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【英语】2018届二轮复习构词法在短文语法填空中考查指导学案(18页word版)
2018届二轮复习构词法在短文语法填空中考查指导 正确运用构词法知识,是词汇学习的重要途径,同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语中构词法主要分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识,不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力,更能够灵活运用到语法填空和短文改错对于词性转化的考查当中。 [特别说明] 形容词变副词的词性转化在第3讲中已做具体讲解,本讲不再赘述。 在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法,即称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀,加在词根之后的为后缀。 1.形容词变名词的后缀 后缀 例词 age short→shortage 不足;短缺 cy efficient→efficiency 效率;功效 fluent→fluency 流利;流畅 accurate→accuracy 准确性 private→privacy 隐私;私密 dom free→freedom 自由;自主 wise→wisdom 明智;智慧 ence different→difference 差异 silent→silence 沉默 ness weak→weakness 虚弱;弱点 kind→kindness 仁慈;好意 careless→carelessness 粗心大意 dark→darkness 黑暗 th strong→strength 力气;强项 warm→warmth 温暖;热情 true→truth 真实 wide→width 宽度 y ty ity difficult→difficulty 困难 cruel→cruelty 残酷;残暴 safe→safety 安全 disable→disability 无能;残疾 responsible→responsibility 责任 2.动词变名词的后缀 后缀 例词 al approve→approval 赞成;批准 arrive→arrival 到来;到达 survive→survival 幸存 propose→proposal 提议;建议 ance appear→appearance 出现;外貌 guide→guidance 指引;指导 perform→performance 表演;节目 ence exist→existence 存在;生存 prefer→preference 偏爱 refer→reference 参考;查阅 ion attract→attraction 吸引 construct→construction 建设 educate→education 教育 evaluate→evaluation 评估 graduate→graduation 毕业 ation expect→expectation 期待;期望 explain→explanation 解释 consider→consideration 考虑 imagine→imagination 想象力 starve→starvation 挨饿 invite→invitation 邀请;请柬 (s)sion discuss→discussion 讨论;辩论 decide→decision 决定 admit→admission 接纳;准许入学 ing hear→hearing 听力;听觉begin→beginning 开始 ment achieve→achievement 功绩;成就 argue→argument 辩论;论据 treat→treatment 对待;治疗 equip→equipment 设备 ure fail→failure 失败;没做到 press→pressure 压力 ture mix→mixture 混合;混合物depart→departure 离开;出发 y recover→recovery 恢复;痊愈 discover→discovery 发现 其他 grow→growth 成长;发展 choose→choice 选择 vary→variety 多样化;种类 tend→tendency 趋向;趋势 3.动词、名词变形容词的后缀 后缀 例词 able accept→acceptable 可接受的 comfort→comfortable 舒适的 fashion→fashionable 时髦的 suit→suitable 合适的 reason→reasonable 有道理的 al music→musical 音乐的 origin→original 最初的 person→personal 个人的;私人的 center→central 中央的;中心的 nature→natural 自然的;天生的 form→formal 正式的 nation→national 全国的 ful doubt→doubtful 怀疑的 forget→forgetful 健忘的 harm→harmful 有害的 hope→hopeful 有希望的 peace→peaceful 和平的 care→careful 细心的 use→useful 有用的 help→helpful 有帮助的 ed scare→scared 感到恐惧的 confuse→confused 感到困惑的 puzzle→puzzled 迷惑的 worry→worried 担心的 bore→bored 感到厌倦的 excite→excited 激动的;兴奋的 underline→underlined 加下划线的 ing surprise→surprising 令人惊讶的 convince→convincing 令人信服的 satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的 worry→worrying 令人担心的 bore→boring 令人厌烦的 ible access→accessible 容易到达的;容易取得的 horror→horrible 可怕的;恐怖的 terror→terrible 可怕的 ive act→active 积极的;活跃的 effect→effective 有效的;生效的 attract→attractive 有吸引力的 impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的 instruct→instructive 有教育意义的 expense→expensive 昂贵的 ous continue→continuous 不断的;持续的 anxiety→anxious 忧虑的 caution→cautious 十分小心的;谨慎的 curiosity→curious 好奇的 humor→humorous 幽默的 some tire→tiresome 令人厌倦的 trouble→troublesome 麻烦的 y taste→tasty 美味的;可口的 health→healthy 健康的 wealth→wealthy 富裕的;丰富的 dirt→dirty 有灰尘的;脏的 rain→rainy 有雨的 sun→sunny 阳光明媚的 cloud→cloudy 阴天的 ern east→eastern 东方的;向东的 west→western 西方的;向西的 ish child→childish 孩子气的 fool→foolish 愚蠢的;可笑的 self→selfish 自私的 ic science→scientific 科学的 economy→economic 经济的 history→historic 历史上著名的 ary imagine→imaginary 想象中的 4.表示“人”的名词后缀 在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有: 后缀 例词 er clean→cleaner 清洁工 report→reporter 记者 strange→stranger 陌生人 or invent→inventor 发明者 visit→visitor 游客 direct→director 导演 ar lie→liar 说谎者 beg→beggar 乞讨者,乞丐 ee employ→employee 雇员 interview→interviewee 参加面试者 train→trainee 受训者,学员 ess host→hostess 女主人 act→actress 女演员 ian music→musician 音乐家 politics→politician 政治家 history→historian 历史学家 ist art→artist 艺术家 science→scientist 科学家 piano→pianist 钢琴家 ant serve→servant 仆人 participate→participant 参加者 assist→assistant 助手,图书管理员 5.