2020届二轮复习阅读理解中如何突破说明本和议论文读文及解题策略

2020届二轮复习阅读理解中如何突破说明本和议论文读文及解题策略

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解中如何突破说明本和议论文读文及解题策略 ‎1．语言特点：阅读理解主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。‎ ‎2．结构特点：说明文的结构特点是客观、简练，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。说明文通常采用以下结构形式：‎ ‎(1)总分式。事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式和“分—总”式结构。‎ ‎(2)递进式。事理说明文常用这种结构形式，通常由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，一层一层地剖析事理。‎ ‎(3)并列式。文章各部分的内容没有主次轻重之分。‎ ‎(4)对照式。通过两个事物的比较和对照说明其异同。‎ ‎3．阅读策略 说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，这就需要考生有方法、有技巧地去阅读。一般我们采用的方法有三种：细读、略读和跳读。‎ ‎(1)细读重点。‎ 重点，就原文而言，就是文章的基本结构、主要内容和态度；就答题而言，就是问题所对应的题源句。以这个标准来衡量，需要重点阅读的原文词句就不会很多。‎ 宏观方面：文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。‎ 微观方面：有转折处；重要标点；句子主干。‎ ‎(2)有选择地略读或跳读。在快速浏览了题干，初步把握文章大意及结构的基础上，可大胆地有选择地进行略读或跳读，这样不但可以加快阅读速度，还更容易总体把握全文。在阅读中可略读或跳读的内容包括：‎ 繁琐的例证　为了说明问题，作者可能会借用形象的例子，有时候会比较繁琐，虽能说明问题，但读者需要花很多时间去阅读。如果例子所说明的问题不明了，可通过略读来理解；若例子所说明的问题比较明了，则例子部分可一带而过。‎ 并列多项列举　有时许多功能相同的项目并列列举，那么只读其中一两项即可，无需全读。‎ 无关大局的生僻词汇　阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。‎ 较长的人名、地名　有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。‎ 在略读过程中，要特别注意对解题有重要意义的词、句、段等，并将其用下划线标注出来，以免回头再查看时费时费力。‎ 文体分类练(四)——议论文 ‎(限时30分钟)‎ A ‎(2019·山西太原五中阶段检测)Visitors to Henn na, a restaurant outside Nagasaki, Japan, are greeted by an unusual sight: Their food being prepared by a row of humanoid robots. The name of the “head chef” is Andrew. Using his two long arms, he stirs batter (面糊) in a metal bowl, then pours it onto a hot grill. In a nearby hotel, robots check guests into their rooms and help with their luggage.‎ CEO Hideo Sawada, who runs the restaurant and the hotel, predicted that 70% of the jobs at Japan's hotels would be automated (自动化) in the next five years. He said, “Since you can work them 24 hours a day, and they don't need vacation, eventually it's more costeffective to use the robot.”‎ This_is_seemingly_worrying. In fact, in America, one of the few bright spots in recent years has been employment in restaurants and hotels. In the company Panera, because of its new kiosks, an app that allows customers to place orders online, the chain is now processing more orders overall, which means it needs more total workers to meet consumers' demand. Customers who use Starbucks' app return more frequently than those who don't. Starbucks employed 8 percent more ‎ people in the U．S. in 2016 than it did in 2015, the year it launched the app. ‎ Of course, whether automation is a net benefit for workers in restaurants and hotels and not just a competitive advantage for one chain over another will depend on whether an improved customer experience makes Americans more likely to dine out and stay at hotels, rather than brownbagging it or looking for the Airbnb to book unique homes.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章通过描述机器人在餐厅和旅馆进行工作的场景以及应用软件的使用，引发了自动化对餐饮业和旅店业就业市场的讨论。‎ ‎1．Why does the writer describe the unusual sight in paragraph 1?‎ A．To promote robots. B．To introduce the topic.‎ C．To voice his opinion. D．To show the background.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。文章第一段描述日本一家餐馆以机器人为大厨、一家旅馆由机器人为客人提供服务，用这两个例子来吸引读者的注意，并引入自动化的主题。故选B项。‎ ‎2．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 mean?‎ A．Automation may be a challenge to human jobs.‎ B．Automation may increase business costs.‎ C．Workers may fail to focus on their tasks.‎ D．Many companies may fail to survive.‎ 解析：选A　句意理解题。“This is seemingly worrying.”‎ 是一个承上启下的句子，This指的是第二段中的“Since you can work them 24 hours a day, and ... to use the robot.”，表示我们可以让机器人每天工作24小时，而且机器人不需要假期，使用机器人更加划算。但下一句又说近年来餐厅和旅馆的就业形势很好，所以画线部分应是表达“这似乎是对人类工作的一个挑战”，故选A项。‎ ‎3．What can we learn from the two cases in paragraph 3?‎ A．The two companies are trying to take over the market competitively.‎ B．Automation could open up more job chances for humans.‎ C．Starbucks employed more people than Panera did in 2016.‎ D．Automation helps the shops become famous online.