teachers urge their students to go to college.‎ ‎ D. Every young man and woman wants to go to college.‎ ‎3. By saying that “many people go to college who do not belong there”, the author means that _______.‎ ‎ A. many people who are not fit for college education go to college ‎ B. many people who do not have enough money go to college ‎ C. many people who go to college drop out within the first year ‎ D. many people who go to college have their hopes destroyed ‎4. We can infer from the passage that the author believes that _______.‎ ‎ A. every young man and woman should go to college ‎ B. college education is a bad thing ‎ C. people with a college education should receive higher pay ‎ D. fewer people should go to college while more should be trained for skilled jobs ‎【答案解析】本文通过调查分析告诉人们要改变传统观念应首先考虑选择技术工作的培训—因为它人才 缺乏，待遇更高。‎ ‎1. B。推断题。阅读全文可知 A、C 原文没有提到，D 在原文已明确提到，再根据 The old gap that white-collar workers make a better living than blue collar workers no longer holds true. The law of supply and demand now favors the skilled workmen 可推知在人们的眼中，白领工人以前比蓝领工人赚钱多，故 B 为正确选项。‎ ‎2. D。细节题。根据 Whether they want to go to college or not doesn’t matter. Everybody should go to college, so of course they must go 可知上大学不是出于学生本意，而是出于父母及学校等方面的压力，可见 D 不是大学入学人数增加的原因。‎ ‎3. A。推断题。 根据最后一段 Of the sixty percent of high school graduates who enter college, half of them do not graduate with their class. Many of them drop out within the first year. Some struggle on for two or three years and then give up 可知作者列举了三种情况，说明有些人不适合大学教育，故选A。‎ ‎4. D。推断题。阅读全文可知作者通过调查告诉人们大学教育人才过多，而技术工人又非常缺乏，因而待遇反而更高；接着又分析了造成这种状况的传统观念；最后还谈到了很多上了大学却因种种原因无法完成学业，所有这些都在暗示人们上大学的人应该减少，而参加技术工作培训的人应该增多，故选D。‎ ‎(18)‎ Work is a very important part of life in the United States. When the early Protestant immigrants(新教徒移民) came to this country, they brought the idea that work was the way to God and heaven. This attitude, the Protestant Work Ethic(道德规范), still influences America today. Work is not only important for economic benefits, the salary, but also for social and psychological needs, the feeling of doing something for the good of the society. Americans spend most of their lives working, being productive. For most Americans, their work defines(给…下定义) them: they are what they do. What happens then, when a person can no longer work? Almost all Americans stop working at age sixty-five or seventy and retire. Because work is such an important part of life in this culture, retirement can be very difficult. Retirees often feel that they are useless and unproductive. Of course, some people are happy to retire; but leaving one’s job, whatever it is, is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring. Many retirees do not know how to use their time or they feel lost without their jobs. Retirements can also bring ‎ financial problems. Many people rely on Social Security checks every month. During their working years, employees contribute a certain percentage of their salaries to the government. Each employer also gives a certain percentage to the government. When people retire, they receive this money as income. These checks do not provide enough money to live on, however, because prices are increasing very rapidly. Senior citizens, those over sixty-five, have to have savings in the bank or other retirement plans to make ends meet. The rate of inflation(通货膨胀) is forcing prices higher each year; Social Security checks alone cannot cover these growing expenses. The government offers some assistance(补助), Medicare(health care)and welfare(general assistance), but many senior citizens have to change their life styles after retirement. They have to spend carefully to be sure that they can afford to buy food, fuel and other necessities.‎ Of course, many senior citizens are happy with retirement. They have time to spend with their families or enjoy their hobbies. Some continue to work part time, others do volunteer(志愿) work. Some, like those in the Retired Business Executives Association, even help young, people to get started in new business. Many retired citizens also belong to “Golden Age” groups. These organizations plan trips and social events. There are many chances for retirees. ‎ American society is only beginning to be concerned about the special physical and emotional needs of its senior citizens. The government is taking steps to ease the problem of limited income. They are building new housing, offering discounts(折扣) in stores and museums and on buses, and providing other services such as free courses, food service, and help with housework. Retired citizens are a rapidly growing percentage of the population. This part of the population is very important and we must meet their needs. After all, every citizen will be a senior citizen some day.‎ ‎1. The author believes that work first became important to Americans because of _______.‎ A. religion B. economy C. psychology D. family ‎2. The passage is mainly about _______.‎ A. money and check B. senior and junior C. work and retirement D. Protestants and Americans ‎3. When Americans stop work, it’s difficult for them to _______.