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【英语】2018届二轮复习名词性从句考点各个击破(13页word版)
2018届二轮复习 名词性从句考点各个击破 [基础考法] 考法1 考查名词性从句的引导词 名词性从句的引导词有连接代词、从属连词、连接副词等。考查点主要有: (1)当名词性从句缺少主语、宾语、表语时,可根据意义选用连接代词what,who,whom,which,whatever,whose等。 [典型例题1] (2013·高考课标全国卷改编)Police have found appears to be the lost ancient statue. 解析:句意:警方发现了看起来像那尊丢失的古代雕像的东西。动词found后为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语且指物,故用what引导。答案为what。 考法总结:设空处无提示词,且空前found和空后appears均为谓语动词形式,考虑此处为从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导的是宾语从句;再分析从句的结构可知,从句中缺少主语,且指代的是物,可判断答案为what。 (2)名词性从句的从属连词that,if或whether也是高考的热点。that在从句中不作成分,无实际意义;而if和whether有实际意义,但在从句中也不作成分。 [典型例题2] (2016·高考北京卷改编)Your support is important to our work. you can do helps. 解析: 句意:您的支持对我们的工作很重要。无论您能做什么都会有所帮助。主语从句中缺少动词do的宾语。故用Whatever。 考法总结:分析句子成分可知:helps是谓语,you can do是主语部分,即主语从句,在主语从句中,do后缺少宾语。 [典型例题3] (2016·高考北京卷改编)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is one can be entirely free from dust. 解析:句意:雨季最令人愉快的事情是人们可以完全远离尘埃的烦扰。从句成分缺少连接词。故填that。 考法总结:分析表语从句的句子成分可知:从句中的主语是one,can be是复合谓语,free from dust是形容词短语作表语,句子是“主系表”结构;不缺成分,故用连词that引导。 [典型例题4] (2016·高考天津卷改编)The manager put forward a suggestion we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do. 解析:句意:经理提出了一个建议,我们应该有个助手。设空后的从句解释说明suggestion的内容。故用that。 考法总结:第一个句子结构完整,定语为a suggestion,后面的内容是对suggestion的补充说明,因此需用that连接,that不作任何成分,同位语前面补充说明的内容可以和同位语that的内容划等号,因此这里的suggestion就是we should have an assistant。 (3)名词性从句的连接副词when,where,why与how是考查的重点,要根据上下文语境判断。连接副词也有实际意义,引导词在句中作时间状语时用when;作地点状语时用where;作原因状语时用why;作方式状语时用how。 [典型例题5] (2015·高考课标全国Ⅱ卷)As natural architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days. 解析:根据语境和空后的形容词thick可知应用how引导宾语从句,表示程度。此处表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墙需要“多”厚。故答案为how。 考法总结:“引导词+thick”作needed to be的表语,引导词在从句中作状语,修饰thick。故用how。 考法2 考查以it作形式主语或形式宾语时的名词性从句的引导词 如果主语从句较长,常用it作形式主语,而把主语从句置于句末;如果宾语从句之后带有宾语补足语,可用it作形式宾语,而把宾语从句置于句末。(链接考点一宾语从句) [典型例题6] (2014·高考山东卷改编)It is difficult for us to imagine life was like for slaves in the ancient world. 解析:句意:对于我们来说,很难想象古代奴隶的生活是什么样子的。设空处引导从句,作imagine的宾语,且在从句中作介词like的宾语,指代事物。故答案为what。 考法总结:句中it作形式主语,而主语从句中缺少主语,结合后面的was like可知填what。 [能力考法] 考法1 识别名词性从句的种类 (1)首先确定主句的谓语动词,确定主句的主谓结构。 (2)分析从句在主句中所充当的成分,确定从句所属类型:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句还是同位语从句。 考法2 分析从句结构,确定从句引导词 确定从句的结构和意义是否完整,结合句意填写适当的连接词。 (1)若从句结构完整,用从属连词:陈述事实用that;表示疑问“是否”用if或whether。 (2)若从句缺少主语、宾语或表语,则考虑用连接代词。 (3)若从句缺少状语,则用连接副词。 另外,还需注意一些特殊的引导词(如if,whether,because,as if等)的用法及that引导同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 [典型例题] (2013·高考山东卷改编)It's good to know the dogs will be well cared for while we’re away. 解析:句意:得知当我们外出时这些狗将会得到很好的照顾,这太好了。分析句子结构可知,it在句中作形式主语,不定式短语作真正的主语;动词know之后为宾语从句,且从句中不缺少成分。故用that引导。 [对应学生用书P193] 考点一 宾语从句 一、宾语从句的引导词 宾语从句位于及物动词、动词短语或介词之后的引导词有三类:that;连接代词或连接副词;whether与if。 We promise whoever attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. 我们保证,任何参加这个聚会的人都有机会与那个电影明星合影。 Scientists study how human brains work to make computers. 科学家研究人脑如何工作是为了制造计算机。 1.that引导的宾语从句 that引导宾语从句时无词义,在从句中不作任何成分,口语中一般可以省略。常见的可以接that引导的宾语从句的动词有see,know,imagine,discover,believe,tell,show,think,consider等。此种情况下,that一般可省略。 I think(that) you should turn to the teacher for help. 我认为你应该向老师寻求帮助。 that引导宾语从句在下列情况下不能省略: (1)当that从句作介词的宾语时。 I don't know exactly where he lives,except that it's somewhere out in the wilds.他住在哪里我不很清楚,只知道是远离城市的荒野之中。 (2)动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时,只有第一个that可以省略,从第二个从句开始that不可省略。 