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“which means it needs more total workers to meet consumers' demand”可知，自动化的发展意味着需要更多的工人以满足消费者的需求，即自动化将会为人类提供更多的就业机会。故选B项。‎ ‎4．What is the author's attitude toward the future of automation?‎ A．Objective. B．Positive.‎ C．Cautious. D．Doubtful.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。综观全文，尤其是由文章最后一段内容可知，作者既不随意肯定自动化的结果，也不支持人为抵制自动化，属于客观的描述，故选A项。positive意为“肯定的”；cautious意为“谨慎的”；doubtful意为“怀疑的”。‎ B ‎(2019·济南高三模拟)We humans love to stare into our smart devices. We gaze for hours — about 10 hours and 39 minutes a day — at our computers, smartphones, tablets and televisions. Is all this staring bad for us? It might be, mainly because as we stare at our devices we are exposing ourselves to blue light.‎ Blue light is a type of electromagnetic (电磁的) radiation with a very short wavelength that produces a high amount of energy. While it's true that light can damage our eyes under certain circumstances, there's no scientific evidence suggesting that blue light is harmful to our eyes. But many people still think it is, which is why bluelightblocking glasses are so popular. So do the glasses work? ‎ ‎ “Everyone is very concerned that blue light may be causing damage to the eye, but there's no evidence that it may be causing serious damage，” Dr. Rahul Khurana, clinical spokesman for the American Academy of Ophthalmology, told Business Insider.‎ Blue light exposure is nothing new. In fact, the sun is the largest source of blue light. Moreover, blue light is also present in LED light. But if blue light isn't harmful, then why are we constantly rubbing our eyes when we're looking at our screens? The answer is eyestrain (眼疲劳): More than 60 percent of people experience eye problems associated with digital eyestrain. And blue light, it seems, isn't the cause. Instead, our ‎ eyes are so strained because most of us blink less when we stare at our digital devices. So if eyestrain is the issue, bluelightblocking glasses are probably of little use.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文，主要探讨了蓝光是否对我们的眼睛有害的问题。‎ ‎5．What do we know about blue light?‎ A．It is a kind of nuclear radiation.‎ B．It has the shortest wavelength.‎ C．It may come from electronic devices. ‎ D．It consumes a great deal of energy.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“It might be, mainly because as we stare at our devices we are exposing ourselves to blue light.”可推知，电子设备会发出蓝光。‎ ‎6．What causes the popularity of bluelightblocking glasses?‎ A．Evidence of their benefits to eyes.‎ B．Belief in blue light's harmful effect.‎ C．Widespread use of smart devices.‎ D．Scientific understanding of blue light.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“there's no scientific evidence suggesting that ... which is why bluelightblocking glasses are so popular”可知，防蓝光眼镜流行的原因是人们认为蓝光会对眼睛有害。‎ ‎7．What can be inferred from paragraph 4?‎ A．Blue light exposure is hardly avoidable.‎ B．Eye problems are not easy to deal with.‎ C．Blue light may connect with tired eyes.‎ D．Rubbing eyes makes people strained.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第四段的前三句“Blue light exposure is nothing new. In fact, the sun is the largest source of blue light. Moreover, blue light is also present in LED light.”可知，阳光是蓝光最大的来源，而且蓝光也存在LED灯中。由此可推知，接触蓝光几乎是不可避免的。‎ ‎8．According to the text, wearing bluelightblocking glasses may be ________．‎ A．tiring B．harmful C．useless D．beneficial 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“So if eyestrain is the issue, bluelightblocking glasses are probably of little use.”可知，戴防蓝光眼镜可能是没有用处的。‎ C ‎(2019·潍坊高三模拟)It's not easy feeling like you're always under the spotlight being judged for each little mistake you make. Your mind is in an endless circle playing what you said and did over and over again. You wish you had a time capsule to go back and make things right if you ‎ find mistakes. You fear what others will think about you and that they will reject and dislike you. You seek to be socially perfect.