【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解四大题型设题特点及解题策略（含有解析）学案（47页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解四大题型设题特点及解题策略（含有解析）学案（47页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 阅读理解 四大题型设题特点及解题策略 ‎[考情精分析]‎ ‎1.体裁广泛，题材多样 从阅读部分的选材情况看，阅读材料一般较为简短，不超过400个单词；体裁比较广泛，有记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文等；所选材料大都是英文原版的材料，选材广泛，内容丰富，往往涉及日常生活、人物传记、国内外风土人情、故事传说、社会文化、政治经济、史地科技、自然现象、新闻报道、体育活动、广告说明等许多方面的内容。‎ ‎　2.题型固定，难度稳定 高考阅读理解题由四篇短文组成，一般分为易、中、难三种类型。在题型设置方面，以细节理解题和推理判断题为主(约占试题的80%)，以主旨大意题和词义猜测题为辅。‎ 第一讲 |细节理解题——定位信息巧比对 ‎ 细节理解题要求考生对文章中的特定细节或具体事实进行判断和认定。一般来说，此类题型多属直接解答性问题，是高考阅读理解四种题型中难度最小的一种。解题的关键是快速准确地找到命题的信息区间，然后将选项与原文信息进行一一比对，从而确定答案，总之一句话，“只要能找对，就能做对”。‎ ‎[题型特点]‎ 一、细节理解题常见设问方式 细节理解题几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息。常见的命题方式有：‎ ‎1．特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题。‎ ‎2．判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE, NOT true/false或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not, never等。‎ ‎3．以“According to ...”开头的提问形式。‎ ‎4．填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________.‎ 此类题目相对简单，只要考生认真并且细心，得分就会比较容易。‎ 二、细节理解题正确选项的特征 ‎1．同义替换。对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one’s job换成了be out of work。有时候词性或者语态有所变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important改成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，即主动语态与被动语态的转换。‎ ‎2．语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。‎ ‎3．正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。‎ 三、细节理解题干扰选项的特征 ‎1．张冠李戴。是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。‎ ‎2．无中生有。符合常识，但不是文章的内容。‎ ‎3．曲解文意。与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。‎ ‎4．颠倒是非。在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。‎ ‎5．正误参半。部分正确，部分错误。‎ ‎[解题流程]‎ 细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则——“本本主义”，一切从原文出发，无需读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。‎ ‎[分类例析]‎ 直接/间接信息题 ‎——速读题干“抓关键”，跳读文章“锁信息”‎ 细节理解题主要考查文章中的某一个或几个细节，可以在文章中直接找到相关信息，进而判断该题目的正确答案。所以，做细节理解题的关键就在于如何在文中准确定位。一般来讲，我们需要先找题干中的关键词，如地名、人名、数字等这些不易被替代的词，它们很容易帮我们在文中找到它们出现的位置。如果没有关键词，就先用最简单的词概括题干大意，然后用这几个词去文章中找相关表达。‎ ‎[示例]　(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B节选)‎ No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s motherinlaw, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters.According to a study by grandparents.com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Twothirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.‎ ‎26．What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision?‎ A．17% expressed their support for it.‎ B．Few people responded sympathetically.‎ C．83% believed it had a bad influence.‎ D．The majority thought it was a trend.‎ ‎[解题样板]‎ 第一步：定信息区间 抓关键 题干中的关键词：Mrs. Robinson’s decision 锁信息 定位：用Mrs. Robinson’s decision寻读，在文中找到信息源“...83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Twothirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.”‎ 第二步：比对定答案 选项 选项意思 定位 A ‎17%的人对这一做法表示支持。‎ 无中生有 B 几乎没有人的反应是支持的。‎ 颠倒是非 C ‎83%的人认为这会产生坏的影响。‎ 颠倒是非 D 大多数人认为这是一种趋势。‎ 同义替换 ‎[分析]　选D　根据最后一句可知，三分之二的人认为会有更多的家庭仿效Mrs. Robinson的做法；D项意为“大部分人认为这会成为一种趋势”。经比对可知，D项是原文的同义替换。‎ 正误判断题 ‎——题目信息较分散，逐一比对定答案 正误判断题是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一层或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目，考生要静下心来，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，方可慎重作答。‎ ‎[示例]　(2015·福建高考阅读A节选)‎ Food festivals around the world Stilton Cheese Rolling May Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans. Teams of four, dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes, roll a complete cheese along a 50metre course. On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors’ lane (赛道)．Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones). All the competitors are served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.‎ Fiery Foods Festival — The Hottest Festival on Earth Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. They come from as far away as ‎ Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common addiction — food that is not just spicy (辛辣), but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your head spin and your eyes water. Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March. You might like to try a chocolatecovered habanero pepper — officially the hottest pepper in the world — or any one of the thousands of products that are on show. But one thing’s for sure — if you don’t like the feeling of a burning tongue, this festival isn’t for you!‎ La Tomatina — The World’s Biggest Food Fight On the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Buol hosts La Tomatina — the world’s largest food fight. A weeklong celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week’s events. The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes — official fightstarters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.‎ ‎…‎ ‎59．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?‎ A．The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.‎ B．More than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.‎ C．Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.‎ D．An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.‎ ‎[解题样板]‎ 第一步：定信息区间 选项 选项关键词 信息区间 A The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition 第一段第四句 B More than 10,000 Chinese 第二段第一、二两句 C Thousands of spicy foods are on show 第二段倒数第二句 D An exciting tomato battle takes place 第三段第二句 第二步：一一比对定答案 选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位 A Stilton滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。‎ 奖品是a complete Stilton cheese。‎ 张冠李戴 B 一万多名中国人参加了Fiery and BBQ Festival。‎ 参加者来自世界各地。‎ 曲解文意 C 在Fiery and BBQ Festival上，展出了成千上万种辛辣食物。‎ 展出了成千上万种物产。‎ 同义替换 D 在La Tomatina节日的开始，会举行一场激动人心的“西红柿大战”。