【英语】2018届二轮复习名词核心考点讲练学案（6页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习名词核心考点讲练学案（6页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 名词核心考点讲练 ‎◆名词的分类 普通名词 可数 名词 个体名词 表示单个人或物的名词 集体名词 表示若干个人或物的名词 不可数名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词 抽象名词 表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词 专有名词 表示洲、国、地、人名等 表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、朝代等的名称 ‎◆名词的核心考点 ‎1．可数名词的数 这里主要讲其不规则变化。‎ ‎(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)。‎ ‎(2)合成名词的复数。如：boyfriend→boyfriends，gobetween→gobetweens(中间人)，grownup→grownups。‎ ‎(3)只有复数形式的名词。此类名词往往以复数形式出现，表示“衣服”、“工具”等的总称，不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能加不定冠词a/an，但可以用a pair of/two pairs of，many等修饰。如：clothes衣服，tights紧身裤，jeans牛仔裤，pajamas睡衣，pants(长)裤子，shorts短裤，socks短袜，stockings长袜，trousers裤子，glasses眼镜，chopsticks筷子，compasses圆规，pincers钳子，scissors剪刀，scales天平等；另外一类总是以复数形式出现，但不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能用a/an，a pair of等修饰，只能用many，a great many, a lot ‎ of等修饰。如：belongings所有物，congratulations祝贺，contents目录，earnings收入，fireworks烟火，goods商品，leavings剩余物，pains辛劳，spirits情绪，savings积蓄，stairs楼梯，surroundings环境，wages工资，arms武器等。‎ ‎(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。‎ ‎2．不可数名词的数 ‎(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：‎ ‎①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。‎ 抽象名词(不可数)‎ 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)‎ in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)‎ win honour赢得荣誉 an honour一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)‎ failure失败 a failure一个失败者/一件失败的事 by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历 with pleasure乐意 a pleasure一件乐事 ‎②抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。‎ A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.‎ Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?‎ It is a waste of time reading such a novel.‎ She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.‎ ‎(2)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。‎ 如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。‎ ‎3．名词所有格 ‎(1)’s所有格 the boy’s mother，the children’s toys，the teachers’ books，Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(共用)，Lucy’s and Lily’s bedrooms(各自的)‎ ‎(2)“of＋名词”所有格 the roof of the house，the cover of the book，the name of the girl，a picture of my father ‎(3)双重所有格 a friend of my brother’s(＝one of my brother’s friends)，a picture of my father’s(＝one of my father’s pictures)‎ ‎(4)’s所有格的特殊表示形式有：‎ ‎①用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后，如：Tom’s home，the doctor’s，the company’s new factory等。‎ ‎②用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’s newspaper，five minutes’ walk(drive)，five pounds’ weight，ten dollars’ worth of coffee。‎ ‎③用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如：the world’s population，China’s industry，New York’s parks。‎ ‎(5)所有格的句法功能 ‎①表所有关系 Jack’s brother ‎②表主谓关系 Mr Wang’s praise ‎③表动宾关系 the famous star’s admirers ‎④表修饰关系 a doctor’s degree ‎⑤表同位关系(只用of所有格)the city of Beijing ‎4．名词的功能 ‎(1)可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语 Mary is to meet you at the airport.‎ My brother is a worker.‎ He bought a new book.‎ We made him monitor of our class.‎ ‎(2)作定语 英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。‎ ‎①分类意义 air pollution空气污染 boy friend男朋友 coffee cup咖啡杯 body language身体语言 road accident交通事故 the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖 ‎②时间、地点、称呼等 Doctor Jack杰克医生 Professor Li李教授 evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠 ‎③表目的、来源、材料、所属意义 reception desk接待台 sports field田径场 stone table石桌 color TV彩电 ‎(3)作状语 名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。‎ The war lasted eight years.‎ ‎(4)作同位语 Tom，our monitor，left school last year.‎ 题组训练 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．He had witnessed too many deaths(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40,000 people were killed，wounded or missing.‎ ‎2．Apple’s new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive failure(fail)．‎ ‎3．I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldn’t go to this performance(perform)．‎ ‎4．Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness(happy) of local inhabitants.‎ ‎5．These people have made great contributions(contribute) to China with their work.‎ ‎6．They get advice from “strangers(strange)”．When they need advice，they don’t usually go to people they know.‎ ‎7．My first impression(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.‎ ‎8．Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief(relieve) from this medicine.‎ ‎9．—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?‎ ‎—Well，you know，English is my strength(strong)．So it is my best choice.‎ ‎10．I made a decision(decide) to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)‎ ‎1．Within the next few ，my grandfather also caught a fish.‎ ‎2．You told me the of different plants and their characteristics.‎ ‎3．Mom，I know I have never expressed my to you before.‎ ‎4．The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local .‎ ‎5．Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and at home.‎ ‎6．From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my .‎ ‎7．We，as well as ，cannot live without water and neither agriculture nor industry can go without it.‎ ‎8．In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports was steady，around three per .‎ ‎9．Tom was having much getting up in the morning and was always late for work.‎ ‎10．I felt very strange to travel without any .‎ Ⅲ.语法填空(名词专练)‎ Born on August 23,1988 in America，Jeremy ShuHow Lin is a professional basketball 1.player(play) with the Huston Rockets 2.of the National Basketball Association (NBA)．But，to some degree，many Chinese fans and 3.coaches(coach) take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him as 4.a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.‎ Jeremy Lin has recently become 5.a success and attracted the world’s attention，which gives Chinese people a lot of 6.imagination(imagine) and 7.pride(proud)．As we know，in most 8.people’s(people) eyes，Jeremy is a miracle.‎ In June,2012，when Jeremy took his third trip to China，a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some 9.families(family)，some children and even some 10.women(woman) players.‎ ‎◆书面表达中名词易错点聚焦 ‎1．书面表达中对于复数名词易疏漏s或es ‎(误)I’d love to make friend with you.‎ ‎(误)All the picture displayed are of great value.‎ ‎2．部分名词的复数变化错误 如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。‎ ‎3．部分词性易混作名词 动词误作名词 形容词误作名词 动词 名词 形容词 名词 succeed success honest honesty affect effect healthy health ‎4.可数与不可数名词混淆 不可数 可数 take action take measures some advice some suggestions take exercise eye exercises make progress make mistakes information contributions