‎ A. get Social Security checks B. feel productive C. enjoy themselves D. be religious ‎4. The author mentions _______ examples of the government' steps to ease the problem of limited income.‎ A. two B. four C. five D. three ‎【答案解析】本文介绍了美国人退休前对工作的热爱和退休后所碰到的种种困难及政府对此所采取的措施。‎ ‎1. A。细节题。根据 When the early Protestant immigrants came to this country, they brought the idea that work was the way to God and heaven 可知工作与宗教有关，故选 A。‎ ‎2. C。主旨题。阅读全文得知本文讲述了人们对工作的热爱和退休时人们的各种态度，故选 C。‎ ‎3. B。细节题。根据Retirees often feel that they are useless and unproductive 可知退休者的感受是无用和无法再产出，故选 B。‎ ‎4. D。细节题。根据最后一段 The government is taking steps to ease the problem of limited income. They are building new housing, offering discounts in stores and museums and on buses, and providing other services such as free courses, food service, and help with housework 可知作者列举了 3 个例子，故选 D。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(19)‎ Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale(小规模地), faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little hope of raising the money needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance(资金), they are generally unwilling to provide money, for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share(股份) in the business in exchange for a share in future interests. This they do by issuing(发行) stocks(股票) and shares in the business through the Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation(流通) the savings of single persons and institutions, both at home and abroad.‎ When the saver(储蓄者) needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead he sells his shares through a stockbroker(证券经纪人) to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.‎ Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the government or by local organizations. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones and railways, this country could not work. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than it is raised through taxes alone. The government, local organizations and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance(给…提供资金) major capital spending, and they, too, come to the Stock Exchange.‎ There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another his new ‎ money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.‎ ‎1. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is _______.‎ A. exchanged for part ownership in the Stock Exchange B. raised by the selling of shares in the companies C. repaid to its original owners as soon as possible D. invested in different companies in the Stock Exchange ‎2. All the basic services on which we depend are _______.‎ A. unable to provide for the needs of the population B. financed wholly by rates and taxes C. in constant need of financial support D. run by the government or local organizations ‎3. The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the government, local organizations and nationalized industries _______.‎ A. to make certain everybody saves money B. to borrow as much money as they wish C. to make certain everybody lends money to them D. to raise money to finance new development ‎4. The underlined word invest probably means _______.‎ A. give more money with B. provide less money with C. borrow less money with D. make more money with ‎【答案解析】本文分析了股票产生的根源及它的好处。‎ ‎1. B。细节题。根据 This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through the Stock Exchange 可知那些公司运行的方法是通过出售股票来筹资，故选 B。‎ ‎2. C。细节题。根据第 3 段的内容及关键句The government, local organizations and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to the Stock Exchange 可知所有的基础设施也不断需要金融资助，故选 C。‎ ‎3. D。细节题。根据 There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance 可知股票交易所能为政府、当地组织及国家产业提供新的发展而需要的资金，故选 D。‎ ‎4. D。词义猜测题。根据 Instead he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money 这句话可推知原来股票持有者只有通过股票交易所把股票卖给那些寻找赚钱的人，由此得知 D 为正确答案。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(20)‎ As the saying goes, nothing succeeds like success. People like to deal with a successful person. Why? You see there must be a reason why the person has achieved success. And most obviously it is because he is expert at what he is doing. ‎ When given a chance, people would deal with the best. Naturally, the best way to produce a success is to do a lot of work. Your achievement and the fame it leads to will make it known to the public how good you really are. People will know this by your completed record or simply by recognizing it upon seeing you in action. Just as it becomes quite obvious that a man is a full-time tennis player when you see him play on the tennis court, it will become obvious that you are skilled in your work when people see you do your work. But many other image building ways are practical in producing a success image, as will be discussed in the following…‎ ‎1. People like to deal with a successful person probably because _______. ‎ A. they hope to know the secret of being successful B. they don’t believe what he has achieved C. they are eager to show respect to him D. they feel uncertain if he is an expert ‎2. How can we know how good a person is at his work?