‎ ‎“西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾，而不是节日的开始。‎ 曲解文意 ‎[课堂真题验证]　　　　　　　 　　　　　‎ (2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)‎ You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?‎ Jane Addams (1860－1935)‎ Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community (社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.‎ Rachel Carson (1907－1964)‎ If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.‎ Sandra Day O’Connor (1930－present)‎ When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator (参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U．S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.‎ Rosa Parks (1913－2005)‎ On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civilrights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in，” said Parks.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了不同领域的四位女性先驱。‎ ‎1．What is Jane Addams noted for in history?‎ A．Her social work.‎ B．Her teaching skills.‎ C．Her efforts to win a prize.‎ D．Her community background.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据Jane Addams下的第一句 ‎“Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.”(任何一个受到社会工作者帮助的人都要感谢Jane Addams)可知，在历史上，Jane Addams以她的社会工作而出名，与A项相符。‎ ‎2．What was the reason for O’Connor’s being rejected by the law firm?‎ A．Her lack of proper training in law.‎ B．Her little work experience in court.‎ C．The discrimination against women.‎ D．The poor financial conditions.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据Sandra Day O’Connor下的第一句“When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School ...”可知，她没能在法律事务所找到工作，是因为她是一名女性，这与C项“对于女性的歧视”相符，故选C项。‎ ‎3．Who made a great contribution to the civilrights movement in the U．S.?‎ A．Jane Addams.　　　　 　B．Rachel Carson.‎ C．Sandra Day O’Connor. D．Rosa Parks.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据Rosa Parks下的“... it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civilrights movement.”可知，Rosa Parks的举动最终推动了民权运动，故选D项。‎ ‎4．What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?‎ A．They are highly educated.‎ B．They are truly creative.‎ C．They are pioneers.‎ D．They are peacelovers.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。通读全文可知每位女性都是各自领域的先驱者，都在各自领域作出了巨大的贡献，故选C。‎ (2016·全国卷Ⅱ阅读A)‎ What’s On?‎ Electric_Underground ‎7：30 pm－1：00 am　Free at the Cyclops Theatre Do you know who’s playing in your area? We’re bringing you an exciting evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands. Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract (合同)? If so, come early to the talk at 7：30 pm by Jules Skye, a successful record producer. He’s going to talk about how you can find the right person to produce your music.‎ Gee_Whizz ‎8：30 pm－10：30 pm　Comedy at Kaleidoscope ‎ Come and see Gee Whizz perform. He’s the funniest standup comedian on the comedy scene. This joyful show will please everyone,‎ ‎ from the youngest to the oldest. Gee Whizz really knows how to make you laugh! Our bar is open from 7：00 pm for drinks and snacks (快餐)．‎ Simon’s_Workshop ‎5：00 pm－7：30 pm　Wednesdays at Victoria Stage This is a good chance for anyone who wants to learn how to do comedy. The workshop looks at every kind of comedy, and practices many different ways of making people laugh. Simon is a comedian and actor who has 10 years’ experience of teaching comedy. His workshops are exciting and fun. An evening with Simon will give you the confidence to be funny.‎ Charlotte_Stone ‎8：00 pm－11：00 pm　Pizza World Fine food with beautiful jazz music; this is a great evening out. Charlotte Stone will perform songs from her new bestselling CD, with James Pickering on the piano. The menu is Italian, with excellent meat and fresh fish, pizzas and pasta (面食). Book early to get a table. Our bar is open all day, and serves cocktails, coffee, beer, and white wine.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇由四则广告组成的应用文。分别介绍了一个讲座、一个喜剧演员的演出、一个喜剧演员的工作室以及一个有爵士乐和美食的好去处。‎ ‎5．Who can help you if you want to have your music produced?‎ A．Jules Skye.　　　　　　 　B．Gee Whizz.‎ C．Charlotte Stone. D．James Pickering.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。从题干的“have your music produced”判断本题的答案出处在第一则广告，该广告说晚上7点半有Jules Skye的关于音乐的讲座报告，因此选A项。‎ ‎6．At which place can people of different ages enjoy a good laugh?‎ A．The Cyclops Theatre. B．Kaleidoscope.‎ C．Victoria Stage. D．Pizza World.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。第二则广告里说，Gee Whizz是最滑稽的单口喜剧演员(standup comedian)，他的表演能够让所有人快乐，下至孩童上到老人(from the youngest to the oldest)。表演的地点是Kaleidoscope，因此选B项。‎ ‎7．What do we know about Simon’s Workshop?‎ A．It requires membership status.‎ B．It lasts three hours each time.‎ C．It is run by a comedy club.‎ D．It is held every Wednesday.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。本题涉及第三则广告的相关信息。“从5：00 pm－7：30 pm Wednesdays at Victoria Stage”可以判断，该活动每个星期三举办，故D项正确。‎ ‎8．When will Charlotte Stone perform her songs?‎ A．5：00 pm－7：30 pm. B．7：30 pm－1：00 am.‎ C．8：00 pm－11：00 pm. D．8：30 pm－10：30 pm.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。从题干可知有关本题的信息来自最后一则广告，该广告开头就交代了时间：晚上8点到11点，因此选C项。‎ (2016·北京高考阅读A)‎ December 15,2014‎ Dear Alfred，‎ I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.‎ Growing up, I had people telling me I was too slow, though, with an IQ of 150＋ at 17, I’m anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADHD (注意力缺陷多动障碍). Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.‎ However, when something did interest me, I could become absorbed. In high school, I became curious about the computer, and built my first website. Moreover, I completed the senior course of Computer Basics, plus five relevant precollege courses.