【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题定语从句学案（12页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题定语从句学案（12页word版）

2019 届二轮复习语法专题 定语从句学案 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1．who, whom, whose 引导的定语从句 ①His wife, who is a famous actress, will visit America. 他妻子，一位著名演员，将要访问美国。 ②I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards. 我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。 ③The house, whose roof was damaged, has now been repaired. 那栋屋顶损坏了的房子现在已经修好了。 [规律总结] (1)who 和 whom 指人，who 在定语从句中作主语；whom 在定语从句中作宾语， 在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用 who 代替 whom。 (2)whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用 of which 取代。 2．that, which 引导定语从句 ①All the guests that were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。 ②The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 ③Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, which is quite unexpected. (四川高考单选改编) 到现在为止，我们已经为贫穷的孩子募捐到了五万英镑，这一点是完全没有 预料到的。 ④Among the many dangers which sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.(江西高考单选改编) 在海员面对的很多危险中，也许最大的危险是雾吧！ ⑤The famous writer and his book that you referred to just now are wellknown now. 你刚才提到的那位著名作家和他的书现在非常有名。 [规律总结] (1)that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，作宾语 或表语时可以省略。指物时其用法和 which 大致相同，但也有区别。 (2)which 指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从 句中可以省略。另外，which 可用来指代前面句子的部分或全部内容。 (3)下列情况只用 that 不用 which： ①先行词是 all, something, everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few 等不定代词； ②先行词被 all, any, every, no, little, much, some 等词修饰； ③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词； ④先行词被 the only, the very(正是，恰是)，the last 修饰； ⑤先行词中既有人也有物； ⑥在 which 或 who 的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。 二、关系副词引导的定语从句 ①The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work where a good impression is a must.(江苏高考单选改编) 在日常交流中这本书对我帮助很大，尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作之中。 ②I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade, when I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. (浙江高 考单选改编) 直到五年级我才成为一个热衷攀爬的人，在那时我登高去拿下一个卡在树枝 上的风筝。 ③Do you know the reason why he is absent? 你知道他缺席的原因吗？ ④Is this the reason (that) he explained for his rudeness at the meeting? 这是他在会议上解释的无礼的原因吗？ ⑤We'll see a case where the music could cure the patients. 我们将看一个音乐能治愈病人的例子。 [规律总结] 1．关系副词 when, where, why 的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为 reason)的名词，在从句中作状语。有时可用“介词＋which”结构替换。 2．当先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，即使是表示时间、地点和原因 的词仍用 which/that。 3．当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point, situation, case, stage 等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词 where 引导定语从句；如 果不作状语，则用关系代词 that/which。 三、“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句 ①He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever. 他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。 ②I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far.(天津高考单选改编) 我希望感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我永远不会走这么远。 ③We are looking for the person to whom the book belongs. 我们正在寻找这本书的主人。 ④Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which(＝whose price) was very reasonable. 最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。 ⑤There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station. 我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。 [规律总结] 1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用 whom，指物时常用 which。 另外，whose 也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。 2．“介词＋关系词”结构中介词的选用 (1)一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手： ①先行词的意义； ②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配； ③句子的意思。 (2)表示“整体和部分关系”，介词常用 of。常见结构： ①在 some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each 等代词或数词的前、后可以用 of which/whom。 ②the＋比较级或最高级前、后用 of which/whom 等。 (3)有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引 导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。 四、as, which 引导的定语从句 ①She married again, which was unexpected. 她再婚了，这是始料不及的。 ②She married again, as we expected. 正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。 ③There is no simple answer, as is often the case in science. (山 东高考单选改编) 没有简单的答案，这在科学方面是常有的事。 ④Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.