‎ Academically, you work long endless hours just to make those excellent marks. Although most would say “it's good to have high standards，” they have no idea about the internal hell you put yourself through to achieve perfection. If you come up less than your desired goal you feel as though you have failed, but you're far from failing, you just don't see it that way. So instead you are telling yourself that you're stupid, and not smart. The pressure you place on yourself weighs you down and you wear the “not good enough” label each and every day.‎ You not only have high standards for yourself but you also have them for others. If people don't perform up to your expectations, then you think they are incompetent. This causes a lot of frustration because you can't trust anyone to get things right. So instead of being a team player you fly solo (单飞) and try to do two or three jobs at once. Your unrealistic expectations cause you to criticize and judge others and that leads to problems in other areas of your life.‎ The attempt to be perfect is called perfectionism and it's the unachievable American dream that's damaging our emotional and mental health. We strive for perfection with our body, in our performance, and in our relationships. In_a_society_that_overstates_mistakes,_is_it_any_wonder_that_so_many ‎_young_people_attempt_the_impossible_task_of_being_perfect?‎ We all have flaws, fears, and make mistakes, and that's perfectly OK. It's our imperfections that make life interesting and they help us grow into a stronger and more adaptable person. We don't have to strive to achieve the impossible. We are designed to be perfectly imperfect.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章通过对“完美主义者”的心态和做法的描述，向我们指出，完美是不可能实现的。正是我们的“不完美”使得我们的生活变得有趣，帮助我们成长。‎ ‎9．What might be the most suitable title of the text?‎ A．Far From Failing B．Perfectly Imperfect C．Perfectionism Phenomenon D．Unachievable American Dream 解析：选B　标题归纳题。文章通篇讨论完美主义者的心态和做法，并在最后一段得出结论“It's our imperfections that make life interesting and they help us ... We are designed to be perfectly imperfect.”，由此可知，正是我们的“不完美”使得我们的生活变得有趣，帮助我们成为更强大且适应性更强的人，我们没必要去实现不可能的事情，不完美反而造就更好的我们。故选B项。‎ ‎10．Which of the following is a perfectionist most likely to agree?‎ A．Nobody is perfect.‎ B．Be generous with praise.‎ C．There is no best, only better.‎ D．A contented mind is an everlasting feast.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的“you wear the ‘not good enough’ label each and every day”可知，完美主义者总认为自己不够好。C项(没有最好，只有更好)符合完美主义者的心态。故选C项。‎ ‎11．What can we infer from the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?‎ A．More and more people are tolerating mistakes.‎ B．The society is partly to blame for perfectionism.‎ C．Many young people find it impossible to be perfect.‎ D．It's unusual for a society to seek perfectionism nowadays.‎ 解析：选B　句义猜测题。根据第四段中的“The attempt to be perfect is called perfectionism and ... in our relationships.”可知，美国梦就是追求完美，这个无法实现的梦想正在破坏着我们的情感和心理健康。美国梦代表的是美国社会，而这个夸大错误、追求完美的社会对年轻人追求完美的行为产生了一定影响，所以这个社会应为完美主义负部分责任。故选B项。‎ ‎12．What does the author think of imperfection?‎ A．It's part of our life.‎ B．It's unbearable.‎ C．It deserves to be overcome.‎ D．It does harm to our mental health.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，我们都有缺点，都会犯错误，正是这些不完美使得我们的生活变得有趣，帮助我们成为更强大且适应性更强的人，所以它是我们生活的一部分。故选A项。‎ D ‎(2019·成都第一次诊断)Japan recently lowered its voting age from 20 to 18. This decision was in part to help young people feel more engaged in politics. But it may also signal the change of social views regarding the beginning of adulthood.‎ Adulthood has traditionally been defined by a combination of age and the achievement of social milestones (里程碑). Most countries have a legally defined age to determine when a person becomes an adult — the age of majority. In Australia, most states consider a person to be an adult in court at 18. The age of 18 is also consistent with other adult privileges, such as the right to purchase alcohol and to marry. However, 17yearolds can serve in the army and get a driver's licence. The law defines adulthood on the basis of age and it also recognizes the process of becoming an adult as involving himself gradually in social responsibility. This legal approach to adulthood is mirrored in other countries, where there are differences between the age of majority and social responsibility given to young people.