‎ While I was exploring my curiosity, my disease got worse. I wanted to go to college after high school, but couldn’t. So, I was killing my time at home until June 2012 when I discovered the online computer courses of your training center.‎ Since then, I have taken courses like Data Science and Advanced Mathematics. Currently, I’m learning your Probability course. I ‎ have hundreds of printer paper, covered in selfwritten notes from your videos. This has given me a purpose.‎ Last year, I spent all my time looking for a job where, without dealing with the public, I could work alone, but still have a team to talk to. Luckily, I discovered the job — Data Analyst — this month and have been going full steam ahead. I want to prove that I can teach myself a respectful profession, without going to college, and be just as good as, if not better than, my competitors.‎ Thank you. You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself because I’m doing something, not because someone told me I was doing good. I feel whole.‎ This is why you’re saving my life.‎ Yours，‎ Tanis 语篇解读：本文是一封感谢信。塔尼斯智商高达150，但是身患注意力缺陷多动障碍，多亏艾尔弗雷德的培训中心，塔尼斯有了在线学习的机会，重新有了人生的奋斗目标，并找到了一份工作。‎ ‎9．Why didn’t Tanis go to college after high school?‎ A．She had learned enough about computer science.‎ B．She had more difficulty keeping focused.‎ C．She preferred taking online courses.‎ D．She was too slow to learn.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段可知，塔尼斯尽管智商高，但是身患注意力缺陷多动障碍，每次保持注意力集中达不到一个多小时；第四段中又提到病情加剧，中学毕业后想上大学，但是不能，显然是由于她无法集中注意力，故选B项。‎ ‎10．As for the working environment, Tanis prefers ________.‎ A．working by herself B．dealing with the public C．competing against others D．staying with ADHD students 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第六段第一句可知作者喜欢靠自己工作，故选A。‎ ‎11．Tanis wrote this letter in order to ________.‎ A．explain why she was interested in the computer B．share the ideas she had for her profession C．show how grateful she was to the center D．describe the courses she had taken so far 解析：选C　写作意图题。作者在文章开头直接说明写信的目的：你的帮助对我的人生是多么重要；然后描述自己的病情，未了的大学梦，以及艾尔弗雷德开办的网站给作者带来的学习快乐，因此本文的写作目的是C项：表明她对这个学习中心的感激。‎ ‎[课下过关检测]　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　‎ 阅读理解“细节理解题”针对练(一)‎ ‎(共3篇，限时25分钟)‎ A ‎(2016·合肥市高三第一次质检)Are you interested in visiting historical swimming pools? If you are, here are some pools that you shouldn’t miss in America.‎ McCarren Park Pool During the summer of 1936, the Works Progress Administration opened eleven huge pools in New York City. One was the McCarren Park Pool, designed by Aymar EmburyⅡ. A 2012 restoration project brought the longclosed Brooklyn facility into the 21st century while keeping the original brick bathhouse building and grand entry arch(拱门)．‎ Berkeley City Club Pool Open to members and hotel guests of Berkeley City Club in Berkeley, California, this Julia Morgandesigned pool dates from 1930. It looks like a pool in a fairy tale. There is an observation deck (瞭望台) for those who just want to enjoy the architecture without actually swimming.‎ Roman Pool Part of Hearst Castle, the indoor Roman Pool is a masterpiece filled with natural light and amazing artworks by artist Camille Solon. Julia Morgan built the pool under a tennis court and designed ‎ it in an artistic style. The water’s gleaming surface reflects the room’s curved marble ladders, lamps and marble statues.‎ Neptune Pool The Neptune Pool is also one of the main attractions of Hearst Castle. Julia Morgan designed it. It has an amazing oceanview setting. For more on the Neptune Pool and the castle, visit the Hearst Castle website.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。作者向我们介绍了美国四个历史悠久的游泳池。‎ ‎1．What can we know about the McCarren Park Pool?‎ A．It was opened in the early 1930s.‎ B．It isn’t open to the public today.‎ C．It was restored by Aymar EmburyⅡ.‎ D．The original brick bathhouse building still exists.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段的“A 2012 restoration project brought the longclosed Brooklyn facility into the 21st century while keeping the original brick bathhouse building”可知应选D。‎ ‎2．What can we do at the Roman Pool?‎ A．Having an ocean view through the windows.‎ B．Enjoying views on an observation deck.‎ C．Enjoying artworks by Camille Solon.‎ D．Staying at Berkeley City Club.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第四段的“Part of Hearst Castle, the indoor Roman Pool is a masterpiece filled with natural light and amazing artworks by artist Camille Solon.”可知应选C。‎ ‎3．The text is meant to ________.‎ A．introduce the Hearst Castle website B．introduce some historical swimming pools C．recommend some major attractions in the U．S.‎ D．tell readers about some pools designed by Julia Morgan 解析：选B　写作意图题。根据文章内容可知，作者主要介绍了一些美国历史悠久的游泳池，故选B。‎ B ‎(2016·江西重点中学盟校第一次联考)Based on new analysis, we are rapidly approaching major climate change and the effects on society and the environment could be quite severe. Geographers predict that within the next eighty years, current world climate zones could shift and some could completely disappear. Polar regions will get colder while tropical regions will get even hotter, forcing animals to migrate (迁徙) north.‎ Climate changes like these could lead to the spread of diseases. Tropical storms and hurricanes will not only increase but may also become more intense. If the changes come too quickly, animal and ‎ plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.‎ According to Science Daily, a new study predicts that by the year 2100, many of today’s familiar climates will be replaced by climates unknown in today’s world. It is urgent that we reduce the risks of these farreaching consequences for the whole world. The planet itself has been showing signs of change. In 2004, a serious tsunami created by a major earthquake killed thousands in Sumatra and in 2008, thousands died in China because of another severe earthquake. Egypt was hit in 2009 with a major earthquake and Haiti was devastated in 2010 by yet another massive earthquake.