‎ A. Work with him. ‎ B. Study how he has achieved success. ‎ C. Just look at him doing his work. ‎ D. Watch him playing tennis on the tennis court. ‎ ‎3. The passage mainly tells that _____. ‎ A. success image may come after success B. people like to deal with a successful person C. there are many image building ways D. success image is or has been built in one’s work ‎(1—3 ACB)‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文列举了人们对于成功的热衷态度，说明人们想学到成功的经验以便成功。‎ ‎1. A。细节题。根据文章第 1 段倒数第 2 句 …there must be a reason why the person has achieved success 可推知此题答案为 A。‎ ‎2. C。推断题。根据文章第 2 段第 4 句 People will know this by your completed record or simply by recognizing it upon seeing you in action 可推知此题答案为 C。‎ ‎3. B。主旨题。根据文章第 1 段第 2 句 People like to deal with successful person 及全文内容可推知此题答案为 B。‎ ‎(21)‎ For more than six million American children, coming home after ‎ school means coming home to an empty house. Some deal with the situation by watching TV. Some may hide. But all of them have something in common. They spend part of each day alone. They are called latchkey children. They’re children who look after themselves while their parents work. And their bad condition has become a subject of concern. ‎ Lynette Long was once the headmaster of an elementary school. She said, “We had a school rule against wearing jewelry. A lot of kids had chains around their necks with keys attached. I was constantly telling them to put them inside shirts. There were so many keys, it never came to my mind what they meant.” Slowly, she learned they were house keys. ‎ She and her husband began talking to the children who had them. They learned of the impact(影响) working couples and single parents were having on their children. Fear is the biggest problem faced by children at home alone. One in each three latchkey children the Longs talked to reported being scared. Many had nightmares and were worried about their own safety. ‎ The most common way latchkey children deal with their fears is by hiding. It might be in a shower stall, under a bed in a closet. The second is TV. They’ll often play it at high volume. It’s hard to get statistics(情况, 材料)on latchkey children, the Longs learned. Most parents are slow to admit they leave their children alone. ‎ ‎1. The main idea about “latchkey children” is that they _______. ‎ A. are growing in numbers ‎ B. are also found in middle-class neighborhoods C. watch too much television during the day ‎ D. suffer problems from being left alone ‎2. Which sentence in the second paragraph is the topic sentence?‎ A. We had a school rule against wearing jewelry. ‎ B. A lot of kids had chains around their necks. ‎ C. I was constantly telling them to put inside their shirts. ‎ D. They were house keys. ‎ ‎3. The main feeling these children have when they are at home by themselves is _______. ‎ A. tiredness B. freedom C. loneliness D. fear ‎4. We may draw a conclusion that _______. ‎ A. latchkey children enjoy having such a large amount of time alone B. latchkey children try to hide their feeling C. latchkey children often watch TV with their parents D. it’s difficult to find out how many latchkey children there are ‎(1—4 DDDD)‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文介绍了美国一些“钥匙儿童”的生活情况这一社会问题。‎ ‎1. D。主旨题。根据文章第 1 段第 5 句 They spend part of each day alone 及全文内容可推知此题答案为 D。‎ ‎2. D。推断题。因为全文讲述的都是一些有关“钥匙儿童”的情况，再根据文章第 2 段最后一句 Slowly, she learned they were house keys 可推知此题答案为 D。‎ ‎3. D。细节题。根据文章第 3 段第 3 句 Fear is the biggest problem faced by children at home alone 可推知此题答案为 D。‎ ‎4. D。推断题。根据文章最后一段倒数第 2 句 It’s hard to get statistics(情况, 材料) on latchkey children, the Longs learned 可推知此题答案为 D。‎ ‎(22)‎ A businessman must keep records of the money he takes in and the money he spends. The work of keeping such records is called bookkeeping. The work of deciding how the records should be set up is called accounting. An accountant also finds out, by studying the records, whether or not a business is doing well. The accountant must know many things about the business.‎ Suppose a man owns a small clothing store, he keeps records that show that he spent money for newspaper advertising and for suits, shirts, shoes, and neckties to sell to his customers. He had to pay a young man to help him in the store. He also paid rent and had other expenses. ‎ At the end of the year, he must take an inventory. That is, he counts how many pieces of clothing he has on hand. Then he must find out exactly how many he sold, how much money he took in, and how much money he spent in running the business. If he took in more than he spent, he made a profit for the year. If he spent more than he took in, he suffered a loss. He depends on his store accounting records to get all this information.