【英语】2018届二轮复习 非谓语动词 学案

【英语】2018届二轮复习 非谓语动词 学案

‎ 非谓语动词 ‎【考纲解读】‎ 非谓语动词是高中英语教学的重点和难点，也是历届高考的重点项目。命题热点多是借助于基本概念，在语境中考查常用动词的各种非谓语形式以及个性动词后的非谓语形式。有时也涉及非谓语动词逻辑主语的一致性问题以及独立主格结构中非谓语的各种变化。其考点主要包括：‎ ‎1．考查对谓语动词与非谓语动词的识别，要求明确句子的结构和意义，掌握非谓语动词的基本用法。‎ ‎2．考查不定式和动名词作宾语的区别，要求掌握一些常见动词后面所接宾语的形式。‎ ‎．考查非谓语动词作定语、状语、补语时的区别，尤其是不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语所表示的不同时间、逻辑关系和意义。现在分词和不定式作结果状语时的区别应引起足够重视。‎ ‎4．考查非谓语动词的否定式、完成式、被动式及复合结构，要求掌握其构成形式、所表示的时间以及逻辑关系。‎ 高考将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查，而且对分词的考查仍是重点。试题的测试点将呈现出“情景化”和“设问角度多样化”的趋势，但试题的难度不会太大。‎ ‎【重点知识梳理】‎ 一、非谓语动词作状语 ‎1．不定式作状语 不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)；(2)目的(可用so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首)；(3)结果(常表出乎意料的结果，常为only to do)。‎ ‎①We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)‎ ‎②To get there on time I got up very early.(目的)‎ ‎③He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(结果)学科-网 ‎2．现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别 ‎(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。‎ Not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help.‎ 由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。‎ ‎(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。‎ Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.‎ 如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。‎ ‎(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。‎ Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn't hear the sound.‎ ‎3．独立主格结构作状语 如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，须在分词前面加上它自己的主语，这种结构叫独立主格结构，其作用相当于状语从句；有时也用with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾语补足语)作状语。‎ ‎(1)名词/主格代词＋现在分词 名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。‎ The girl staring at him(＝As the girl stared at him)，he didn't know what to say.‎ 资源库女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。‎ ‎(2)名词/主格代词＋过去分词 名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。‎ The problems solved(＝As the problems were solved)，the quality has been improved.‎ 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。‎ ‎(3)名词/主格代词＋不定式 名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。‎ He is going to make a model plane，some old parts to help.‎ 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。‎ ‎(4)with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾语补足语)作状语，是用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。‎ With time passing by(time和pass之间为主动关系)，he almost forgot everything in the past.‎ 随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。‎ He sat on the chair，with his hands tied(hands和tie之间为被动关系)behind his back.‎ 他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。‎ 二、非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语 ‎1．非谓语动词作主语 ‎(1)Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.(动名词作主语)‎ ‎(2)To see is to believe.(不定式作主语)‎ ‎(3)It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)‎ ‎(4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)‎ ‎2．非谓语动词作表语 ‎(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答what引导的问句。‎ ‎(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。‎ ‎3．非谓语动词作宾语 非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和动名词 ‎(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen等动词后跟不定式作宾语。‎ ‎(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ ‎1．动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，逻辑主语可以是物主代词、人称代词的宾格或所有格。‎ Do you mind my/me reading your paper?‎ 你介意我看你的考卷吗？‎ ‎2．作宾语的动名词和不定式除了一般式和主动式，还有完成式、被动式。 完成式表示该动作比谓语动作先发生。否定式在doing/to do前加not。‎ ‎(1)I regret not having taken her advice.(not须放在having前)‎ 我感到遗憾，没有听从她的建议。‎ ‎(2)They couldn't stand being treated like that.‎ 他们不能忍受被那样对待。‎ ‎(3)He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.‎ 他决定帮我，但我假装已经完成工作了。‎ 三、非谓语动词作定语 ‎1．不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。‎ You are the third one to enter the room.(主谓关系)‎ I have something important to say.(动宾关系)‎ He has no opportunity to go abroad.(同位关系)‎ ‎2．动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。‎ a reading room(＝ a room for reading)‎ ‎3．现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句。‎ The question being discussed (＝which is being discussed) now is important.‎ ‎4．过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。‎ The question discussed(＝which was discussed) yesterday is important.‎ 四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语 ‎1．advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等动词后面常用不定式作补语。如：‎ Tell the children not to play on the street.‎ The police warned us not to go out at night.‎ ‎2．make/let/have等使役动词后面用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动句中则使用带to的不定式。如：Ziyuanku.com They make the students do too much homework every day.‎ The students are made to do too much homework every day.‎ ‎3．感官动词后面可用不带to的不定式或分词作补语。‎ 从时间上看，不定式表示发生或完成；现在分词强调正在进行；过去分词表示完成。‎ 从逻辑关系上看，不定式和现在分词与宾语之间存在着主谓关系；过去分词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。如：‎ I saw him cross the street.‎ 我看到他穿过了大街。‎ I saw him crossing the street.‎ 我看到他正在穿过大街。‎ I saw him surrounded by a group of students.‎ 我看到一群学生围着他。‎ 五、非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式 The patient asked to be operated on at once.‎ ‎3．动名词的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。‎ We remembered having seen the film.‎ He came to the party without being invited.‎ He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.‎ His not knowing English troubled him a lot.‎ ‎4．现在分词的完成式和被动式。‎ 当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完成式。‎ Having done his homework，he played basketball.‎ 当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。‎ The problem being discussed is very important.‎ Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake.‎