‎ ‎ Within just the last few months, new reports from around the world have been coming in and most agree that our climate situation is much worse than previously thought. At this point, it doesn’t matter what is causing it, but rather, what can be done about it. What’s more, our world is getting more and more unstable every year. There is war and threat of war everywhere. Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.‎ However, other planets are experiencing global warming as well as our own and some scientists believe there may be some connection between this. No one knows anything for sure at this point because there is simply not enough data.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了未来气候的变化对人和动物的生存环境的影响。‎ ‎4．What is the major function of Paragraph 1?‎ A．To arouse the readers’ concern.‎ B．To introduce the theme of the whole passage.‎ C．To summarize the whole passage.‎ D．To state how climate changes.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第一段第一句可知，最新研究数据表明，即将到来的世界气候的巨大变化将严重影响社会和环境。而接下来的几段则是围绕气候变化对社会和环境具体的影响而展开的，由此可推知，第一段主要是介绍文章的主题。故选B项。‎ ‎5．What is the author’s purpose in using the examples of earthquakes?‎ A．To show major changes will take place on the planet.‎ B．To remind people to prevent future earthquakes.‎ C．To show the damage earthquakes caused.‎ D．To tell us more earthquakes will happen in the future.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“The planet itself has been showing signs of change.”可知，列举最近地球上所发生的地震是为了说明地球已有发生重大变化的迹象。故选A项。‎ ‎6．Which of the following is NOT true of climate changes’ effects?‎ A．Animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.‎ B．It could lead to the spread of diseases.‎ C．Current world climate zones could shift and completely disappear.‎ D．Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，地理学家预计在未来的八十年中，现在的世界气候带可能会改变，有的可能会完全消失，C项中说世界气候带可能会变化并会完全消失，与文中描述不符，故C项表述错误。‎ ‎7．What can be inferred from the passage?‎ A．Animals and plants won’t die out as long as climate changes slowly. ‎ B．There’s enough data for us to predict the future of climate change.‎ C．The world is getting more unstable because of animal migration.‎ D．The earth is not the only planet that is experiencing climate change.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，地球并不是唯一一个在经历气候变化的星球。故选D项。‎ C ‎(2016·山西省重点中学协作体高考适应性考试)‎ Born in the State of New York on May 14th, 1984, Mark ‎ Zuckerberg was an instant success. In his high school years, he was considered one of top students in the classics, before moving into the arts, sciences, and literature, again picking up high marks and receiving academic praise. It earned him admission to Harvard University.‎ As a rebellious yet relatively quiet student, he created a website called Facemash in the university — an instantly controversial website that encouraged students to rate each other based on appearance.‎ The site was controversial for several reasons. The first was its illegal use of photographs, which the university and students took issue with. The second was its controversial nature — not every student like being ranked based on their appearance. The third was its huge resource use — while it was hosted on Harvard servers, it was the most popular page in the university’s entire network.‎ Zuckerberg was soon forced to shut the site down, but its popularity and controversy had made him consider its future potential. He soon turned the simple site into a personal one for Harvard students, encouraging them to network with their peers at the college. It was then, together with his two friends, that they launched “The Facebook”， which immediately spread to other colleges and grew into a public service that anyone could access in the United States, whether to network with friends and family, or to play games.‎ The company has been criticized frequently, nevertheless, Zuckerberg has remained true to his initial vision — to create a website that the entire world can use to communicate openly and ‎ easily with one another and to keep the user experience clean and pure. The end result is one of the world’s biggest online businesses.‎ Although its true value is debatable, it’s safe to say that Facebook, and its creator Mark Zuckerberg, are two of the twentyfirst century’s most influential, controversial, and potentially powerful figures.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Facebook创始人Mark Zuckerberg在大学期间创建Facemash网站遭遇挫折，但后来走向成功的故事。‎ ‎8．When Mark Zuckerberg was a student, he ________.‎ A．was often praised by teachers for the website he created B．had good academic performance C．alone created a website called Facebook D．encouraged students to set up business like him 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，他学生时期在学术方面表现得很优秀。故B项正确。‎ ‎9．The reason why Zuckerberg shut the site down was probably that ________.‎ A．his website was not popular B．he was doubted for the way he used photographs C．he needed time to reconsider his choice D．he stole resource on Harvard server 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，原因可能是大家因他使用照片的方式而对其产生质疑。故B项正确。‎ ‎10．Which words can best describe Zuckerberg?‎ A．Easygoing and smart. 　B．Quiet and shy.‎ C．Talented and outgoing. D．Rebellious and creative.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段可知，他很叛逆；根据他创建了网站可知，他也具有创造性。故D项正确。‎ ‎11．The best title of the passage should be “________”．‎ A．Mark Zuckerberg and His Facebook B．The Foundation of Facebook C．A Talent from Harvard University D．