高中英语语法精讲第7章动词的过去分词形式

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高中英语语法精讲第7章动词的过去分词形式

高中英语语法精讲第七章动词的过去分词形式 ‎ ‎ ‎ 动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种,它具有动词的一些特点,同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能,在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。‎ ‎ 一、动词的-ed形式的特征 ‎ A.动词的-ed形式是由动词的过去分词构成 ‎ 动词的-ed形式只有一种形式,即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成,也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。‎ ‎ 1. 规则动词的-ed形式 ‎ limit →limited(限制)‎ ‎ pretend →pretended(假装)‎ ‎ escape →escaped(逃脱)‎ ‎ provide →provided(提供)‎ ‎ refer →referred(提交)‎ ‎ drag →dragged(拖)‎ ‎ pray →prayed(祈祷)‎ ‎ supply →supplied(供应)‎ ‎ 2.不规则动词的-ed形式 ‎ ‎ cast →cast(投掷)‎ ‎ spread →spread(传播)‎ ‎ bite →bitten(咬)‎ ‎ forgive →forgiven(原谅)‎ ‎ spit →spat( 吐)‎ ‎ wear →worn(穿)‎ ‎ fight →fought(搏斗)‎ ‎ lose →lost(丢失)‎ ‎ 3.少数动词的-ed形式作定语时,读音与一般过去分词不同 ‎ learned →a learned professor 一位知识渊博的教授 ‎ aged →an aged man 老人 ‎ beloved →his beloved computer 他心爱的计算机 ‎ B.动词的-ed形式的否定形式 ‎ 动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。‎ ‎ Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允许他进去,他只好在外面等着。‎ ‎ Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 从未被邀请过去他的聚会,她很生气。‎ 9‎ C.动词的-ed形式的特征 ‎ 动词的-ed形式有被动的意思,有时也可表示完成的动作。‎ ‎ 1.动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。‎ ‎ 除了作形容词用的-ed形式外,动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义,有的同时也带有被动的意义。‎ ‎ Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在农村出生并长大,他对生物很感兴趣。‎ ‎ One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。‎ ‎ The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 鲁迅写的这些书,受到了许多中国人的喜爱。‎ ‎ 2.及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思。‎ ‎ Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 要是有充足的时间,我就能猜出那个谜语。(句子的主语I 和动词give之间是被动关系。)‎ ‎ When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 你说英语的时候,一定要让人懂得你的意思。(动词make的宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。)‎ ‎ The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。‎ ‎ 3.不及物动词的-ed形式只表示完成的意思,并不带有被动的含义。‎ ‎ an escaped prisoner 逃犯 (= a prisoner who has escaped)‎ ‎ a retired worker 退休工人 (= a worker who has retired)‎ ‎ a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 (= a guest who has just arrived)‎ ‎ We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。‎ ‎ People should pay attention to the changed situation. 人们应该注意到变化了的形势。‎ 二、动词的-ed形式的用法 ‎ 动词的-ed形式在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用,可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。‎ ‎ A.动词的-ed形式作表语 ‎ 1.-ed形式在连系动词后作表语,说明主语的状态。‎ ‎ The students are fully prepared. 学生们已做好了充分的准备。‎ ‎ When we got there, the shop was closed. 我们到那儿时,商店已经关门了。‎ ‎ She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars. 她对自己在高低杠上的表现感到很满意。‎ ‎ The land remained unexploited. 这片土地尚未开发。‎ 9‎ ‎ Hearing the news, he looked disappointed. 听到这个消息,他看起来非常失望。‎ ‎ The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year. 山顶上终年积雪覆盖。‎ ‎ 比较:‎ ‎ 要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态,被动语态中的-ed形式表示被动动作。‎ ‎ All the doors are locked. 所有的门都是锁着的。(-ed形式作表语,表示状态)‎ ‎ All the doors were locked by the guard. 所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。(被动语态,表示动作)‎ ‎ Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。(-ed形式作表语,表示状态 ‎ Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。(被动语态,表示动作)‎ ‎ 2.同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。‎ ‎ 动词的-ed形式作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态,含有被动的意思,而-ing形式作 表语多表示主语具有的特征,含有主动的意思。‎ ‎ They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。‎ ‎ At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved. 看到这么动人的情景,所有在场的人都感动了。‎ ‎ 提示:‎ ‎ 上述动词的-ed形式,有的(如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等)已经变成形容词,可以被very, too等副词修饰。有的(如amused, puzzled, relaxed等)还不能被very, too修饰,只能被much修饰。‎ ‎ These problems are very puzzling. 这些问题很令人迷惑。‎ ‎ We are much puzzled by his failure to reply. 他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。‎ ‎ His speech was very moving. 他的演讲非常感人。‎ ‎ All the people present were moved to tears. 在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。‎ ‎ B.动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语 ‎ 当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时,一般应用动词的-ed形式作宾语的补足语。‎ ‎ 1.在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作宾语补足语。‎ ‎ I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. 昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。‎ ‎ We found all the rivers seriously polluted. 我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。‎ ‎ Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop. 昨天我在商店里注意到一个小女孩偷东西被抓住了。‎ ‎ He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind. 他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。