(定语从句) Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem that none of us worked it out.(结果状语从句) 上学期数学老师考试出了一道很难的数学题，没有一个人能解出来。 ⑤I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday. 我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。 I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday. 我想用你昨天使用的那件工具。 [规律总结] 1．as 作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如，正像”，as 引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。 2．as 常用在下列习惯用语中： as (it) often happens, as I remember, as is often the case, as is expected, as is known to us, as is shown 等。 3．which 引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容则只能位于句末。 4．“such/so ... that ...”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引 导结果状语从句；而“such/so ... as ...”表“像……这样……”的意思，用 来引导定语从句，as 在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。 5．“the same ... that ...”表同一个人或物，而“the same ... as ...” 表同种类的东西。 五、way 和 time 后接定语从句的情况 ①The way (that/in which) he finished the task successfully was difficult to understand. (作状语) 他成功完成这项任务的方法很难理解。 ②The way (that/which) he explained to me was difficult to understand.(作宾语) 他向我解释的方式很难理解。 ③It's not the first time (that) you've found yourself in this situation. 你陷入这种状况已经不是第一次了。 ④There was a time when/during which each teacher spent an hour, one day a week, testing pupils in every subject. 曾经，每个老师每周都有一天花上一小时对学生的每门功课进行测试。 [规律总结] 1．在定语从句中，the way 在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以 是 in which, that 或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后 的关系词就用 that 或 which。 2．先行词 time 作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词 that 引导定语从句，that 可省略；当先行词 time 作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词 when 或“介词 at/during＋which”引导定语从句。 常考点一：关系代词引导的定语从句 1．(2017·江苏高考)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. A．which B．its C．whose D．whom 解析：选 C 句意：1963 年，联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，它的其中一个 目的就是减少世界范围内的饥饿问题。关系代词 whose 在定语从句中作定语，修 饰 purposes，whose purposes＝the World Food Programme's purposes。 2．(2017·天津高考)My eldest son, ________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment. A．that B．whose C．his D．who 解析：选 B 句意：我的大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作带他去世界各地。本 句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是 my eldest son，在定语从句中作名词 work 的定语，故要用 whose。 3．(2017·北京高考)The little problems________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. A．that B．as C．where D．when 解析：选 A 句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就会激励我们做出 大发明。根据句子结构可知，先行词 problems 在定语从句 we meet in our daily lives 中作谓语动词 meet 的宾语，指代事物，故用 that。 4．(2016·浙江高考)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ________ has been proved. A．whom B．which C．what D．that 解析：选 B 句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很 多理论，但没有一个被证实的。none of which has been proved 是定语从句， 对先行词 many theories 加以进一步的解释说明。先行词指物，在从句中作 of 的宾语，所以用 which 引导。 常考点二：关系副词引导的定语从句 5．(2016·天津高考)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ________ the weather may be better. A．that B．where C．which D．when 解析：选 D 句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会 更好。when the weather may be better 是定语从句修饰 next week，先行词指 时间，在从句中作状语，所以用 when 引导。 6．(2018·南通模拟)Recently our community has launched a campaign among all the residents, ________ we are called upon to do our little bit to prevent the worsening environment. A．which B．that C．when D．where 解析：选 D 句意：最近我们社区在所有居民中发起了一项运动，该运动号 召我们做力所能及的事来阻止环境的日益恶化。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非 限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 a campaign，且从句中不缺成分，故选关系副词 where。 常考点三：“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句 7．(2018·南京、盐城模拟)Frankly speaking, I always regard you as my best friend, ________ I place entire trust. A．who B．that C．on whom D．in whom 解析：选 D 句意：坦率地说，我一直把你当作我最好的朋友，我完全信任 你。in whom“介词＋关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是 my best friend。place trust in sb.“信任/依赖某人”，固定搭配。 8．(2018·南通模拟)There has been positive reaction to the proposal of helping the disabled, the impact ________ will be lasting especially for younger ones. A．on which B．on whom C．of which D．of whom 解析：选 C 句意：关于帮助残疾人的提议得到了积极的响应，特别是对于 年轻人来说，它的影响是持久的。逗号后为 which 引导的非限制性定语从句， which 作介词 of 的宾语，也可以用 of which the impact ...的形式。 常考点四：as, which 引导的定语从句 9．(2015·江苏高考)The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. A．