The Development of Facebook 解析：选A　标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了Mark Zuckerberg在上学期间的突出表现以及他创建网站的过程。A项“Mark Zuckerberg和他的Facebook”概括了文章大意，适合做标题。故A项正确。‎ 阅读理解“细节理解题”针对练(二)‎ ‎(共3篇，限时25分钟)‎ A ‎(2016·河南省八市重点高中高三质检)‎ During the two and a half years since I settled down in Germany, I’ve caught a cold several times and gotten to experience how different German cold remedies (疗法) are from the Chinese ones.‎ Back in Taiwan, whenever I had a streaming nose and a dry throat, I’d rush to the hospital to get prescribed medicine. For a fever, I would receive a red pill, which I now know is a type of antibiotic (抗生素)．‎ Another thing I know now is that the criminal behind my cold is a virus. The drugs I used only relieved the symptoms.When I went to a German hospital intending to get some medicine to treat my cold, I got nothing more than a pat on my shoulder and words from the doctor, saying that I should get some really good rest. The first time this happened, I was shocked. I wondered how I could put up with my sickness without the help of medicine. But the longer I stayed in Germany, the better I knew how to selfmedicate as other Germans do.‎ I learned to take vitamin C to build up my resistance. But what I like the most is drinking “Erk ltungstee”. For German people, Erk ltungstee is what their grandmother gives them when they catch a cold. It’s a tea bag mainly made of lime flower and orange rind. Another popular cold remedy in Germany is chicken soup. During my first winter in Germany, I got a really bad cold. My neighbor brought me a bowl of chicken soup to make me feel better. It contained a lot of ginger, onion, garlic, carrots and celery. Germans ‎ believe these ingredients are perfect for helping your body recover.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者在德国如何应对感冒的故事。‎ ‎1．How did the author feel after seeing the German doctor?‎ A．Relieved.　　　　　　 　B．Surprised.‎ C．Satisfied. D．Stressed.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第三段的“The first time this happened, I was shocked.”可知，作者第一次在德国看医生时，医生的应对方式让他很震惊。‎ ‎2．According to the author, what effect do antibiotics have on his cold?‎ A．They cure his cold.‎ B．They prevent the disease.‎ C．They kill the virus in him.‎ D．They make him feel better.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第三段的第二句可推知，作者之前生病时所吃的抗生素只是缓解了感冒的症状，让他自己感觉好一些而已。‎ ‎3．What do Germans think of “Erk ltungstee”？‎ A．It can replace any cold remedy.‎ B．It can build up one’s resistance.‎ C．It’s a good way to selfmedicate.‎ D．It’s better than chicken soup.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三段的最后一句并结合最后一段所列举的Erk ltungestee的例子可知，它是一种自我疗法。‎ ‎4．What can we infer from the text?‎ A．Germans tend not to use antibiotics to treat a cold.‎ B．The author often catches a cold in Taiwan.‎ C．The author seldom drinks chicken soup.‎ D．German doctors are cold to patients.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第三段和最后一段的整体内容可知，德国人感冒后医生是不给开药的，而且德国人有自我疗法。由此可推知，德国人不会感冒了就去吃抗生素。‎ B ‎(2016·广东省五校协作体高三第一次联考)‎ All hotels are restored periodically. However, few do it as frequently as Sweden’s Icehotel. Located in a remote village of Sweden, the hotel is constructed entirely from ice and therefore, has to be rebuilt annually.‎ The 26yearold tradition began accidentally in 1989 when locals organized an art exhibition to ‎ attract winter visitors. Among the tourists was an adventurous group that announced their intention of spending the night in the building where the exhibition was being held. That’s when the idea of building the icy accommodations occurred to the locals.‎ Each year, the preparations begin in March and the construction starts in November. Within eight to twelve weeks, Icehotel is ready to welcome its first visitors until midApril. After that, the beautiful structure will slowly melt into one giant pool.‎ Among this year’s unique suite (套房) offerings is the “Elephant in the Room.” It features a 3metre tall sculpted elephant overlooking an iceframed bed. For those seeking something more cuttingedge,_there are ones themed after a Swedish horror film and local fairy tales. To get a good night’s rest, guests have to snuggle inside their sleeping bags with gloves and hats on. Though that seems a little uncomfortable, visitors say it is an experience like none other.‎ The hotel also features a beautifully crafted ice church where over 100 couples will get married this year and an ice bar that will serve drinks in glasses carved from ice. Though dining options are limited to the hotel’s only restaurant, guests will have little to complain about with Michelintrained chef Alexander Meier in charge. To keep customers entertained, the hotel offers a lot of fun activities like snowshoeing, dog sledding, and even overnight wilderness camping.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了瑞典一家特殊的冰雕宾馆。‎ ‎5．What makes the Icehotel special?‎ A．It is located in a remote village.‎ B．It holds an art exhibition annually.‎ C．It is entirely built from ice. ‎ D．It offers different theme suites.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段的第三句可知，这个宾馆的特殊之处在于其整个建筑都是由冰建造的。‎ ‎6．How long is Icehotel in service every year?‎ A．About one month.‎ B．About three months.‎ C．About half a year.‎ D．About a whole year.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第三段的“the construction starts in November. Within eight to twelve weeks, Icehotel is ready to welcome its first visitors until midApril”可知，宾馆的营业时间大约是三个月。‎ ‎7．What does the underlined word “cuttingedge” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A．Thrilling. B．Beautiful.‎ C．Frustrating. D．Peaceful.‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据第四段的第三句可推知，与童话或恐怖电影有关的东西应该是很刺激的，thrilling“惊险的，令人激动的”，故选A。