‎ ‎ 2.在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。‎ 9‎ ‎ ①动词的-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。‎ ‎ Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。‎ ‎ I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come. 我得先把盘子洗了,然后就来。‎ ‎ 比较:‎ ‎ 动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语,和宾语是主动关系。‎ ‎ I couldn’t get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。‎ ‎ He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。‎ ‎ It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 让他说话不难,难的是说开了止不住他。‎ ‎ Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗?‎ ‎ ②动词的-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。‎ ‎ He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。‎ ‎ You should make your views known to the public. 你应该让公众知道你的观点。‎ ‎ 注意:‎ ‎ 动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词的-ed形式,但不可用动词的-ing形式。‎ ‎ 【误】Can you make the students understanding the text ‎ 【正】Can you make the students understand the text 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗?‎ ‎ 【正】Can you make the text understood by the students 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗?‎ ‎ ③动词的-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。‎ ‎ They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 所有的工作都没完成,他们就回家了。‎ ‎ The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房间里。‎ ‎ 3.动词的-ed形式也可用在with(without)结构中,作介词的宾语补足语。‎ ‎ With everything well arranged, he left the office. 一切都安排妥善之后,他离开了办公室。‎ ‎ She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books. 她已经回来了,背包里塞满了有趣的图书。‎ ‎ Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging. 家里没有粮食,小女孩只好出去讨饭。‎ ‎ Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 如果不再给我们任何时间的话,我们三星期之内完成不了任务。‎ ‎ 4.某些动词后(如want, need, prefer, would like等),作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”,就成了-ed形式作宾语补足语。‎ ‎ I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 我希望这事立即得到解决。‎ 9‎ ‎ I'd prefer this book translated by my sister. 我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。‎ ‎ We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday. 我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。‎ ‎ The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on. 农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。‎ ‎ C.动词的-ed形式作定语 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。‎ ‎ 1.前置定语 ‎ 单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前,作前置定语。‎ ‎ A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。‎ ‎ All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 所有的坏门窗都修好了。‎ ‎ When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我们到达的时候,每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。‎ ‎ 提示:‎ ‎ 如要表示强调,单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。‎ ‎ Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。‎ ‎ 2.后置定语 ‎ 作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在语法上相当于一个定语从句。‎ ‎ We have read many novels written by this author. 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。(= that are written by this author)‎ ‎ Half of the honored guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。(= who had been invited to the reception)‎ ‎ The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功,共有一千名学生出席了。(= which was attended by one thousand students)‎ ‎ A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一个律师装扮的女人走了进来,并作为法官就座。(= who was dressed like a lawyer)‎ ‎ 3.动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动,而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。‎ ‎ the risen sun 升起了的太阳 ‎ the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 ‎ boiled water 开水 ‎ boiling water 正沸腾的水 ‎ developed countries 发达国家 ‎ developing countries 发展中国家 9‎ ‎ fallen leaves 落叶 ‎ falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 ‎ changed condition 改变了的情况 ‎ changing condition 变化着的情况 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、 方式或伴随情况等。‎ ‎ 1.表示时间 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。‎ ‎ Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看,城市显得很美丽。(= When the city is seen from the tower...)‎ ‎ Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后,又带我们参观了图书馆。(= After we had been shown the lab...)‎ ‎ Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 经过医生彻底检查以后,他立刻回到了学校。(= After he was completely examined...)‎ ‎ 提示:‎ ‎ 有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。‎ ‎ When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 当被问到为什么上课又迟到时,她羞愧地低下了头。‎ ‎ Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢复健康,他就全力以赴地干起了工作。‎ ‎ Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条,它就会走半个月,并且走得很准。‎ ‎ 2. 表示原因 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。