2020届二轮复习阅读理解中主旨大意-文章大意题考查解读

2020届二轮复习阅读理解中主旨大意-文章大意题考查解读

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解中主旨大意文章大意题考查解读 题型解读】‎ 说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都会考查文章大意类题。设问形式常有：‎ ‎(1)What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the passage/the text?‎ ‎(2)What does the text/passage mainly focus on?‎ ‎(3)The passage is mainly about .‎ ‎(4)The general/main idea of the passage is .‎ ‎(5)The passage mainly focuses on .‎ 解题技巧——“主题句定位”寻主旨 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。‎ 主题句的位置一般有以下几种：‎ ‎(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。‎ ‎(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。‎ ‎(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。‎ ‎(4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。‎ 以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：‎ ‎1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。‎ ‎2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。‎ ‎3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。‎ ‎4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。‎ 例如：【真题感悟】中第39题，通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的经历，再根据最后一段“Determined to be myself，move forward，free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签)，I can now call myself a ‘marathon winner’．”可知，作者成功跑完马拉松源于自己的强大意志力。故选B。‎ ‎【课堂练习】‎ A Visitors must present all carried items for inspection upon entry.After inspection，all bags，backpacks，umbrella，parcels and other items as determined by security officers must be left in the checkrooms，free of charge，close to each entrance.All oversized bags，backpacks and luggage must be left in the checkrooms near the 4th Street entrance of either the East or West Building.These items will have to be X-rayed before being accepted.Items of value，such as laptop computers，cameras and fur coats，may not be left in the checkrooms but may be carried into the 1gallery.We regret that the museum doesn’t have enough space for visitors’ items larger than 17×26 inches in the gallery.‎ Additional security 6procedures and checks may be taken according to the decision of the gallery.‎ For the safety of the artworks and other visitors，nothing may be carried on a visitor’s back.Soft front-baby carriers are allowed，but children may not be carried on shoulders or in a child carrier worn on the back.Wheelchairs are available free of charge near each checkroom.‎ Smoking is 7prohibited.Food and drink are not permitted outside the food service areas.Unopened bottled water may be carried only in a visitor’s bag.Cell phones may not be used in the gallery.‎ Animals，other than service animals，are not permitted.‎ Skateboarding is prohibited.‎ Picture-taking(including video) for personal use is permitted except in the special exhibits.‎ Please don’t touch the works of art.‎ ‎1．According to the text，which item can be carried into the gallery?‎ A．Umbrella. B．Package.‎ C．iPad. D．Suitcase.‎ 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，伞、背包和手提包等都不可以带进国家美术馆。故选C。‎ ‎2．When in the gallery，what can visitors do?‎ A．They can carry opened bottled water in their bags.‎ B．They can drink inside the food service areas.‎ C．They can take pictures for personal use anywhere.‎ D．They must pay if they use wheelchairs for the children.‎ 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据带星号要点的第二点中的“Food and drink are not permitted outside the food service areas.”可知，他们可以在食品服务区内吃喝。‎ ‎3．What is the text mainly about?‎ A．The 2policies of the gallery.‎ B．The artworks of the gallery.‎ C．The location of the gallery.‎ D．The history of the gallery.‎ 答案　A 解析　文章大意题。根据文章大意可知，文章主要讲述了关于参观国家美术馆的一些注意事项。也就是：美术馆的政策。故选A。‎ B Would you buy a car that 3released calming smells into the air when you are stuck in heavy traffic? Would you buy a robot that smells like a human being?‎ Many people have seen the 3-D computer-made environments of virtual(虚拟的) reality (VR)．Now these virtual worlds will not just look and sound real.Researchers have created VR environments that even smell like the real things.With the new technology，users open a virtual door and step into a new environment，like a rainforest.After they enter this virtual world，special equipment releases forest-like smells into the air to make the experience seem more real.‎ Suzanne Fisher-Murray said，“It is a really wonderful experience that you have because you’re exploring this environment and you have smells with it.”‎ In the United States，Smell-O-Vision was designed to provide smells during the showing of a movie.The Smell-O-Vision system was once popular in the 1960s.Now，Emanuela Maggioni says it is close to becoming popular again.“The connection with ‎ emotions，memories，and ...the sense of smell，” Maggioni said.“It is unbelievable what we can do with technology.”‎ The uses for smell technology are not just limited to films and the performing arts.Researchers showed a computer program where users could imagine themselves driving a car.The system included a special smell-spraying 5device.Dmitrijs Dmitrenko said，“We want to deliver the smell of lavender(薫衣草) every time the person drives over the speed limit.We choose lavender because it’s a very calming smell.”