专题09+阅读理解——应用文+名师揭秘-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试

专题09+阅读理解——应用文+名师揭秘-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试

‎ ‎ ‎【考点解读】‎ 应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体，它包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等，形式多样，题材各异，如图示、表格等。英语《考试说明》对＂读＂的能力要求之一是：要求考生读懂一般性话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短文章并能识别不同文体的特征。研读近年全国各地的高考试题可以看出，应用文是高考阅读理解命题的重要体裁之一。现简要介绍应用文的特点、类型和解题技巧。‎ 一、应用文阅读试题的文体特点 应用文不同于其他文体的文章，其目的是为了向读者传输信息，措辞简洁明了，直截了当。一般说来，应用文英语阅读试题具有以下特点：‎ ‎1. 选材特点 信息量大，文句精炼，形式灵活，用最少的篇幅表达最大量的信息。‎ ‎2. 内容特点 生活化，实用化，多样化，如产品宣传、服务介绍、通知、海报、启示、招生招聘等。‎ ‎3. 形式特点 标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章的结构更鲜明。‎ ‎4. 语言特点 人名、地名、专有名词多；生词多；缩略词、祈使句、省略句多；结构不完整。‎ ‎5. 命题特点 主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设置相对较容易。‎ 二、应用文的主要类型 应用文的类型主要有：同主题广告，混合型广告，规则、通知、咨询问答、注意事项等，指南，书评、问卷调查、告示、参观须知、申请书、个人简介等。‎ 三、应用文解题技巧点拨 高考应用文阅读理解设题以细节理解题为主，因此，阅读这类文章时，应该在整体把握文章结构的前提下，主要注意细节信息。细节题的题干都是相应原文的变形(如同义改写、词性转换等)，因此要找到答案一定要找到题干在原文中的出处，再把原文和选项相比较。‎ 做题时，根据所提问题用寻读、跳读的方法可达到事半功倍的效果。‎ 同时，在阅读时也要特别注意文中以粗体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，因为这很有可能是文章的核心或某一部分内容的概括。具体答题策略如下：‎ ‎1. 先题后文 先读试题，了解试题考点；明确目的，快速捕捉，获取信息。‎ ‎2. 题干定向 根据题干关键词到文中定位答案范围，按照题目顺序依次而下：问题与材料相同→对号入座；问题与原文相同→同义替换、归纳事实等。‎ ‎3. 生词模糊 遇到生词；如与答题无关，直接跳过；涉及答题，则根据语境、构词法等猜词。‎ ‎4. 信息补全 对于影响理解的省略句，可根据语境，将其补全。‎ 总之，应用文类型的阅读文章一般说来比较易理解，文章类型以广告形式居多，设问根据文章的段落秩序，多以细节事实理解为主，答案的寻找可以根据问题中的关键字顺藤摸瓜，辅以适当的推理判断。了解了应用文的措辞和内容特点，我们在实践中总结出解答应用文试题的关键是：抓信息。‎ 提示：应用文阅读题做完后，不可轻易改答案，要相信第一感觉。因为第一次解题时思路最清晰，假如没十分把握，以不改为好，防止弄巧成拙。‎ ‎【真题分析】‎ ‎1.【2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标III卷）A篇】‎ Welcome to Holker Hall & Gardens Visitor Information How to Get to Holker By Car: Follow brown signs on A590 from J36, M6. Approximate travel times: Windermere-20 minutes, Kendal-25 minutes, Lancaster-45 minutes, Manchester-1 hour 30 minutes.‎ By Rail: The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth, Lancaster and Preston for connections to major cities & airports.‎ Opening Times Sunday-Friday (closed on Saturday)11:00 am-4:00pm, 30th March-2nd November.‎ Admission Charges Hall & Gardens‎ ‎Gardens Adults: £12.00 £8.00‎ Groups: £9.00 £5.50‎ Special Events Producers’ Market 13th April Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.‎ Holker‎ ‎Garden‎ Festival 30th May The event celebrates its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in gardening.‎ National‎ ‎Garden‎ Day 28th August Holker once again opens its gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide.‎ Winter Market 8th November This is an event for all the family. Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.‎ ‎21. How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?‎ A. 20 minutes. B. 25 minutes.‎ C. 45 minutes. D. 90 minutes.‎ ‎22. How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit Hall & Gardens?‎ A. £l2.00. B. £9.00.‎ C. £8.00. D. £5.50.‎ ‎23. Which event will you go to if you want to see a live music show?‎ A. Producers’ Market. B. Holker‎ ‎Garden Festival.‎ C. National‎ ‎Garden Day. D. Winter Market.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 文章为旅游指南。文章主要介绍了去Holker Hall& Garden 旅游的相关信息，如：出行方式，开放时间，旅行费用以及主要活动等。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2.【2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标II卷）A篇】‎ Summer Activities Students should read the list with their parents/careers, and select two activities they ‎ would like to do. Forms will be available in school and online for them to indicate their choices and return to school. Before choices are finalised, parents/careers will be asked to ‎ sign to confirm their child’s choices.‎ Activity Description Member of staff Cost Outdoor Adventure (OUT)‎ Take yourself out of your comfort zone for a week, discover new personal qualities, and learn new skills. You will be able to take part in a number of activities from canoeing to wild camping on Dartmoor. Learn rock climbing and work as a team, and enjoy the great outdoor environment.