‎ The owner of a small clothing store can keep records without much trouble. But a big oil company or a big bank has many difficult accounting problems. The company must know how much money is to be paid by its debtors and how much it owes other companies for supplies. It must know how much it has lost in depreciation, or wear and tear of its equipment. All of this information must be kept in the company’s accounts. Big companies employ many accountants.‎ After a company’s accountants finish their yearly count, their work must be officially examined. Experts from outside company double-check the records to be sure the accounts are correct.‎ ‎1. According to the passage, a clothing store owner needs to keep records of the money he spends for ______.‎ A. clothing only B. newspaper advertising ‎ C. all necessary expenses D. housing ‎2. After taking an inventory, if the owner found that he had got more money than he had spent, he made _______.‎ A. a profit B. a loss C. an income D. an interest ‎3. A small store owner can usually keep records _______.‎ A. with difficulty B. easily ‎ C. without any help D. without working ‎4. In big companies, after the accountants finish the yearly count, _______.‎ A. the work will be well done B. no one will check it C. the records will be finished D. experts will check the records ‎(1—4 CABD)‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文介绍了企业内部管理的原理和必要性。‎ ‎1. C。推断题。根据文章第二、三段可推知此题答案为 C。‎ ‎2. A。细节题。根据文章第 3 段倒数第 3 句 If he took in more than he spent, he made a profit for the year 可推知此题答案为 A。‎ ‎3. B。推断题。根据文章第 4 段第 1 句 The owner of a small clothing store can keep records without much trouble 可推知此题答案为 B。‎ ‎4. D。细节题。根据文章最后一句 Experts from outside company double-check the records to be sure the accounts are correct 可推知此题答案为 D。‎ ‎(23)‎ Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.‎ Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, where as if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary(当代的) societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more ‎ illnesses than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often “go on welfare” if they have a serious illness.‎ When older people become senile (衰老的) or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent (疗养的) hospitals have been built. These are often profit making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions are good, most of them are simply “dumping (倒垃圾的) grounds” for the dying in which “care” is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under skilled personnel.‎ ‎1. The author believes that the population explosion results from _______.‎ A. an increase in birthrates B. the industrial development C. a decrease in death rates D. human beings’ cultural advances ‎ ‎2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures _______.‎ A. it was a moral responsibility for the families to keep alive the aged people who could not work B. the survival of infants was less important than that of their parents in times of starvation C. old people were given the task of imparting the cultural wisdom of the tribe to new generations D. death was celebrated as a time of rejoicing for an individual freed of the hardships of life ‎ ‎3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the old people in the United States is true?‎ A. Many of them live on social security money which is hardly enough.‎ B. Minority of them remain in a state of near poverty after their retirement.‎ C. When they reach a certain age, compulsory retirement is necessary and beneficial.‎ D. With the growing inflation, they must suffer more from unbearable burdens than ever.‎ ‎4. The phrase “this need” in paragraph 3 refers to ________. ‎ A. prolonging the dying old people’s lives B. reducing the problems caused by the retired people C. making profits through caring for the sick or weak people D. taking care of the sick or weak people ‎5. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward most of the nursing homes and convalescent hospitals?‎ A. Sympathetic. B. Approving. C. Optimistic. D. Critical.‎ ‎(1—5 CBADD)‎ ‎ 【答案与解析】本文分析了人口增长的真正原因及美国的老年人问题。‎ ‎1. C。细节题。根据文章第 1 段最后一句 …it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion 可推知此题答案为 C。‎ ‎2. B。推断题。根据文章第 2 段第 4 句 …infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, where as if the parents survived they could have another child可推知此题答案为 B。‎ ‎3. A。细节题。根据文章第 2 段倒数第 2 句In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty 可推知此题答案为 A。‎ ‎4. D。推断题。根据其上文 …there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person 可推知此题答案为 D。‎ ‎5. D。推断题。根据文章最后一句 …most of them are simply “dumping grounds” for the dying in which “care” is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under skilled personnel 可推知此题答案为 D。‎ ‎(24)‎ Most Americans get what money they have from their work; that is, they earn an income from wages or salaries. The richest Americans, however, get most of their money from what they own — their stocks, bonds, real estate, and other forms of property, or wealth. Although there are few accurate statistics to go by, wealth in American society appears to be concentrated in very few hands. More than 20 percent of everything that can be privately owned is held by less than one percent of the adult population and more than 75 percent of all wealth is owned by 20 percent of American adults. The plain fact is that most Americans have no wealth at all aside from their homes, automobiles, and a small amount of savings.