‎ Scientists are experimenting with smell instead of sounds or image-based alerts on telecommunications equipment.And businesses are already using smell to influence people’s behavior.“Not only...in stores...But on the other side，you can create and stimulate(刺激) immediate buying，” Maggioni said.“So you’re in a library and you smell coffee and actually you are 4unconsciously having the need to drink a coffee.”‎ ‎4．Using smell technology，researchers make VR environments .‎ A．have a smell of a rainforest B．even smell like real ones C．look like a 4-D environment D．impress people with a virtual world 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。由第二段第三句“Researchers have created VR ‎ environments that even smell like the real things.”可知，研究人员使用嗅觉技术使得虚拟现实环境像真实的事物一样。故选B。‎ ‎5．The example of Smell-O-Vision proves that .‎ A．America is the first to use smell technology B．cinemas are the most suitable for smell sense C．smell technology has been tried before D．it was out of date to use smell-spraying devices 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。由第四段前两句可知，Smell-O-Vision的例子证明嗅觉技术之前已经被尝试过。故选C。‎ ‎6．How is smell technology used by businessmen?‎ A．To make buyers understand salesmen better.‎ B．To remind people of their unrealistic buying.‎ C．To help customers choose their favorite goods.‎ D．To encourage people to buy something suddenly.‎ 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。由最后一段中的“And businesses are already using smell to influence people’s behavior.‘Not only...in stores...But on the other side，you can create and stimulate(刺激) immediate buying，’”可知，商人使用嗅觉技术影响人们的行为，鼓励人们买东西。故选D。‎ ‎7．What is the main idea of the passage?‎ A．The development of smell technology.‎ B．A major breakthrough of smell technology.‎ C．The sense of smell in human communication.‎ D．The advanced smell-spraying devices.‎ 答案　A 解析　文章大意题。这篇文章主要讲了嗅觉技术的发展。故选A。‎ ‎【提炼拓展】‎ Ⅰ.障碍词汇突破 ‎(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思 ‎1．The paintings hang in a single，long space in the gallery.画廊 ‎2．A policy is a set of ideas or plans that is used as a basis for making decisions，especially in politics，economics，or business.政策 ‎3．We have to release the news before 5 o’clock tomorrow morning.发布 ‎4．She was unconscious but her heart was still beating.无意识的 ‎5．You should take the electronic device that tells the starter when an athlete has moved from his blocks prematurely.设备，装置 ‎(二)同义词语替换 ‎6．Police insist that Michael did not follow the correct procedure in applying for a visa.process ‎7．The new rules prohibit smoking in places like restaurants，hotels，railway stations or theatres，but not at the office.ban Ⅱ.长难句理解 ‎1．After inspection，all bags，backpacks，umbrella，parcels and other items as determined by security officers must be left in the checkrooms，free of charge，close to each entrance.‎ ‎[句式分析]　本句话是一个是复合句，主句是被动语态，主语为all bags，backpacks，umbrella，parcels and other items，谓语是must be left；After inspection，in the checkrooms，free of charge，close to each entrance都是状语；从句是as determined by security officers，省略了they are，是方式状语从句。‎ ‎[精美译文]　检查后，所有的包、背包、雨伞、包裹和其他东西，都按检查员的决定，必须放在检查室里免费保管，靠近每个入口处。‎ ‎2．Soft front-baby carriers are allowed，but children may not be carried on shoulders or in a child carrier worn on the back.‎ ‎[句式分析]　本句话是一个并列句，由连词but连接；but前后的句子都是被动语态。worn on the back为过去分词作定语。‎ ‎[精美译文]　软的前置的婴儿背带允许带入，但是不能把儿童扛在肩上，也不能用穿在后背上的儿童背带背着。‎ 强化训练 A ‎ ‎ ‎ If some parts of a body are very sick or damaged，then doctors might need to remove them.Another way doctors can help is to grow new tissue to replace what is sick or damaged.This is called regenerative medicine(再生医学)．‎ Regenerative medicine sounds like something from a science ‎ fiction movie but it is not a new idea.Inside our bones，we have something called “marrow”，which makes our blood and keeps us healthy.Doctors have been giving sick people the bone marrow from other healthy people for the last 30 or 40 years，and this is a kind of regenerative medicine.‎ Newer developments in regenerative medicine include growing new skin in a laboratory and using it to help people who have been hurt in fires or accidents.Another example of regenerative medicine is a technique developed from studying frogs and mice.When cells are old，like in adults，they can’t change what they do in our bodies.For example，a skin cell can’t change into an eye cell.But when cells are very young，they can become any cell type.These young cells are called stem cells，and doctors can use them to grow any type of tissue，such as skin，heart or eye.John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka won the 2012 Nobel Prize for their studies in this area.‎ Professor Fiona Watt，from the Centre of Regenerative Medicine at King’s College，London，believes that regenerative medicine is so exciting because many different kinds of experts need to work together.3D printers may be used to print new bones by experts，who need to work closely with university scientists and the surgeons who do the operations in hospitals.