‎ Mr. Clemens ‎£140 ‎ WWI Battlefields ‎ and ‎Paris ‎(WBP)‎ On Monday we travel to London. After staying overnight in London, we travel on Day 2 to northern France to visit the World War I battlefields. On Day 3 we cross into Belgium. Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park, staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks. Our final day, Friday, sees us visit central Paris and tour the main sights. ‎ Mrs. Milson ‎£425‎ Crafty Four days of product design centred around textiles. Making Mrs. Goode ‎£30‎ Foxes ‎(CRF)‎ ‎ lovely objects using recycled and made materials. Bags, cushions and decorations...Learn skills and leave with modern and unusual textiles.‎ Potty about Potter ‎(POT)‎ Visit Warner Bros Studio, shop stop to buy picnic, stay overnight in an approved Youth Hostel in Streatley-on -Thames, guided tour of Oxford to see the film locations, picnic lunch outside Oxford’s Christchurch, boating on the River Cherwell through the University Parks, before heading back to Exeter.‎ Miss Drake ‎£150‎ ‎21. Which activity will you choose if you want to go camping?‎ A. OUT. B. WBP. C. CRF. D. POT.‎ ‎22. What will the students do on Tuesday with Mrs. Wilson?‎ A. Travel to London.‎ B. See a parade and fireworks.‎ C. Tour central Paris.‎ D. Visit the WWI battlefields.‎ ‎23. How long does Potty about Potter last?‎ A. Two days. B. Four days.‎ C. Five days. D. One week.‎ ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文是一篇广告布告类应用文。文中讲述了家长和孩子一起挑选可以参加的活动。文中分别对这些活动的名称，活动内容，活动特色和活动组织工作人员还有活动的价格进行了详细的描述。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎22. D。细节理解题。根据题干中的with Wilson，我们可以锁定第二个活动。根据On Monday we travel to London. After staying overnight in London, we travel on Day 2 to northern France to visit the World War Ⅰ battlefields.可知，星期一是去往伦敦并在伦敦住一夜，第二天也就是星期二到法国北部去参观一战的战场。故选D。‎ ‎ ‎ 点睛：做广告布告类说明文题型时一定要先看题干，再从文中找答案。我们可以清楚的看到：这三道题是互相之间没有联系的并且都是根据题干中的关键信息就可以锁定某一段落直接找答案的。‎ ‎3.【2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（北京卷）B篇】‎ Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) Center If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.‎ More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they’re studying in the classroom.‎ For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂ pilot.‎ With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and ‎ being part of a bigger task.‎ All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.‎ Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!‎ For more details, please visit us online at www.oursac.com.‎ ‎40. Why do people come to SAC?‎ A. To experience adventures.‎ B. To look for jobs in aviation.‎ C. To get a degree in engineering.‎ D. To learn more about medicine.‎ ‎41. To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .‎ A. fly to space B. get an Aviation badge first C. study the principles of flight D. build and fire model rockets ‎42. What is the most important for trainees?‎ A. Leadership. B. Team spirit.‎ C. Task planning. D. Survival skills.‎ ‎【文章大意】 ‎ 本文是一篇广告应用文。文章主要从辉煌历史、学习内容和招收成员的要求三个方面介绍了SAC（宇航中心）的培训项目，并呼吁大家多多支持SAC。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎42. B 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第四段“With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.”可知，团队合作是被训练者最重要的素质。故选B。‎ ‎4.【2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江苏卷）D篇】‎ ‎ Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.‎ ‎ It found many youngsters(少年）now measure their status by how much public approval they get online, often through “like”. Some change their behavior in real life to improve their image on the web.‎ ‎ The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children's Commissioner (专 员）Anne Longfield. She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks,‎ with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.‎ ‎ Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.The youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and friends of friends — to demand “likes” for their online posts.‎ ‎ The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts quickly, and around the clock.