‎ ‎8．What can visitors do while staying in Icehotel?‎ A．Learn to sculpt animals from ice.‎ B．Have dinner in a restaurant nearby.‎ C．Hold wedding ceremonies there.‎ D．Watch Swedish horror movies.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一句“The hotel also features ...carved from ice.”可知，在这个宾馆里可以举行婚礼。‎ C Ever since Grumpy Cat first appeared online, the_Internet_can’t_get_enough_of_her. But attention is not the only thing that this cat is getting. Her fortune is estimated at $100 million, more than many famous actors and musicians earn.‎ So how did it all start?‎ Grumpy Cat’s owner Tabatha Bundesen was working as a waitress when her brother Bryan decided to take a photo of her funnylooking cat and post it on Reddit, a social news site. In a matter of hours, she became a sensation (轰动)．‎ It got 1 million views on Imgur in 48 hours.‎ Grumpy Cat’s real name is Tardar Sauce and she actually has a ‎ condition called dwarfism, which makes her constantly frowning. But that unique frown turned out to be worth millions of dollars.‎ Tabatha, who lives in Arizona in the US, isn’t complaining. She still remembers that ‎ September 22, 2012, when her life turned upside down.‎ Since her cat became a worldwide phenomenon, she was able to quit her job and devote her life to managing her cat’s modeling career. Sounds unbelievable, but it’s true. She says that her only job now is to book Tardar’s photo shoots, commercials (商业广告), and other appearances.‎ What are the other benefits of owning a milliondollar cat?‎ Apart from not having to work, Tabatha can travel all the time. She has time and money to visit her family more often and enjoy her life. She never could have imagined just how huge her cat would become, but she always knew Tardar was very special. And she is glad to see her cat bringing joy to so many people around the world.‎ As for the millions of dollars Tardar has earned, they come from all the products, commercials and a bestselling book. She even has her own movie Grumpy Cat’s Worst Christmas Ever.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了Grumpy Cat和她的主人Tabatha Bundesen的相关情况。‎ ‎9．What does the underlined part “the Internet can’t get enough of her” mean?‎ A．The Internet can’t stand her any more.‎ B．The Internet can’t pay more attention to her.‎ C．People don’t focus on her any longer on the Internet.‎ D．The Internet can’t find enough information about her.‎ 解析：选B　词义猜测题。根据第一段第二句可知，这只猫得到的不仅仅是关注。B项“这只猫在网络上得到了很大的关注”与之表述一致。‎ ‎10．What made Grumpy Cat become famous?‎ A．Her unusual appearance. 　B．Her bad temper.‎ C．Her short and fat body. D．Her unique fur.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“take a photo of her funnylooking cat”和第五段中的“which makes her constantly frowning. But that unique frown ...”可知，是这只猫特别的长相使她出名了。故选A。‎ ‎11．About Tabatha Bundesen, we know that ________.‎ A．she now works as a waitress B．she feels very tired of her famous cat C．she only manages her cat’s modeling career D．she is too busy to go home to visit her parents 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第七段第一句中的“she was able to quit her job and devote her life to managing her cat’s modeling career”可知，选C。‎ ‎12．The general idea of the last paragraph is ________.‎ A．how the cat can become so famous B．how the cat can make so much money C．what the film about the cat is named D．how the cat’s owner spends so much money 解析：选B　段落大意题。文章最后一段的内容告诉我们Tardar是如何赚如此多的钱的。故选B。‎ 第二讲 主旨大意题——抽取主干细加工 主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求，文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。‎ ‎[题型特点]‎ 一、主旨大意题正确选项的特征 ‎ ‎1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文。‎ ‎2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。‎ ‎3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。‎ 二、主旨大意题干扰选项的特征 ‎1．过于笼统，不知所云。所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。‎ ‎2．以偏概全，主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。‎ ‎3．移花接木，偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。‎ ‎4．无中生有，生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。‎ ‎[解题流程]‎ 叮嘱考生：永远把主旨大意题放在最后做。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题，所以在解答此类题目时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题目后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。‎ ‎[分类例析]‎ 标题归纳题 文章的标题是全文中心思想最精炼的表达。它的特点是：短小精炼，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。要选好恰当的标题，首先需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般说来，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为中心，与控制性概念的词按照一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。‎ 标题归纳题与文章大意题具有共同之处，当文章主旨是一个短语或一句简洁的话时，我们可把它看作标题。但是文章主旨往往是作者写作目的或写作内容的归纳，一般不作为文章标题。‎ ‎[常见设问方式] ‎ Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ What can be a suitable title for the text？‎ ‎ [示例]　(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选)‎ The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness,‎ ‎ uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.‎ Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.‎ Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.‎ Nurses and other caregivers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own ‎ and from other cultures.‎ ‎35．What may be the best title for the text? ‎ A．Sound and Silence B．What It Means to Be Silent C．Silence to Native Americans D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold ‎[解题样板]‎ 第一步：由文章的主题词、主题句概括文章的主旨 由文章中反复出现的silence和meaning这两个词及文章的首句“The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.”可概括出文章的主旨是：文章主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。即：在有些时候，人们利用沉默来解决人们之间的冲突，而在有些时候沉默则被认为表示顽固或者是担忧。‎ 第二步：审视选项，从内容和形式两方面确定答案 选项 译文 定位 A 声音和沉默 过于笼统，不知所云 B 沉默意味着什么 涵盖性强，覆盖全文 C 沉默对于美国本土人的意义是什么 以偏概全，主次不分 D 话语是银；沉默是金 无中生有，生搬硬套 ‎[分析]　选B　选项B符合文章主旨，其中的“Means to Be Silent”与文章首句中的“The meaning of silence”一致，且全面、凝炼地概括了文章内容。