‎ Income in the United States is not as highly concentrated as wealth. In 1917 the richest 10 percent of American families received 26.1 percent of all income, while the poorest 10 percent received 17 percent, mainly from Social Security and other government payments. The most striking aspect of income distribution is that it has not changed significantly since the end of World War II. Although economic growth has roughly doubled real disposable (可自由使用的) family income (the money left after taxes and adjusted for inflation) over the last generation, the size of the shares given to the rich and the poor is about the same. By any measure ‎ economic inequality is great in the United States.‎ The reality behind these statistics is that a large number of Americans are poor. In 1918, 14 percent of the population was living below the federal government’s poverty line, which at that time was an annual income of $ 9 287 for a nonfarm family of two adults and two children. In other words, about one out of seven Americans over 31 million people was officially considered unable to buy the basic necessities of food, clothes, and shelter. The suggested poverty line in 1981 would have been an income of about $11 200 for a family of four. By this relative definition, about 20 percent of the population or more than 45 million Americans are poor. ‎ ‎1. What does the majority of the Americans have in terms of wealth? ‎ A. Their income and savings.‎ B. Everything they own in their homes.‎ C. Actually, they have no wealth at all.‎ D. Their house, cars and small amounts of savings.‎ ‎2. What is the percentage of wealth that is in the hands of most Americans?‎ A. More than 25%. B. Less than 25%. ‎ C. More than 75%. D. Less than 20%.‎ ‎3. Why is economic inequality still great in the US in spite of the economic growth?‎ A. Because the proportion of income received by the rich and the poor remains almost the same as in 1917.‎ B. Because the economic growth has widened the gap of the family income between the rich and the poor.‎ C. Because income in the US is still concentrated in the hands of the richest 10% of American families.‎ D. Because some Americans made great fortunes during the Second World War.‎ ‎4. What can we learn from comparison of the two poverty lines in the last paragraph? ‎ A. The poverty line of 1918 is more favorable to the poor than that of 1981.‎ B. The 1981 line didn’t leave much to the poor.‎ C. There were more Americans who were officially poor by the 1981 line.‎ D. There were more Americans who were officially poor by the 1918 line.‎ ‎5. From the last two sentences we can see that 1981 government’s poverty line _______.‎ A. was of no good for the poor B. was not put into operation then C. was officially approved D. was not helpful to the poor ‎(1—5 DBACB)‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文分析了美国财富的分配状况及其存在的问题。‎ ‎1. D。细节题。根据文章第 1 段最后一句 …most Americans have no wealth at all aside from their homes, automobiles, and a small amount of savings 可推知此题答案为 D。‎ ‎2. B。推断题。根据文章第 1 段倒数第 2 句 …more than 75 percent of all wealth is owned by 20 percent of American adults 可推知此题答案为 B。‎ ‎3. A。推断题。根据文章第2段第2句 The most striking aspect of income distribution is that it has not changed significantly since the end of World War II 可推知此题答案为 A。‎ ‎4. C。推断题。文章最后一段说：1981年与1918年所统计的贫困户的数量的比较。由此可知此题答案为 C。‎ ‎5. B。推断题。根据文倒数第2句的虚拟语气可推知此题答案为 B。‎ ‎(25)‎ Americans think that travel is good for you, some even think it can help one of the country’s worst problems — crime. Crime worries a lot of people. Every year, the number of crimes goes up and up. And many criminals(罪犯) are young. They often come from sad homes, with only one parent or no parents at all. ‎ There are many young criminals in prison. But prison doesn’t change them. Six or seven in ten will go back to crime when they come out of prison. One man, Bob Burton, thought of a new idea. In the old days, young men had to live a difficult life on the road. They learned to be strong and brave, and to help their friends in time of danger. This helped them to grow into men. So Bob Burton started “Vision Quest”. He takes young criminals on a long, long journey with horses and wagons, 3 000 miles through seven states. They are on the road for more than a year. ‎ The young people on Vision Quest all have had problems. Most of them have already spent time in prison. This is their last chance. It’s hard work on the road. The day starts before the sun comes up. The boys and girls have to feed the horses. Some of them have never loved anyone before. But they can love their horses. That love can help them to a new life. ‎ Not all the young people on Vision Quest will leave crime behind them. Three