‎ We can not yet grow new arms or legs for people，but the science fiction dream of regenerative medicine may be closer than we think.Perhaps in the future，doctors will be able to grow ‎ whole new bodies for us.‎ ‎1．What’s the main idea of the passage?‎ A．How to help very sick or damaged people.‎ B．Regenerative medicine and science fiction.‎ C．We can grow our new bodies in the future.‎ D．Regenerative medicine and its development.‎ 答案　D 解析　文章大意题。文章主要介绍了什么是再生医学，再生医学的具体应用和发展过程及前景。“Regenerative medicine and its development”是全文的主旨，故选D。‎ ‎2．Which of the following is TRUE according to this passage?‎ A．Marrow can help grow new bones.‎ B．Stem cells can be used to grow any type of tissue.‎ C．Surgeons now use 3D printers to print new bones.‎ D．Regenerative medicine is a new science in medicine.‎ 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第二句“These young cells are called stem cells，and doctors can use them to grow any type of tissue，such as skin，heart or eye.”可知，医生可以用干细胞来分化成任何类型的组织。故选B。‎ ‎3．What’s the writer’s attitude to the development in regenerative medicine?‎ A．Pessimistic. B．Optimistic.‎ C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent.‎ 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，再生医学的科幻梦可能比我们想象的更接近，也许在将来，医生能够为我们生产出全新的身体。由此可推知作者对再生医学的发展充满希望，持乐观的态度。故选B。‎ B During the holiday season，many of us feel pressure to find our loved ones the “perfect” gift.Why? Because gift-giving has long been considered a prime way to express love.However，recent research suggests that small acts of kindness，like a kind word，hugging a child or receiving sympathy，make people feel most loved and supported.‎ In the study,495 men and women between the ages of 18 and 93 completed a questionnaire evaluating 60 possible ways that people can feel loved.The storyboards included situations like spending time with friends，receiving gifts，and spending time in nature.The survey also included negative interactions，like being controlled and criticized(批评) by others.‎ The findings highlighted the psychological benefits that close relationships can offer.In fact，study participants ranked human interaction as a more significant expression of love than receiving material items，like presents.Connecting with others was also rated more highly than getting positive feedback on the Internet，indicating that people get the most support from personal human contact.‎ ‎“During the holidays，anxiety rises，making it harder to ‎ remain present with ourselves and others.However，the power of spending time with another person is a gift we can give at any moment，” says Dr.Carla Naumburg，a mindfulness coach and social worker in Newton，Mass.He suggests balancing party planning and online shopping with moments of human connection.Activities like reading to a child，meeting a friend for a walk，or taking a moment to call a family member，are ways to express love and care and can keep us emotionally grounded.‎ While the idea of offering loved ones the gift of our time may pale in comparison to giving them a generous present，recent research shows shared human experiences can tighten social bonds.Despite personality differences，most people agree on what makes us feel loved—the presence of our loved ones.‎ ‎4．What does the text mainly focus on?‎ A．Gift and holiday economy.‎ B．Social and personal relationships.‎ C．Stress and human progress.‎ D．Selfish and generous love.‎ 答案　B 解析　文章大意题。文章主要讨论了善意的小行为能够让人们感受到被爱和支持，是有关社会和人际关系话题的文章。‎ ‎5．What can we know about the questionaire?‎ A．About 500 men participated in it.‎ B．Participants disliked negative interactions.‎ C．A wide range of age groups got involved.‎ D．Participants had limited ways to feel loved.‎ 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“In the study,495 men and women between the ages of 18 and 93 completed a questionnaire evaluating 60 possible ways that people can feel loved.”可知，参与调查的人员年龄范围非常广泛。‎ ‎6．What does Dr.Carla Naumburg intend to tell us?‎ A．People often find it difficult to stay with others.‎ B．Face-to-face connection is a gift to show love.‎ C．Reading to a child is the best way to convey love and care.‎ D．Balancing holiday activities with relaxation is recommended.‎ 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“Activities like reading to a child，meeting a friend for a walk，or taking a moment to call a family member，are ways to express love and care and can keep us emotionally grounded.”可知，面对面交流是一份能表达爱的礼物。‎ ‎7．What might be the best title for the text?‎ A．Gift-giving Is Already Out of Date B．Social Interaction Lights Up Your Holidays C．It Is Not Presents but Presence That Counts D．Stress Causes People to Withdraw from Others 答案　C 解析　标题归纳题。根据最后一段最后一句“Despite personality differences，most people agree on what makes us feel loved—the presence of our loved ones.”可知，礼物不如面对面交流重要，这是该项研究的结论，也是对全文的总结。故选C。‎