‎ ‎ Children aged 8 to 10 were "starting to feel happy" when others liked their posts. However,‎ those in the 10 to 12 age group were "concerned with how many people like their posts", suggesting a “need” for social recognition that gets stronger the older they become.‎ ‎ Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up "worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media.‎ ‎ She said: "Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary school. But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at secondary school."‎ ‎ As their world expanded. she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves".‎ ‎ Miss Longfield added: "Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline, will you miss something, will you miss out, will you show that you don't care about those people you are following, all of those come together in a huge way at once."‎ ‎ "For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally." The Children's Commissioner for England's study—life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for play.‎ ‎ However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.‎ ‎ By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.‎ ‎ However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities(名人）or more brilliant friends online. The report said they also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the day—especially at secondary school when more youngsters have mobile phones.‎ ‎ The Children’s Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield(雷区）they faced online. And she said social media companies must also "take more responsibility". They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users.‎ ‎ Javed Khan, of children's charity Bamardo's, said: "It's vital that new compulsory age-‎ appropriate relationship and sex education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.‎ ‎ “It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.”‎ ‎65.Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure?‎ A. They were not provided with adequate equipment.‎ B. They were not well prepared for emotional risks.‎ C. They were required to give quick responses.‎ D. They were prevented from using mobile phones.‎ ‎66. Some social app companies were to blame because .‎ A. they didn't adequately check their users' registration B. they organized photo trips to attract more youngsters C. they encouraged youngsters to post more photos D. they didn't stop youngsters from staying up late ‎67. Children's comparing themselves to others online may lead to .‎ A. less friendliness to each other B. lower self-identity and confidence C. an increase in online cheating D. a stronger desire to stay online ‎68. According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to .‎ A. circulate their posts quickly ‎ B. know the qualities of their posts C. use mobile phones for play D. get more public approval ‎69. What should parents do to solve the problem?‎ A. Communicate more with secondary schools.‎ B. Urge media companies to create safer apps.‎ C. Keep track of children's use of social media.‎ D. Forbid their children from visiting the web.‎ ‎70. What does the passage mainly talk about?‎ A. The influence of social media on children.‎ B. The importance of social media to children.‎ C. The problem in building a healthy relationship.‎ D. The measure to reduce risks from social media.‎ ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文是一篇新闻报道，主要就“点赞中的人生”的项目研究分析了社交媒体和中学生面临的压力二者之间的关系，以及社交媒体对孩子们带来的多重影响。 ‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎66. A。细节理解题。根据第三段“Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least ‎13”‎可知，尽管一些社交应用程序应该要求用户至少13岁，但是很受孩子们欢迎，一些社交应用软件公司没有严格按照年龄限制，也就是说他们没有严格检查用户注册，所以他们应该受到责备，故选A项。‎ ‎67. B。细节理解题。根据第八段" As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves可知，从孩子们的自我认同、自信心以及他们的发展能力方面来看，这是极大的破坏性¨，所以孩子们在网上比较自己和别人可能会导致他们低的自我认同和自信，故选B项。‎ ‎68. D。推理判断题。根据第十一段和十二段的“By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular”可知，他们要确保他们帖子是受欢迎的，所以他们很担心要获得更多的认可，故选D项。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎70. A。主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章就社交媒体给中学生多带来的重大压力分析了社交媒体和中学生面临压力的二者关系，以及给孩子们所带来的影响，故选A项。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