or four in ten will one day be in prison again. Bob Burton is right. Travel can be good for you. Even today, Americans still say, “Go west, young man.” ‎ ‎1. In paragraph 4 “leave crime behind them” means _______. ‎ ‎ A. no longer do a crime B. leave people who do a crime ‎ C. don’t do all the crime D. leave criminals behind ‎2. From the passage we may infer that _______. ‎ ‎ A. getting up before the sun rises can help people out of crime ‎ B. loving can help young people to a new life ‎ C. traveling can help all criminals out of prison ‎ D. being brave and strong can do with crime ‎3. On “Vision Quest” _______. ‎ A. young people have bad problems B. young people grow tall very fast C. young people often help their friends in time of danger ‎ ‎ D. all of the above ‎4. Americans still say, “Go west, young man”, because _______. ‎ A. if they go west they can have a travel B. in the west there is a prison C. there they have to live a hard life to grow into men D. the prison doesn’t change them ‎(1—4 ABCC)‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文介绍了用旅途吃苦的方法改变罪犯收到了好的效果。‎ ‎1. A。推断题。根据 Not all the young people on Vision Quest will leave crime behind them. Three or four in ten will one day be in prison again 同义结构，后一句是对前一句的解释，从而可推知此题答案为 A。‎ ‎2. B。细节题。根据文章第 3 段最后一句 That love can help them to a new life 可推知此题答案为 B。‎ ‎3. C。细节题。根据文章第 2 段第 6 句 They learned to be strong and brave, and to help their friends in time of danger 可推知此题答案为 C。‎ ‎4. C。推断题。根据文章第 2 段第 5 句 …young men had to live a ‎ difficult life on the road可推知此题答案为 C。‎ ‎(26)‎ BRITAIN is a popular tourist place. But tours of the country have pros and cons. ‎ GOOD NEWS Free museums. No charge for outstanding collections of art and antiquities. ‎ Pop music. Britain is the only country to rival(与…匹敌)the US on this score. ‎ Black cabs. London taxi drivers know where they are going even if there are never enough of them at weekends or night. ‎ Choice of food. Visitors can find everything from Ethiopian to Swedish restaurants. ‎ Fashion. Not only do fashion junkies love deeply and respect highly brand names such as Vivienne Westwood, Alexander McQueen; street styles are justly loved, too. ‎ ‎　　BAD NEWS ‎　　Poor service. “It’s part of the image of the place. People can dine out on the rudeness they have experienced,” says Professor Tony Seaton, of Luton University’s International Tourism Research Center. ‎ ‎　　Poor public transport. Trains and buses are promised to defeat the keenest tourists, although the over crowded London tube is inexplicably(难以理解的) popular. ‎ Lack of languages. Speaking slowly and clearly may not get many foreign visitors very far, even in the tourist traps(圈套). ‎ ‎　　Rain. Still in the number one complaint. ‎ ‎　　No air-conditioning. So that even splendidly hot summers become as unbearable as the downpours. ‎ ‎　　Overpriced hotels. The only European country with a higher rate of tax on hotel rooms is Denmark. ‎ Licensing hours. Alcohol(酒) is in short supply after 11 pm even in “24-hour cities”. ‎ ‎1. What do tourists complain most?‎ ‎　　A. Poor service. 　　B. Poor public transport. ‎ C. Rain. 　　 D. Overpriced hotels. ‎ ‎2. What do we learn about pop music in Britain and the US through this passage?‎ A. Pop music in Britain is better than that in the US. ‎ B. Pop music in Britain is as good as that in the US. ‎ C. Pop music in Britain is worse than that in the US. ‎ D. Pop music in Britain is quite different from that in the US. ‎ ‎3. When is alcohol not able to get?‎ ‎　　A. At 9: 00 pm B. At 10: 00 pm C. At 11: 00 pm D. At 12: 00 pm ‎　　4. Which of the following is true according to the passage?‎ ‎　　A. You have to pay to visit the museums. ‎ ‎　　B. It’s very cheap to travel by taxi there. ‎ ‎　　C. You cannot find Chinese food there. ‎ D. The public transport is poor there.‎ ‎【答案与解释】本文从正、反两方面介绍了去英国旅游的方便与不便之处。‎ ‎1. C。语义理解题。根据 Rain. Still in the number one complaint 可知答案为 C。‎ ‎2. B。语义理解题。根据 Pop music. Britain is the only country to rival the US on this score可知答案选 B。‎ ‎3. D。细节题。根据 Licensing hours. Alcohol is in short supply after 11 pm even in "24-hour cities" 可知答案选 D。‎ ‎4. D。判断题。从 …Free museums. No charge for outstanding collections of art and antiquities 可知选项A是错误的；选项 C 可从 Choice of food. Visitors can find everything from Ethiopian to Swedish restaurants 中认定是错误的；依据 Poor public transport. Trains and buses are promised to defeat the keenest tourists, although the over crowded London tube is inexplicably popular 可判定选项 D 正确，而选项B文中没有提到。 ‎ ‎(27)‎ Self-employed private physicians who charge a fee for each patient visit are the foundation of medical practice in the United States. Most physicians have a contract relationship with one or more hospitals in the community. They send their patients to this hospital, which usually charges patients according to the number of days they stay and the facilities(operating room, tests, medicines that they use). Some hospitals belong to a city, a state or, in the case of veteran's hospitals, a federal government agency. Others are operated by religious orders(教会) or other non-profit groups.