‎ 文章大意题 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。‎ ‎[常见设问方式]‎ What is the main idea of the passage? ‎ The passage is mainly about ________.‎ Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?‎ Which of the following can best summarize the passage? ‎ What is the subject discussed in the passage? ‎ What does the passage mainly present? ‎ ‎[示例]　(2016·江苏高考阅读B节选)‎ Chimps (黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.‎ In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random — he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.‎ Human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.‎ There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence ‎ develops in children before their general cognitive (认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.‎ The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”， a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.‎ ‎60．The passage is mainly about ________.‎ A．the helping behaviors of young children B．ways to train children’s shared intentionality C．cooperation as a distinctive human nature D．the development of intelligence in children ‎[解题样板]‎ 第一步：由段意加工概括文章大意 文章第一、二段主要讲述了黑猩猩的自私行为，第三段又转入到了人类无私帮助他人的本能，最后两段则分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。由此得出结论，文章主要讲述了合作是人类与生俱来的一种独有的本能。‎ 第二步：审视选项，排异求同定答案 选项 译文 定位 A 少年儿童的帮助行为 以偏概全，主次不分 B 训练儿童共享意向的方法 以偏概全，主次不分 C 合作是人类特有的本能 涵盖性强，覆盖全文 D 儿童智力的发展 以偏概全，主次不分 段落大意题 要准确概括某一段落的大意，务必要知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分结构组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，主题句就在段首；如果按分总结构组织，主题句就在段尾；如是按分总分的结构组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如是对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。‎ ‎[常见设问方式]‎ What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...?‎ The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________ .‎ The first paragraph is mainly about ________.‎ Which of the following can best summarize Para. 1？ ‎ ‎[示例]　(2016·浙江高考阅读C节选)‎ Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort — the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world — is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution (进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive (认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may ‎ have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”‎ ‎53．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? ‎ A．The world may be more clearly explained through children’‎ s play.‎ B．Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.‎ C．Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.‎ D．One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.‎ ‎[解题样板]‎ 第一步：审清题干，找主题句(或概括主题句)‎ 题干问的是最后一段的大意。通读文章最后一段可知，该段是按总分结构进行组织的，故该段的主题句应是第一句话。‎ 第二步：审视选项，排异求同定答案 选项 译文 定位 A 通过儿童的游戏解释世界或许更清晰。‎ 过于笼统，不知所云 B 研究婴儿的游戏或许有助于更好地理解科学。‎ 涵盖性强，覆盖全段 C 儿童拥有比科学家更强的理解事物的能力。‎ 无中生有，生搬硬套 D 一个人对科学研究的动力可能会随着他的成长变得更强。‎ 无中生有，生搬硬套 ‎ ‎ ‎[课堂真题验证]　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　‎ (2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D)‎ Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored (监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s emails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.‎ ‎“The ’if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”‎ Researchers analyzing wordofmouth communication — emails, Web posts and reviews, facetoface conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative (消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most emailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were ‎ much more likely to make the list than nonscience articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.‎ Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused (激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在晚间广播或者早报上，不好的新闻有卖点，流血的新闻占头条。但是研究表明，在电子邮件或者网络新闻中，人们更喜欢有积极意义或者有趣的新闻。‎ ‎1．What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?‎ A．News reports.　　　　 　B．Research papers.‎ C．Private emails. D．Daily conversations.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。从第一段中的“Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.”可知，这样的情况出现在新闻报道中。‎ ‎2．What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?‎ A．They’re socially inactive.‎ B．They’re good at telling stories.‎ C．They’re inconsiderate of others.‎ D．They’re careful with their words.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句可知，与朋友分享故事时你更加注意他们的反应，不想让他们觉得你是Debbie Downer那样的人。因此Debbie Downer是不考虑他人感受的人。‎ ‎3．Which tended to be the most emailed according to Dr. Berger’s research?‎ A．Sports news. B．Science articles.‎ C．Personal accounts. D．Financial reviews.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“... was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than nonscience articles.”可知，科学类文章是读者转发推荐最多的。‎ ‎4．What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A．Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide B．Online News Attracts More People C．Reading Habits Change with the Times D．Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks 解析：选D　标题归纳题。全文讲述了好消息在社交网络媒体中传播得更快更深远的现实，这打破了传统媒体中坏消息传播得又快又广的惯例，正面的新闻更容易被分享。‎ (2015·重庆高考阅读A)‎ At thirteen, I was diagnosed (诊断) with a kind of attention ‎ disorder. It made school difficult for me. When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks, I could not.‎ In my first literature class, Mrs. Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it, all within 45 minutes. I raised my hand right away and said, “Mrs. Smith, you see, the doctor said I have attention problems. I might not be able to do it.”‎ She glanced down at me through her glasses, “You are no different from your classmates, young man.”