it B．which C．what D．as 解析：选 D 句意：据报道，吸烟者的数量在仅仅一年内下降了 17%。as 引 导定语从句，表示“正如”。which 引导非限制性定语从句时，不放在句中。 10．(北京高考)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, ________ my classmates recommended to me. A．who B．which C．when D．where 解析：选 B 句意：上周我从图书馆借了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》这本书，这 本书是我的同学推荐给我的。分析句子结构可知，________ my classmates recommended to me 是非限制性定语从句，先行词是 the book，关系词在定语从 句中作 recommended 的宾语，应用关系代词 which，故选 B 项。 11．You must learn to read people, ________ will be necessary if you work in a team. A．who B．that C．which D．what 解析：选 C 句意：你必须学会如何看懂别人，如果你在一个团队工作的话， 这一点会很有必要。which 引导非限制性定语从句，which 指代上文中所提到的 整个句子。 [解题技法指导] 技法一：定语从句的解题步骤 第一步：找出主句； 第二步：找出被修饰词即先行词； 第三步：找出定语从句； 第四步：将先行词代入定语从句； 第五步：判断关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分，如作主语、宾语、表语， 需选择关系代词 who, whom, that, which；如作定语，需选择 whose, of which 或 of whom；如作状语，需选择关系副词 when, why, where。 [典例] (2016·北京高考)I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise. A．whose B．why C．where D．which [分析] 选 A 句意：我住在一对夫妇的隔壁，他们的孩子经常制造噪音。 分析句子结构可知________ children often make a lot of noise 是定语从句 作定语，修饰 couple；而先行词 couple 在从句中作定语，修饰 children，所以 用 whose 引导。 技法二：“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句解题方法 “介词＋关系词”考查的重点在于“用不用介词”和“用什么介词”。因此 在答题时考生必须注意解题思路。考生可采用“先行词还原法”将先行词还原到 从句中来确定正确的介词，具体做法是： (1)把先行词放在从句中，根据句子的意思来判断用不用介词和用什么介词。 (2)注意从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配。 [典例] (2018·苏州模拟)Just as Martin Luther King, Jr. said, peace is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means ________ we arrive at that goal. A．in which B．with which C．by which D．to which [分析] 选 C 句意：正如马丁·路德·金所说的那样，和平不仅仅是我们 追逐的一个遥远的目标，而且还是一种达到目标的手段。by the means“通过这 种手段”，固定短语。此处 by which 引导定语从句，修饰 means。 单项填空 1．I'm very lucky to have a comfortable life, ________ there's always food on the table, heat in the winter, and, above all, love in the house. A．which B．when C．where D．whom 解析：选 C 句意：我很幸运过着舒适的生活：餐桌上总是有食物，冬天有 温暖，最重要的是家里有爱。先行词 a comfortable life 在非限制性定语从句 中作地点状语，所以用关系副词 where 引导。 2．Vancouver's appeal consists of comfort and security, making it what Andy Yan calls a “hedge city”， ________ feature is social and political stability. A．of which B．of whom C．which D．whose 解析：选 D 句意：温哥华吸引人的地方包括其舒适和安全，使得 Andy Yan 称它为“树篱下的城市”，其特征就是社会和政治的稳定性。分析句子可知，本 句是定语从句，先行词是 Vancouver，在后面的从句中充当定语，故用关系词 whose。 3．He's a very good actor, ________ a lot of comedians are not, and he's a good director and a good writer as well. A．who B．where C．whom D．which 解析：选 D 句意：他是一个好演员，一个很多喜剧演员都做不到的好演员， 而且他也是一位好导演和好作家。先行词 a very good actor 在非限制性定语从 句中作 are not 的表语，表示职业，所以用关系代词 which 引导。故选 D 项。 4．We are committed to creating a world free from the homeless and the hopeless, a world ________ each and every corner is a true paradise. A．that B．which C．of which D．from where 解析：选 C 句意：我们致力于创造一个没有无家可归者和无助者的世界， 那里的每一个角落都是真正的乐园。先行词 a world 在定语从句中作 each and every corner of 的宾语，所以用 of which 引导。故选 C 项。 5．—How do you like the restaurant? —It has an inviting, homelike atmosphere ________ many others are short of. A．where B．that C．while D．though 解析：选 B 句意：“你认为这家饭店怎么样？”“这个饭店有其他很多饭 店缺少的诱人的像家一样的氛围。”这里使用了定语从句，先行词是 an inviting, homelike atmosphere，定语从句 many others are short of 后面缺少宾语，所 以用关系代词 that 引导定语从句。 6．(2018·江苏省四校高三联考) The death of the closest relatives, ________ almost every one of us has experienced, always makes people feel bitter and unbearable. A．which B．who C．as D．the one 解析：选 C 句意：最亲近的亲人的离世，这是几乎每个人都经历过的，总 是让人感到痛苦不堪。as 引导定语从句，指代上文中所提到的整个事情，并在 从句中作宾语。 7．(2018·宿迁市三校高三调研)I don't know the reason ________ you were absent from the meeting, but I am sure that someone will tell me the reason ________ you haven't told me. A．of which; that B．that; why C．because; which D．why; that 解析：选 D 句意：我不知道你缺席会议的原因，但是我相信会有人告诉我 你没有告诉我的那个原因。第一空修饰先行词 the reason 并引导定语从句且在 从句中作状语，故引导词用关系副词 why；第二空指代先行词 the reason 并在 定语从句中作 told 的宾语，故用关系代词 that。 8．(天津高考)The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. A．when B．that C．where D．which 解析：选 A 句意：体力是谋生所需的一切的日子已消逝了。根据句意可知 此处是 when 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 The days，且 when 在从句中作时间 状语，故选 A 项。 9．(2018·南通、泰州高三模拟)We are creating a new vision for public health ________ all of society work together to get healthier and live longer. A．which B．whom C．where D．when 解析：选 C 句意：在公共健康方面，我们正在创建一个新的构想，在这个 构想中，全社会通力协作使得公众更健康、更长寿。分析句子结构可知，先行词 a new vision 在从句中作状语，故用关系副词 where 引导定语从句。