‎ Some medical doctors are on salary. Salaried physicians may work as hospital staff members, or residents, who are often still in training. They may teach in medical schools, be hired by corporations to care for their workers or work for the federal government's Public Health Service.‎ Physicians are among the best paid professionals in the United States. In the 1980s, it was not uncommon for medical doctors to earn incomes of more than $ 100 000 a year. Specialists, particularly surgeons, might earn several times that amount. Physicians list many reasons why they ‎ deserve to be so well rewarded for their work. One reason is the long and expensive preparation required to become a physician in the United States. Most would be physicians first attend college for four years, which can cost nearly $ 20 000 a year at one of the best private institutions. Prospective physicians then attend medical school for four years. Tuition alone can exceed $ 10 000 a year. By the time they have obtained their medical degrees, many young physicians are deeply in debt. They still face three to five years of residency(实习阶段) in a hospital, the first year as an apprentice physician. The hours are long and the pay is relatively low.‎ Setting up a medical practice is expensive, too. Sometimes several physicians will decide to establish a group practice, so they can share the expense of maintaining an office and buying equipment. These physicians also take care of each other's patients in emergencies.‎ Physicians work long hours and must accept a great deal of responsibility. Many medical procedures, even quite routine ones, involve risk. It is understandable that physicians want to be well rewarded for making decisions which can mean the difference between life and death.‎ ‎1. According to the passage, it is very unlikely that an American hospital is owned by _______. ‎ A. a church B. a corporation C. a city D. a state ‎2. The expenses for becoming a doctor are spent on _______.‎ A. schooling and retraining B. practice in a hospital C. facilities he or she uses D. education he or she receives ‎3. According to the passage, how long does it take for a would-be physician to become an independent physician in the USA?‎ A. About seven years. B. Eight years. ‎ C. Ten years. D. About twelve years.‎ ‎4. Sometimes several physicians set up a group medical practice mainly because _______.‎ A. there are so many patients that it is difficult for one physician to take care all of them B. they can take turns to work long hours C. facilities may be too much of a burden for one physician to shoulder D. no one wants to assume too much responsibility ‎5. Which of the following statements could fully express the author's view towards physicians’ payment in the USA?‎ A. For their expensive education and their responsibility, they deserve a handsome pay.‎ B. It is reasonable for physicians to have a large income because their work is very dangerous.‎ C. Physicians should be better paid because they work long hours ‎ under bad conditions.‎ D. Physicians have great responsibility, so it is understandable that they should be well rewarded.‎ ‎【答案与解释】在美国，医师是高报酬职业之一。这是由于他们需要较长时间的学习和高学费投入的缘故。‎ ‎1. B。语义理解题。从第 1 段最后两句话中可得出答案。‎ ‎2. D。主旨题。从第 3 段的最后部分中可得出答案。‎ ‎3. D。计算题。从第 3 段的 Most would be physicians first attend college for four years… Prospective physicians then attend medical school for four years…They still face three to five years of residency 可知答案为 D。‎ ‎4. C。细节题。从第 4 段第2句可找到答案。‎ ‎5. A。主旨题。通读全文便知高额学费和职业风险是医师获得高报酬的原因。 (28)‎ TOKYO — Our kids, the Japanese government announced, have forgotten how to behave. They can’t be bothered with housework. If they see someone being wronged, they probably look the other way.‎ Few countries have placed more importance on being well-behaved in public than Japan. The simplest requests for directions often result in guided tours. Smiling shopkeepers are still the rule. Lost wallets usually make their way to their owners.‎ But according to recent surveys(调查), all that may be going the way of the ancient hair-do(发式). And Japan’s government has gone into something of a crisis mode(危机时刻).‎ A Japanese Education Ministry Survey formed late in 1999 and made public last month found that Japan moves behind other nations in teaching youngsters right from wrong.‎ It also reported that Japanese children are less helpful and do far less housework than their foreign peers(同龄人) in all classes. But they are better about taking dirty dishes to the kitchens after dinner.‎ In addition, Japanese kids are more likely to dry their hair and carry cell phones than American and Chinese kids, according to another survey, by a Tokyo-based tank(专家小组). ‎ Children in about 8 per cent of public school classrooms are so disorderly that teachers cannot hold lessons, further recent reports show. children refuse to sit, to listen or to stop talking.