‎ Socially, determinants of adulthood traditionally focus on a person ‎ taking increasing responsibility for their lives in various ways. Completing school, taking fulltime employment, getting married and parenthood — these are all observable indicators to determine when a person is viewed as an adult.‎ Since the 1980s, however, people have achieved some of these observable milestones at later ages. Increased access to education has delayed young people leaving home and developing romantic relationships. Economic changes have also resulted in unstable employment markets and increases in costs of living, prompting many young people to remain at home and dependent on parents.‎ Due to these social changes, our expectations of young people and their level of social responsibility have also changed. The recognition of a new life stage — emerging (发展初期的) adulthood — has been recommended to account for the changes to social milestones that have traditionally represented adulthood.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了由于教育机会的增加、经济上的变化等社会变化，年轻人进入成年人生阶段的时间推迟了。‎ ‎13．What can we learn about adulthood from the text?‎ A．People reach observable indicators much later.‎ B．Age alone is a reliable determinant of adulthood.‎ C．Participation in politics is a responsibility for adulthood.‎ D．Economic changes mainly shift people's views on adulthood.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第一段第一、二句“Japan recently lowered its voting age from 20 to 18. This decision was in part to help young people feel more engaged in politics.”可知，日本最近将投票年龄从20岁降至18岁，这一决定在某种程度上是为了帮助年轻人更好地参与政治；又根据本段第三句中的“it may also signal the change of social views regarding the beginning of adulthood”可推知，参与政治是成年人的责任，故C项正确。‎ ‎14．What right can people enjoy at the age of 17 in most states of Australia?‎ A．Voting. B．Buying wines.‎ C．Getting married. D．Driving legally.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段的内容，尤其是“However, 17yearolds can serve in the army and get a driver's licence.”可知，在澳大利亚的大部分州，人们在17岁时可以服兵役和获得驾照，故D项正确。‎ ‎15．What does the underlined word “prompting” in paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A．Encouraging. B．Advising.‎ C．Forbidding. D．Persuading.‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据第四段最后一句“Economic changes ... dependent on parents.”‎ 可知，经济上的变化也导致了不稳定的就业市场和生活成本的增加，这促使许多年轻人留在家里并依赖父母；据此可推知，A项“促进，助长”与画线词意思相近，故A项正确。‎ ‎16．What's the main idea of the text?‎ A．Emerging adulthood reflects a new life stage.‎ B．Adulthood is defined differently in different places.‎ C．Social changes are challenging the idea of adulthood.‎ D．Adulthood is a combination of rights and responsibilities.‎ 解析：选C　主旨大意题。通读全文可知，最后一段第一句“Due to these social changes, our expectations of young people and their level of social responsibility have also changed.”为全文的主题句；再结合全文内容可知，本文主要论述了由于社会的变化，年轻人进入成年人生阶段的时间发生了变化，而人们关于“成年”这一概念的看法也发生了变化，故C项正确。‎ ‎1．语言与结构特点：议论文一般观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理，有严密的逻辑性，通常采用三段论式的结构，即“提出问题(引论)—分析问题(本论)—解决问题(结论)”。因此，要理解议论文有两个关键点，一是要弄清文章的论点是什么、采用了哪些论据、如何论证；二是要理清其基本结构。‎ ‎2．答题误区：‎ 议论文阅读理解题易错点往往在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身。解题时，一要弄清哪些是所引述的事实，哪些是作者的观点以及引述中不同人物的观点；二要弄清作者真正的观点是什么，既要考虑全文，又要重视结论部分，谨防将文章中引述的某人的观点和作者的观点混为一谈。‎ ‎3．阅读策略：在阅读解题时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读全文，再区分事实和观点。通常来说，议论文会采用三段论式结构。首段会通过一个故事或对某种现象的描述来引入话题，明确论点；接下来是文章的主体部分，会用两个或两个以上的段落引用事实和理论论据进行论证，常用的论证方法有举例、引用和对比等，这一部分要注意作者所选用的论据，它们往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应，同时还要留意论证的方法；文章的最后一段是结论部分，要弄清作者最后得出了什么结论。在通读全文并了解文章的结构和内容后再阅读试题，到文章中去找相对应的信息，比如事实、观点、作者真正的意图和结论等。‎