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀 前/后缀 例词 前缀 dis agree→disagree 不同意 advantage→disadvantage 缺点 appear→disappear 消失 comfort→discomfort 不舒适的 honest→dishonest 不诚实的 il legal→illegal 不合法的 logical→illogical 不合逻辑的 im polite→impolite 无礼的 patient→impatient 不耐烦的 moral→immoral 不道德的 in formal→informal 非正式的 convenient→inconvenient 不方便的 direct→indirect 间接引起的 ir regular→irregular 不规则的 responsible→irresponsible 不负责任的 mis lead→mislead 误导 understand→misunderstand 误解 un usual→unusual 不寻常的 willing→unwilling 不愿意的 happy→unhappy 不高兴的 known→unknown 不出名的 后缀 less hope→hopeless 绝望的 end→endless 没完没了的 care→careless 粗心的 help→helpless 无助的 use→useless 无用的 6.变动词的前缀和后缀 前/后缀 例词 前缀 en able→enable 使能够 large→enlarge 扩大 rich→enrich 使充实;使丰富 danger→endanger 危及 courage→encourage 鼓励 后缀 en broad→broaden 使变宽 ripe→ripen 使成熟 sharp→sharpen 使尖锐 wide→widen 加宽 short→shorten 变短 deep→deepen 加深 dark→darken 使变暗 hard→harden 使变硬 ify class→classify 把……分类 just→justify 证明……正确 simple→simplify 简化 beauty→beautify 美化 ize apology→apologize 道歉 emphasis→emphasize 强调 memory→memorize 记住 real→realize 认识到;实现 转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变,转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。 转化规则 例词 注意 名词→动词 face(n.脸→v.面对) shoulder(n.肩→v.肩负) water(n.水→v.浇水) back(n.背→v.支持) name(n.名字→v.命名) high, deep, wide用作副词时表示具体,而highly, deeply, widely表示抽象。 动词→名词 look(v./n.)看 try(v./n.)尝试 dream(v./n.)梦想 chat (v./n.)聊天 形容词→动词 empty(adj.空的→v.倒空) slow(adj.慢的→v.减慢) dirty(adj.脏的→v.弄脏) warm(adj.暖的→v.使变暖) 形容词→副词 hard(adj.难的→adv.努力) high(adj.高的→adv.高) deep(adj.深的→adv.深) wide(adj.宽的→adv.宽) 把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法叫作合成法。以合成法构成的单词称作合成词,包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。 1.合成名词 构成 例词 名词+名词 newspaper报纸 babysitter 保姆 airport 机场 schoolmate 校友 形容词+名词 greenhouse温室 highway 高速公路 mainland 大陆 shorthand 速记 动词+副词 gettogether联欢会 breakdown 崩溃 breakthrough 突破 副词+动词 outbreak爆发 output 产量 downfall 垮台 outcome 结果 其他构成 wellbeing健康 grownup 成年人 passerby 路人 gobetween 媒人 bridetobe 准新娘 parentstobe 准父母 soninlaw 女婿 byproduct 副产品 2.合成形容词 构成 例词 形容词/数词+名词+ed warmhearted热心的 blueeyed 蓝眼睛的 absentminded 心不在焉的 middleaged 中年的 ninestoreyed 九层楼的 threelegged 三条腿的 onesided 片面的 名词/副词+分词 peaceloving热爱和平的 Englishspeaking 讲英语的 meateating 食肉的 manmade 人造的 snowcovered 白雪覆盖的 handmade 手工的 stateowned 国有的 welldressed 穿着体面的 newlybuilt 新建的 widespread 广泛流传的 名词+形容词 worldfamous世界著名的 icecool 冰冷的 snowwhite 雪白的 grassgreen 草绿的 taxfree 免税的 fatfree 无脂的 troublefree 无忧无虑的 形容词+名词 fulltime全职的 parttime 兼职的 secondhand 二手的 upperclass 上层阶级的,上流社会的 highgrade 品质优良的 largescale 大规模的 形容词+分词 goodlooking好看的 easygoing 随和的 slowmoving 移动缓慢的 数词+名词+形容词 200meterlong 200 米长的 1,000wordlong 1 000词长的 18yearold 18岁大的 20meterwide 20 米宽的 3.其他合成词 构成 例词 合成动词 upset使心烦意乱 overcome 克服 overjoy 使狂喜 overthrow 推翻 oversleep 睡过头 undergo 经历 overcharge 超额收费 overbook 超额预订 合成副词 afterwards以后,后来 inwards 向内地 upwards 向上地 downwards 向下地 forward 向前,前进 upstairs 在楼上 anywhere 任何地方 anyhow 无论如何 forever 永远 合成介词 outside 在……外面 without 没有 within 在……之内 into 进入 onto 到……之上 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.With the development (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more and more serious. 2.(2017·淮北市模拟)I’m so thankful (thank) that we had candles on hand that dark night. 3.(2017·湖北省七市联考)All of a sudden, my heart was filled with warmth (warm). 4.(2017·湖北省七市联考)I shared the photo and my unforgettable (forget) experiences with my friends. 5.(2017·西安市模拟)White tea is helpful in preventing cavities and building the strength (strong) of your teeth. 6.(2017·青岛市模拟)If you always go to bed and get up at about the same time, this will set a healthy (health) rhythm in your life. 7.