‎ Older and middle-aged Japanese continue to have a solid sense of good manners and social justice(正义, 公正), says Professor Yoshina Hirano from Shinshu University, who was appointed to direct the ministry’s survey.‎ Despite the knowledge of good manners among adults, the ‎ breakdown in manners may be spreading, he said.‎ ‎1. From the first paragraph, we can infer that _______.‎ A. the Japanese government had gone bad B. kids in Japan have a bad memory C. kids in Japan seldom help their parents with housework D. kids in Japan are too busy to help others ‎2. The second paragraph seems to show us that _______.‎ A. the education system of Japan is better than that of any other country B. shopkeepers in Japan are too kind to their customers C. Japanese kids often find wallets on their way to their schools D. Japanese adults in public places act politely to each other ‎3. It is implied(暗含) in this passage that Japanese kids _______.‎ A. spending much time doing their homework　　　　‎ B. lead an advanced modern life C. have their hair cut too often　　　　　　　　　　‎ D. often wash dishes after dinner ‎【答案与解析】本文指出尽管日本成年人很有礼貌，但日本小孩的不礼貌行为却在蔓延。‎ ‎1. C。细节题。根据文章第1段第2句They can’t be bothered with housework可知此题答案为C。‎ ‎2. D。推断题。从第2段所描述的事情当中：在公共场所行为举止好、指路热心、微笑服务、拾金不昧可推知此题答案为D。‎ ‎3. B。细节题。根据文章第6段的描述：dry their hair and carry cell phones可知此题答案为B。‎ ‎(29)‎ Humans are social animals. They live in groups all over the world. As these groups of people live apart from other groups, over the years and centuries they develop their own habits and ideas, which form different cultures. One important particular side of every culture is how its people deal with time.‎ ‎ Time is not very important in non-industrial societies. The Nuer people of East Africa, for example, do not even have a word TIME that is in agreement with the abstract thing we call time. The daily lives of the people of such non-industrial societies are likely to be patterned around their physical needs and natural events rather than around a time schedule(时间表) based on the clock. They cook and eat when they are hungry and sleep when the sun goes down. They plant crops during the growing seasons and harvest them when the crops are ripe. They measure time not by a clock or calendar(日历), but by saying that an event takes place before or after some other events. Frequently such a society measures days in terms of “sleeps” or longer periods in terms of “moons”.‎ ‎ Some cultures, such as the Eskimos of Greenland measure seasons according to the migration of certain animals.‎ ‎ Some cultures which do not have a written language or keep written records have developed interesting ways of “telling time”. For example, when several Australian aborigines want to plan an event for a future time, one of them places a stone on a cliff or in a tree. Each day the angle of the sun changes slightly. In a few days, the rays of the sun strike the stone in a certain way. When this happens, the people see that the agreed-upon time has arrived and the event can take place.‎ ‎ In contrast(成对比), exactly correct measurement of time is very important in modern, industrialized societies. This is because industrialized societies require the helpful efforts of many people in order to work. For a factory to work efficiently(well, quickly and without waste), for example, all of the workers must work at the same time. Therefore, they must know what time to start work in the morning and what time they may go home in the afternoon. Passengers must know the exact time that an airplane will arrive or depart. Students and teachers need to know when a class starts and ends. Stores must open on time in order to serve their customers. Complicated(复杂的) societies need clocks and calendars. Thus, we can see that if each person worked according to his or her own schedule, a complicated society could hardly work at all.‎ ‎1. By saying “Humans are social animals”, the author means _______.‎ ‎ A. they live all over the world ‎ B. they are different from other animals ‎ C. they live in one place, district or country, considered as a whole ‎ D. they are divided into many groups ‎ ‎2. Time is not very important in non-industrial societies. This is because people in those societies _______.‎ A. don’t have the word "time" in their languages B. don’t get used to using clocks and other timepieces C. don’t measure time in their daily-lives around an exact time schedule D. don’t need to plan their daily lives around an exact time schedule ‎3. The Australian aborigines’ way of “telling time” is based on _______.‎ ‎ A. the change of the sun rays ‎ B. the movement of the earth in relation to the sun ‎ C. the position of the stone ‎ D. the position of the tree or the cliff ‎4. Which of the following might be the best title for this passage?‎ ‎ A. Time and Culture ‎ B. The Measurement of Time ‎ C. Time Schedule and Daily Life ‎ D. Clock, Calendar and Society ‎【答案与解释】人类是相对群居的。各个地区或国家的人们发展各自相对独立的文明。久而久之，有些方面就存在一些习惯差异，比如计时方式。‎ ‎1. C。语义理解题。根据第 1 段第2句和第3句可知答案为 C。‎ ‎2. D。细节题。从第 2 段第 3 句话可以找到答案。‎ ‎3. A。语义理解题。根据第 3 段第3句可以做出正确选择。‎ ‎4. A。主旨题。第1段最后一句话是本文的主题句。从这一句和整篇文章的内容可知此题答案为A。‎