‎ ‎ Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 孩子们被英雄事迹感动,情不自禁地哭了起来。(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)‎ ‎ Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 因为写得快,她的信很难阅读。(=As it was written in haste ...) ‎ ‎ Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 我们因为新发现而激动万分,决定出去庆祝一下。(Because we were excited by...)‎ ‎ 注意:‎ ‎ 为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显,我们可以加上适当的连词。‎ ‎ Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀请,我也不去。‎ ‎ Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. 虽然被对手打败,便他们并没有丧失信心。‎ 9‎ ‎ Unless invited, he will not come back to the company. 除非被邀请,不然他不会回到公司来的。‎ ‎ 3. 表示条件 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句。‎ ‎ Heated, water changes into steam. 加热,水就能变成蒸汽。(= If water is heated...)‎ ‎ Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多给一些时间,他会干得更出色。(= If he was given more time ...)‎ ‎ Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 与其他教授相比,她是一个优秀的演说家。‎ ‎ 4. 表示让步 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语表示让步,相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。‎ ‎ Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽,他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)‎ ‎ Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. 尽管被许多人嘲笑,他还是继续他的研究。(= Even if he was laughed by many people ...)‎ ‎ Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder. 尽管一天被盘问了多次,安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。‎ ‎ 提示:‎ ‎ 有时动词的-ed形式作状语和动词的-ing形式的被动式作状语,并没有多大的区别,可以互换。‎ ‎ Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。‎ ‎ = Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。‎ ‎ Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的,他感到很难适应城市生活。‎ ‎ = Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的,他感到很难适应城市生活。‎ ‎ 5.表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。‎ ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时,通常位于句子的后面,相当于一个并列分句。‎ ‎ The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 老师站在那儿,被学生围住了。(= and he was surrounded by the students)‎ ‎ He went into the office, followed by some children. 他走进办公室,后面跟着一些孩子。(= and he was followed by some children)‎ 9‎ ‎ They turned around and stood in the middle of the room, completely astonished. 他们转过身来,站在房间中央,完全惊呆了。‎ ‎ She accepted the gift, deeply moved. 她接受了礼物,深深地感动了。‎ ‎ 注意:‎ ‎ 动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。‎ ‎ 【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honor.‎ ‎ 【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honor. 被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。‎ ‎ 【误】I cannot stand laughed at.‎ ‎ 【正】I cannot stand being laughed at. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。‎ ‎ 三、动词的-ed形式的逻辑主语 ‎ A.动词的-ed形式在句中作状语和表语时,它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语,-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。‎ ‎ Locked up, he had no way to escape. 他被锁了起来,没有办法逃跑了。‎ ‎ Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思,几乎撞到了前面的汽车。‎ ‎ She became discouraged at the news. 听到这个消息,她泄气了。‎ ‎ Though it was 1000 a.m., the door of the shop remained locked. 尽管已经是上午10点了,商店的门仍然锁着。‎ ‎ ‎ B.当动词的-ed形式在句中作定语时,它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词,它和名词之间是被动关系。‎ ‎ The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。‎ ‎ The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school. 去年开办的计算机中心深受这所学校的学生喜爱。‎ ‎ A lighted candle lit up the cellar. 一支点燃的蜡烛照亮了地下室。‎ ‎ C.当动词的-ed形式在句中作宾语补语或主语补语时,它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语,它们之间的关系是被动关系。‎ ‎ Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. 薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。(trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers)‎ ‎ The valuable vase was found stolen. 那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了。(stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase)‎ ‎ We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in. 我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟, 很明显小偷闯进来了。‎ 9‎ ‎ D.动词的-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语,常用作状语(详见“第8章 独立主格结构”)。‎ ‎ Everything done, we went home. 一切事情都做完了,我们就回家了。‎ ‎ All our money run out, Henry had to find another job. 钱都用完了,亨利不得不再找一份工作。‎ ‎ He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. 他躺在草地上,头枕着双手。‎ ‎ All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的情况,原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。‎ ‎ E.动词的-ed形式作独立成分。‎ ‎ 动词的-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分,不受逻辑主语的限制。‎ ‎ Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said. 坦白地说,我不同意他所说的。‎ ‎ Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. 考虑到他一般的身体状况,手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间 。 ‎ ‎ ‎ 9‎
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