(2017·河南省百校联盟质检)The soldiers stood about six feet tall, and each appeared to have his own personality (personal). 8.There are more and more cars, buses on the roads, and they give off poisonous (poison) gases. 9.(2017·九江市模拟)Most pubs have no waiters — you have to go to the bar (吧台) to buy drinks.This may sound inconvenient (convenient), but English people are used to doing so. 10.(2017·皖南八校联考)If you’re looking for some new and creative (create) ways to improve your health, try Fit Time. 11.(2017·唐山市调研考试)She asked me whether I would give a oneday lecture on stress management (manage) to 200 medical workers. 12.He looked so happy when he enjoyed the freedom (free) of running on the grass. 13.I bought her a bunch of colorful (color) sunflowers and tapped the envelope to it. 14.The high school boys love playing basketball, and it is a useful (use) way to release their study pressure (press). 15.(2017·海口市调研测试)He always spoke the truth.And his judgment (judge) of men was good. 16.(2017·琼海市模拟)Moreover, both students and teachers have expressed their happiness (happy) with these courses. 17.(2017·石家庄市一模)The book gives a detailed explanation (explain) of the origin, the processing skills and the classification of tea. 18.(2017·淮北市模拟)It was such a shock when they announced the winner (win) was Jim. 19.(2017·江南十校联考)The online books will be renewed and enriched gradually according to readers’ borrowing habits and preference (prefer). 20.(2017·厦门一中模拟)Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of achievement (achieve). 21.Keeping a diary in English is an effective (effect) way to improve our English writing ability. 22.(2017·淮北市模拟)Once following this routine, you will gradually see that you feel sleepy (sleep) when it’s 9 o’clock. 23.(2017·佛山市模拟)I believe my father is a talented (talent) man.He is decisive and efficient in doing things. 24.(2017·成都市模拟)Experts hope the whole society (social) pays more attention to the mental health of adolescents. 25.(2017·太原五中检测)If you have time, you should witness the true beauty (beautiful) of China’s landmark. 26.(2017·陕西师大附中模拟)I called the owner (own) of the restaurant and asked what was the matter with the man. 27.In an attempt to be open and friendly (friend), people in the United States smile a lot. 28.(2017·马鞍山市质检)But every driver who stopped to examine the note drove off without saying a word.There we were, helpless (help) and lost in China. 29.(2017·长沙市联考)However, customers must be convinced the goods they receive are real, and that the supplier is reliable (rely). 30.(2017·宝鸡市模拟)It’s natural that young people are often uncomfortable (comfortable) when they are with their parents. Ⅱ.单句改错 1.(2017·成都市模拟)As we know, challenge as it was, it was very benefit to us.benefit→beneficial 2.(2017·成都市模拟)It reflected their lack of concern for the safe of both others and themselves.safe→safety 3.(2017·江南十校联考)To my happy, she could cook some delicious food for me.happy→happiness 4.(2017·海口市调研测试)I am so luck to have some friends who share the same interest with me.luck→lucky 5.(2017·深圳市模拟)My suggest is: Tell your parents that you want to be trusted.suggest→suggestion 6.(2017·淮北市模拟)We’re living in a world where we can never stress the important of sharing too much.important→importance 7.(2017·成都市模拟)I am confidence to take care of myself, wash the clothes, and clean the rooms, which I never did when at home.confidence→confident 8.(2017·西安市模拟)It was the first time I had lived away from my home, so I found it difficulty to fit in.difficulty→difficult 9.(2017·兰州一中模拟)Her disappointing look showed that she failed the exam again.disappointing→disappointed 10.(2017·山师附中模拟)Unluckily, he was the only one who finally got the job, because the manager decided to give the job to whoever he believed was helpful.Unluckily→Luckily查看更多