‎ I tried, but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang. I had to take it home.‎ In the quietness of my bedroom, the story suddenly all became clear to me. It was about a blind person, Louis Braille. He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education. But Louis didn’t give up. Instead, he invented a reading system of raised dots (点), which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.‎ Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class, being made to learn like the “sighted” students? My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance. I completed the task within 40 minutes. Indeed, I was no different from others; I just needed a quieter place. If Louis could find his way out of his problems, why should I ever give up?‎ I didn’t expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs. Smith, so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day — with an “A” on it. At the bottom of the paper were these words: “See what you can do when you keep trying？”‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者患有注意力障碍症，上课不能集中精力，对自己缺乏信心。但是在老师的鼓励下，通过自己不懈地努力，作业得了“A”，这验证了老师之前的话。‎ ‎5．The author didn’t finish the reading in class because________.‎ A．he was new to the class B．he was tired of literature C．he had an attention disorder D．he wanted to take the task home 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段“I was diagnosed (诊断) ... attention disorder ... I could not.”可知，作者不能在课堂上完成阅读和写作任务，因为他患有注意力障碍症。‎ ‎6．What do we know about Louis Braille from the passage?‎ A．He had good sight.‎ B．He made a great invention.‎ C．He gave up reading.‎ D．He learned a lot from school.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第五段尤其是“he invented a reading system of raised dots (点)”可知，应该选B项。‎ ‎7. What was Mrs. Smith’s attitude to the author at the end of the story?‎ A．Angry.　　　　　　　 　B．Impatient.‎ C．Sympathetic. D．Encouraging.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据最后一段尤其是“See what you can do when you keep trying？”可知，史密斯夫人是在鼓励作者只要不懈努力，就一定能战胜困难取得成功。因此选D项。‎ ‎8．What is the main idea of the passage?‎ A．The disabled should be treated with respect.‎ B．A teacher can open up a new world to students.‎ C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts.‎ D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges.‎ 解析：选C　文章大意题。通读全文可知，作者是一个有注意力障碍症的学生，因为上课不能集中精力而不得不把作业拿回家去做，在安静的环境下终于完成了。文章强调的是不懈努力的重要性，而不是对残障人士的尊重、老师对学生的作用或困境中的帮助，故A、B、D三项均有偏差，应选C项。‎ (2015·福建高考阅读E)‎ Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain (保持) a healthy lifestyle. Group exercise is challenging, yet fun and empowering! Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body. However, studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups, it’s not only great for improving physical health but for psychological health. It’s an ‎ opportunity to be social, release endorphins (内啡肽), and improve your strength. Additionally, group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard. The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone.‎ Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor. Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and don’t want to embarrass themselves. If you feel you can relate, then group training is an even better option for you. It’s a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision (监管) of a fitness instructor. If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track. Don’t let fitness frighten you!‎ If you’re serious about wanting to live a healthy lifestyle, it’s extremely important to surround yourself with people who’ll provide you with the proper emotional support. I wouldn’t scold anyone for deciding to party on weekends and in turn I wouldn’t expect anyone to give offence to me for focusing on my health. Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you! Make fitness even more fun by trying something new or any group fitness class, with a friend. Plan to go for a jog together. Then try a fun healthy restaurant or fresh juice bar! Fitness can be both fun and social!‎ Surrounding yourself with people who’ll provide you with respect support can be very beneficial while working towards ‎ reaching health and fitness goals. First, decide to do it for yourself and work towards staying positive. Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive. Don’t let negativity ruin your motivation.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了参加群体锻炼的多种益处。群体锻炼不但对身体健康有益，而且对心理健康也有好处。你不相信吗？快来读一下这篇文章吧！‎ ‎9．The first paragraph focuses on________.‎ A．the greatest challenge of group exercise B．the most effective way to improve physical fitness C．the contribution of group exercise to psychological health D．the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups 解析：选C　推理判断题。第一段的开头部分讲了群体锻炼是增进身体健康最有效的方式之一(B项内容)，而且群体锻炼具有挑战性(A项内容)，后面也提到共同的目标能激励参与者努力锻炼(D项内容)，但是这些都是指群体锻炼对身体健康的益处。故选C项。‎ ‎10．The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．‎ A．cheerful B．average C．serious D．temporary 解析：选A　词义猜测题。由前半句“If you’re tired of wandering ... and becoming bored”‎ 可知，参加upbeat的群体能让你不懈怠或者不厌倦，故upbeat意为“精神振奋的”，这与选项中的cheerful同义。故选A项。‎ ‎11．When it comes to emotional support, the author thinks it necessary ________.‎ A．to sustain a colorful lifestyle B．to party on weekends with positive people C．to try a fun healthy restaurant regularly D．to surround yourself with supportive people 解析：选D　细节理解题。由倒数第二段的第一句“... surround yourself with people who’ll provide you with the proper emotional support.”可知D项正确。‎ ‎12．What would be the best title for the passage?‎ A．Seeking Support B．Supporting Health C．Improving Your Strength D．Building Up Fitness 解析：选B　标题归纳题。综观全文可知，本文主要阐述了参加群体锻炼的益处，它不仅仅体现在身体方面，还体现在精神(心理)方面，这恰恰与B项的含义契合。所以选B项。‎