He told me he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他得离开且很快就会回来。 (3)宾语从句前有插入语时。 We hope,on the contrary,that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们呆在家里。 (4)that引导的从句位于句首时。 That prices will go up I know. 我知道物价将要上涨。 2.连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句 wh类连接词包括连接代词(who,whom,what,which,whoever,whichever等)和连接副词(when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等) ,这些词在从句中既作特定的成分,又有一定的词义,不可省略。 能接疑问词引导的宾语从句的动词或动词短语有study,see,tell,ask,know,decide,find out,imagine,suggest,doubt,wonder,show,discuss,understand,inform,advise,believe in,search for等。 Our teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed. 我们的老师总是告诉我们,如果我们想成功的话,就要相信我们所做的事情以及我们自己。 3.whether与if引导的宾语从句 whether与if引导宾语从句时,在从句中不作任何成分,但有具体的含义,意为“是否”。whether与if不能省略。 It is still under discussion,whether/if the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. 这个旧公交车站是否应该被一座现代化的宾馆代替仍在讨论中。 [巧辨异同] whether与if均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下只能用whether而不能用if: (1)宾语从句中的whether与or not直接连用时,不能换成if;不直接连用,可互换。 I don't know whether or not the report is true. I don't know whether/if the report is true or not. 我不知道这个报道是否是真的。 (2)介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导,whether可与不定式连用。 It depends on whether we have enough time. 这取决于我们是否有充足的时间。 They don't know whether to go there. 他们不知道是否去那里。(与不定式连用) (3)引导表语从句或同位语从句时。 The question is whether we can get in touch with her. 问题是我们是否能和她取得联系。 (4)whether引导主语从句并置于句首时。 Whether he can come to the party on time depends on the traffic. 他是否能按时来参加聚会要看交通状况。 【知识拓展】 doubt后接宾语从句时,如果用于肯定句,从句的引导词常用whether或if;用于否定句或疑问句时,从句的引导词常用that。 The doctor really doubts whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. 医生真正怀疑的是我妈妈是否能从严重的疾病中很快康复。 Never once did I doubt that I would be able to carry out my plan. 我从未怀疑过我能执行自己的计划。 二、it作形式宾语的宾语从句 1.一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时,则需要用it作形式宾语,而将that引导的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有find,feel,think,consider,believe,guess,suppose,make等。 He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed. 他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。 2.动词hate,like,dislike,appreciate,enjoy等表示“喜欢”、“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to,depend on,rely on等常用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。 I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent. 你不在的时候,我负责把他照顾好。 考点二 主语从句 一、主语从句的引导词 从属连词只起连接作用,不在从句中作成分;连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语;连接副词在从句中作状语。 1.that引导的主语从句 that引导主语从句时,在从句中不作任何成分,也没有词汇意义。一般不可省略。 That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial similarity between them. 从她们的面貌相似度就能清楚地看出她们是亲姐妹。 2.wh类连接词引导的主语从句 wh类连接词包括wh类的连接代词(who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whatever等)和连接副词(when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however等)。语序为wh类连接词加陈述句。 What Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. 芭芭拉琼斯展现给她的“粉丝”们的是诚实和快乐。 3.whether引导的主语从句 whether引导的主语从句常置于句首,有时也可用it作形式主语代替。 Whether he can finish his task on time is of great importance. 他是否能按时完成任务非常重要。 [巧辨异同] whether与if引导主语从句的区别: 主语从句位于主句谓语动词前,表“是否”,只能用whether,不可用if引导;若用it作形式主语,则if与whether可互换。 Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution. 我们能否有干净的饮用水依赖于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处理水污染问题。 It's uncertain whether/if he'll come this evening. 他今天晚上是否会来还不确定。 二、it作形式主语的主语从句 1.it作形式主语,从属连词that引导的从句作真正的主语。 (1)It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good, wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable等)+that从句。 It isn't likely that I should accept such an offer as that. 我不可能接受像那样的帮助。 [注意] 在“It is necessary/important/surprising/unthinkable/unbelievable/ strange/incredible+that从句”结构中,从句的谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。 It's necessary that a college student(should)master one or two foreign languages. 大学生掌握一两门外语是必要的。 (2)It+be+名词词组(no wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise等)+that从句。 It's no wonder that he didn't want to go. 难怪他不想去。 (3)It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected, decided,announced,arranged等)+that从句. It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. 会议被推迟到下周一召开已经定下来了。 [注意] 在“It+be+suggested/advised/ordered/requested/required/ insisted/demanded+that从句”结构中,that从句的谓语动词应用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。 It is suggested that you(should)spend more time in studying English. 建议你花更多的时间学习英语。 (4)It+动词/动词短语(seem,appear,happen,matter,turn out,occur to,make no difference等)+that从句. It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone. 她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人呆着。 2.it作形式主语,连接代词、连接副词或whether/if引导的主语从句作真正的主语。 It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about,although about two thousand patients have taken it. 尽管大约两千名患者已经服用了这种药,但是它会带来什么样的副作用还不清楚。 It is not immediately clear whether/if the financial crisis will soon be over. 经济危机是否会很快结束,短时间内不会很明显。 考点三 表语从句 一、常用引导词引导的表语从句 在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。表语从句位于系动词之后,引导词有三类:从属连词只起连接作用,其中if不能引导表语从句,that一般不能省略;连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语;连接副词在从句中作状语。 Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently. 杰里不后悔给出评论,但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方式来表达的。 I'd like to start my own business—that's what I'd do if I had the money. 我愿意自己创业——那就是如果我有钱将会做的事情。 The problem is whether the air pollution can be controlled. 问题是空气污染能否被控制住。 二、其他连接词引导的表语从句 1.as if/as though引导的表语从句 as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在be动词,seem,look,taste,sound,feel,appear等连系动词之后。 The thick smog covered the whole city.It was as if a great black blanket had been thrown over it. 厚重的烟雾覆盖着整个城市,好像把一个厚厚的黑色的毯子扔到它的上面。 2.because,why引导的表语从句 because,why也可引导表语从句,但because引导的表语从句,主语不能是reason或cause。常用于以下句型: That is because he didn't work hard. 那是因为他没有努力工作。 考点四 同位语从句 一、同位语从句的引导词 同位语从句在句中作某一名词(news,fact,idea,desire,suggestion,promise,information等)的同位语,一般位于该名词之后,说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的引导词主要有that,whether,why,who,where,how,when等。在同位语从句中,that,whether不作成分,that无词汇意义,whether表示“是否”;if不能引导同位语从句。引导同位语从句的连词一般都不能省略。 The report that he was going to resign was false. 他将辞职的报道是假的。 二、常跟同位语从句的名词 后常跟同位语从句的名词有advice,fact,doubt,suggestion,hope,demand,conclusion,idea,news,order,request,thought,word,wish,promise,truth,information,message,belief,report,desire,problem,possibility等。 When the news came that the war broke out,he decided to serve in the army. 当战争爆发的消息传来时,他决定参军。 [巧辨异同] 同位语从句与定语从句的区别: (1)同位语从句是对从句前面的名词进行说明或解释;而定语从句是对其前的名词加以修饰或限定。 (2)同位语从句说明的名词大都是news,fact,idea,thought,hope,order等抽象名词;而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。 (3)引导同位语从句的that不充当句子成分,没有任何意义, 但不可省略。在定语从句中,引导词that在从句中代替先行词作主语、宾语或表语;作宾语时,可省略。 The news that our football team won the match was encouraging. 我们的足球队赢得比赛的消息令人鼓舞。(同位语从句) The news (that) we heard on the radio was not true. 我们在收音机上听到的消息是不准确的。(定语从句)查看更多